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update book to 9.1
2020-05-31 11:47:17 -04:00

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Linux From Scratch
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<body class="lfs" id="lfs-9.1">
<div class="book">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="idm46504937145440" name="idm46504937145440"></a>Linux
From Scratch
</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h2 class="subtitle">
Version 9.1
</h2>
</div>
<div>
<h2 class="subtitle">
Published March 1st, 2020
</h2>
</div>
<div>
<div class="authorgroup">
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Created by Gerard</span>
<span class="surname">Beekmans</span>
</h3>
</div>
<div class="author">
<h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Managing Editor: Bruce</span>
<span class="surname">Dubbs</span>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="copyright">
Copyright &copy; 1999-2020 Gerard Beekmans
</p>
</div>
<div>
<div class="legalnotice">
<a id="idm46504933519392" name="idm46504933519392"></a>
<p>
Copyright &copy; 1999-2020, Gerard Beekmans
</p>
<p>
All rights reserved.
</p>
<p>
This book is licensed under a <a class="xref" href="#CC"
title="F.1.&nbsp;Creative Commons License">Creative Commons
License</a>.
</p>
<p>
Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under
the <a class="xref" href="#MIT" title=
"F.2.&nbsp;The MIT License">MIT License</a>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="trademark">Linux</span><3E> is a registered
trademark of Linus Torvalds.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr />
</div>
<div class="toc">
<h3>
Table of Contents
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="preface">
<h4>
Preface
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-foreword">Foreword</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-audience">Audience</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-architecture">LFS Target Architectures</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-prerequisites">Prerequisites</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-standards">LFS and Standards</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-why">Rationale for Packages in the Book</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-typography">Typography</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-organization">Structure</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#pre-errata">Errata</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="part">
<h3>
I. Introduction
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
1. Introduction
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-intro-how">How to Build an LFS System</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-intro-whatsnew">What's new since the last
release</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-intro-changelog">Changelog</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-intro-resources">Resources</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-intro-askforhelp">Help</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="part">
<h3>
II. Preparing for the Build
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
2. Preparing the Host System
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs">Host System
Requirements</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-stages">Building LFS in
Stages</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-creatingpartition">Creating a
New Partition</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem">Creating a
File System on the Partition</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-aboutlfs">Setting The $LFS
Variable</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-partitioning-mounting">Mounting the New
Partition</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
3. Packages and Patches
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-materials-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-materials-packages">All Packages</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-materials-patches">Needed Patches</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
4. Final Preparations
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir">Creating the
$LFS/tools Directory</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-addinguser">Adding the LFS User</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-settingenviron">Setting Up the
Environment</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-aboutsbus">About SBUs</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-preps-abouttestsuites">About the Test
Suites</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
5. Constructing a Temporary System
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes">Toolchain
Technical Notes</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-generalinstructions">General
Compilation Instructions</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.34 - Pass
1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API
Headers</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-libstdcpp">Libstdc++ from
GCC-9.2.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.34 - Pass
2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.18</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-5.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.38</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-3.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-4.3</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-Python">Python-3.8.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.8</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.32</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-stripping">Stripping</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-tools-changingowner">Changing Ownership</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="part">
<h3>
III. Building the LFS System
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
6. Installing Basic System Software
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel File
Systems</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-pkgmgt">Package Management</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-chroot">Entering the Chroot
Environment</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-creatingdirs">Creating
Directories</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files
and Symlinks</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API
Headers</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-adjusting">Adjusting the
Toolchain</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
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<a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-libelf">Libelf from
Elfutils-0.178</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-aboutdebug">About Debugging
Symbols</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-strippingagain">Stripping Again</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-system-revisedchroot">Cleaning Up</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
7. System Configuration
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-udev">Overview of Device and Module
Handling</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-symlinks">Managing Devices</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-network">General Network
Configuration</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-usage">System V Bootscript Usage and
Configuration</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-profile">The Bash Shell Startup
Files</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-inputrc">Creating the /etc/inputrc
File</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-config-shells">Creating the /etc/shells
File</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
8. Making the LFS System Bootable
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-bootable-introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab
File</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-bootable-grub">Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot
Process</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter">
<h4>
9. The End
</h4>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-finish-getcounted">Get Counted</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-finish-reboot">Rebooting the System</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ch-finish-whatnow">What Now?</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="part">
<h3>
IV. Appendices
</h3>
<ul>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#appendixa">A. Acronyms and Terms</a>
</li>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#appendixb">B. Acknowledgments</a>
</li>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#appendixc">C. Dependencies</a>
</li>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#scripts">D. Boot and sysconfig scripts
version-20191031</a>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#rc">/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#init-functions">/lib/lsb/init-functions</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#mountvirtfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#modules">/etc/rc.d/init.d/modules</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#udev">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#swap">/etc/rc.d/init.d/swap</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#setclock">/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#checkfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#mountfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#udev_retry">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#cleanfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#console">/etc/rc.d/init.d/console</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#localnet">/etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#sysctlscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#sysklogd">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#network">/etc/rc.d/init.d/network</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#sendsignals">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#rebootscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#haltscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#template">/etc/rc.d/init.d/template</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#modulessys">/etc/sysconfig/modules</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#createfiles">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href=
"#config-udev-retry">/etc/sysconfig/udev-retry</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ifup">/sbin/ifup</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ifdown">/sbin/ifdown</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ipv4static">/lib/services/ipv4-static</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#ipv4route">/lib/services/ipv4-static-route</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#rules">E. Udev configuration rules</a>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#lfsrules">55-lfs.rules</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="appendix">
<a href="#Licenses">F. LFS Licenses</a>
<ul>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#CC">Creative Commons License</a>
</li>
<li class="sect1">
<a href="#MIT">The MIT License</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="index">
<h3>
<a href="#idm46504920870448">Index</a>
</h3>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="preface" name="preface"></a>Preface
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-foreword" name="pre-foreword"></a>Foreword
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
My journey to learn and better understand Linux began back in
1998. I had just installed my first Linux distribution and had
quickly become intrigued with the whole concept and philosophy
behind Linux.
</p>
<p>
There are always many ways to accomplish a single task. The same
can be said about Linux distributions. A great many have existed
over the years. Some still exist, some have morphed into
something else, yet others have been relegated to our memories.
They all do things differently to suit the needs of their target
audience. Because so many different ways to accomplish the same
end goal exist, I began to realize I no longer had to be limited
by any one implementation. Prior to discovering Linux, we simply
put up with issues in other Operating Systems as you had no
choice. It was what it was, whether you liked it or not. With
Linux, the concept of choice began to emerge. If you didn't like
something, you were free, even encouraged, to change it.
</p>
<p>
I tried a number of distributions and could not decide on any
one. They were great systems in their own right. It wasn't a
matter of right and wrong anymore. It had become a matter of
personal taste. With all that choice available, it became
apparent that there would not be a single system that would be
perfect for me. So I set out to create my own Linux system that
would fully conform to my personal preferences.
</p>
<p>
To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything
from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages.
This <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">perfect</span>&rdquo;</span> Linux system would have the
strengths of various systems without their perceived weaknesses.
At first, the idea was rather daunting. I remained committed to
the idea that such a system could be built.
</p>
<p>
After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and
compile-time errors, I finally built a custom-built Linux system.
It was fully operational and perfectly usable like any of the
other Linux systems out there at the time. But it was my own
creation. It was very satisfying to have put together such a
system myself. The only thing better would have been to create
each piece of software myself. This was the next best thing.
</p>
<p>
As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the
Linux community, it became apparent that there was a sustained
interest in these ideas. It quickly became plain that such
custom-built Linux systems serve not only to meet user specific
requirements, but also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for
programmers and system administrators to enhance their (existing)
Linux skills. Out of this broadened interest, the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>Linux From Scratch Project</em></span> was born.
</p>
<p>
This Linux From Scratch book is the central core around that
project. It provides the background and instructions necessary
for you to design and build your own system. While this book
provides a template that will result in a correctly working
system, you are free to alter the instructions to suit yourself,
which is, in part, an important part of this project. You remain
in control; we just lend a helping hand to get you started on
your own journey.
</p>
<p>
I sincerely hope you will have a great time working on your own
Linux From Scratch system and enjoy the numerous benefits of
having a system that is truly your own.
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>
--<br />
Gerard&nbsp;Beekmans<br />
gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-audience" name="pre-audience"></a>Audience
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
There are many reasons why you would want to read this book. One
of the questions many people raise is, <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">why go through all the hassle
of manually building a Linux system from scratch when you can
just download and install an existing one?</span>&rdquo;</span>
</p>
<p>
One important reason for this project's existence is to help you
learn how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an
LFS system helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how
things work together and depend on each other. One of the best
things that this learning experience can provide is the ability
to customize a Linux system to suit your own unique needs.
</p>
<p>
Another key benefit of LFS is that it allows you to have more
control over the system without relying on someone else's Linux
implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat and
dictate every aspect of the system.
</p>
<p>
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. When
installing regular distributions, you are often forced to install
a great many programs which are probably never used or
understood. These programs waste resources. You may argue that
with today's hard drive and CPUs, such resources are no longer a
consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by
size considerations if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs,
USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can
be beneficial.
</p>
<p>
Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By
compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered
to audit everything and apply all the security patches desired.
It is no longer necessary to wait for somebody else to compile
binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the
patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the
new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the
problem.
</p>
<p>
The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable
foundation-level system. If you do not wish to build your own
Linux system from scratch, you may nevertheless benefit from the
information in this book.
</p>
<p>
There are too many other good reasons to build your own LFS
system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the
most powerful of reasons. As you continue in your LFS experience,
you will discover the power that information and knowledge truly
bring.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-architecture" name="pre-architecture"></a>LFS
Target Architectures
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86
(32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the
instructions in this book are also known to work, with some
modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system
that utilizes one of these CPUs, the main prerequisite, in
addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system
such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora,
SuSE, or other distribution that targets the architecture that
you have. Also note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed
and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.
</p>
<p>
For building LFS, the gain of building on a 64-bit system
compared to a 32-bit system is minimal. For example, in a test
build of LFS-9.1 on a Core i7-4790 CPU based system, using 4
cores, the following statistics were measured:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">Architecture Build Time Build Size
32-bit 239.9 minutes 3.6 GB
64-bit 233.2 minutes 4.4 GB</code>
</pre>
<p>
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3%
faster and is 22% larger than the 32-bit build. If you plan to
use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be
largely sufficient. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS
now need more that 4GB of RAM to be built and/or to run, so that
if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend
building on a 64-bit system.
</p>
<p>
The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is considered a
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">pure</span>&rdquo;</span> 64-bit system. That is, it
supports 64-bit executables only. Building a <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">multi-lib</span>&rdquo;</span>
system requires compiling many applications twice, once for a
32-bit system and once for a 64-bit system. This is not directly
supported in LFS because it would interfere with the educational
objective of providing the instructions needed for a
straightforward base Linux system. Some LFS/BLFS editors maintain
a fork of LFS for multilib, which is accessible at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html</a>.
But it is an advanced topic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-prerequisites" name=
"pre-prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a
certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system administration
in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands
listed. In particular, as an absolute minimum, you should already
have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move
files and directories, list directory and file contents, and
change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a
reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux software.
</p>
<p>
Because the LFS book assumes <span class="emphasis"><em>at
least</em></span> this basic level of skill, the various LFS
support forums are unlikely to be able to provide you with much
assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions
regarding such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered or you
will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.
</p>
<p>
Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the
following:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Software-Building-HOWTO <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html</a>
</p>
<p>
This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">generic</span>&rdquo;</span> Unix software packages
under Linux. Although it was written some time ago, it
still provides a good summary of the basic techniques
needed to build and install software.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <a class="ulink"
href=
"http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/">
http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/</a>
</p>
<p>
This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and
techniques needed to build software from source code.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-standards" name="pre-standards"></a>LFS and
Standards
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The structure of LFS follows Linux standards as closely as
possible. The primary standards are:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">POSIX.1-2008</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html">
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</a>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux
Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</a>
</p>
<p>
The LSB has four separate standards: Core, Desktop, Runtime
Languages, and Imaging. In addition to generic requirements
there are also architecture specific requirements. There
are also two areas for trial use: Gtk3 and Graphics. LFS
attempts to conform to the architectures discussed in the
previous section.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Many people do not agree with the requirements of the
LSB. The main purpose of defining it is to ensure that
proprietary software will be able to be installed and run
properly on a compliant system. Since LFS is source
based, the user has complete control over what packages
are desired and many choose not to install some packages
that are specified by the LSB.
</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Creating a complete LFS system capable of passing the LSB
certifications tests is possible, but not without many additional
packages that are beyond the scope of LFS. These additional
packages have installation instructions in BLFS.
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504937327648" name="idm46504937327648"></a>Packages
supplied by LFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Core:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Bash, Bc, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, File,
Findutils, Gawk, Grep, Gzip, M4, Man-DB, Ncurses,
Procps, Psmisc, Sed, Shadow, Tar, Util-linux, Zlib
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Desktop:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Perl
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Imaging:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3
and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504937316976" name="idm46504937316976"></a>Packages
supplied by BLFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Core:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
At, Batch (a part of At), Cpio, Ed, Fcrontab,
LSB-Tools, NSPR, NSS, PAM, Pax, Sendmail (or Postfix or
Exim), time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Desktop:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Alsa, ATK, Cairo, Desktop-file-utils, Freetype,
Fontconfig, Gdk-pixbuf, Glib2, GTK+2,
Icon-naming-utils, Libjpeg-turbo, Libpng, Libtiff,
Libxml2, MesaLib, Pango, Xdg-utils, Xorg
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Python, Libxml2, Libxslt
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Imaging:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
CUPS, Cups-filters, Ghostscript, SANE
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3
and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GTK+3
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504931756992" name="idm46504931756992"></a>Packages
not supplied by LFS or BLFS needed to satisfy the LSB
Requirements
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Core:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Desktop:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Qt4 (but Qt5 is provided)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Runtime Languages:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB
Imaging:</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3
and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
None
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-why" name="pre-why"></a>Rationale for Packages
in the Book
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
As stated earlier, the goal of LFS is to build a complete and
usable foundation-level system. This includes all packages needed
to replicate itself while providing a relatively minimal base
from which to customize a more complete system based on the
choices of the user. This does not mean that LFS is the smallest
system possible. Several important packages are included that are
not strictly required. The lists below document the rationale for
each package in the book.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Acl
</p>
<p>
This package contains utilities to administer Access
Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained
discretionary access rights for files and directories.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Attr
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for administering extended
attributes on filesystem objects.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Autoconf
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for producing shell scripts
that can automatically configure source code from a
developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a
package after updates to the build procedures.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Automake
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for generating Make files
from a template. It is often needed to rebuild a package
after updates to the build procedures.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bash
</p>
<p>
This package satisfies an LSB core requirement to provide a
Bourne Shell interface to the system. It was chosen over
other shell packages because of its common usage and
extensive capabilities beyond basic shell functions.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bc
</p>
<p>
This package provides an arbitrary precision numeric
processing language. It satisfies a requirement needed when
building the Linux kernel.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Binutils
</p>
<p>
This package contains a linker, an assembler, and other
tools for handling object files. The programs in this
package are needed to compile most of the packages in an
LFS system and beyond.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bison
</p>
<p>
This package contains the GNU version of yacc (Yet Another
Compiler Compiler) needed to build several other LFS
programs.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bzip2
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. It is required to decompress many LFS
packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Check
</p>
<p>
This package contains a test harness for other programs.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Coreutils
</p>
<p>
This package contains a number of essential programs for
viewing and manipulating files and directories. These
programs are needed for command line file management, and
are necessary for the installation procedures of every
package in LFS.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
DejaGNU
</p>
<p>
This package contains a framework for testing other
programs. It is only installed in the temporary toolchain.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Diffutils
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs that show the differences
between files or directories. These programs can be used to
create patches, and are also used in many packages' build
procedures.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
E2fsprogs
</p>
<p>
This package contains the utilities for handling the ext2,
ext3 and ext4 file systems. These are the most common and
thoroughly tested file systems that Linux supports.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Eudev
</p>
<p>
This package is a device manager. It dynamically controls
the entries in the /dev directory as devices are added or
removed from the system.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Expat
</p>
<p>
This package contains a relatively small XML parsing
library. It is required by the XML::Parser Perl module.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Expect
</p>
<p>
This package contains a program for carrying out scripted
dialogues with other interactive programs. It is commonly
used for testing other packages. It is only installed in
the temporary toolchain.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
File
</p>
<p>
This package contains a utility for determining the type of
a given file or files. A few packages need it to build.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Findutils
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs to find files in a file
system. It is used in many packages' build scripts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Flex
</p>
<p>
This package contains a utility for generating programs
that recognize patterns in text. It is the GNU version of
the lex (lexical analyzer) program. It is required to build
several LFS packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Gawk
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for manipulating text files.
It is the GNU version of awk (Aho-Weinberg-Kernighan). It
is used in many other packages' build scripts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Gcc
</p>
<p>
This package is the Gnu Compiler Collection. It contains
the C and C++ compilers as well as several others not built
by LFS.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
GDBM
</p>
<p>
This package contains the GNU Database Manager library. It
is used by one other LFS package, Man-DB.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Gettext
</p>
<p>
This package contains utilities and libraries for
internationalization and localization of numerous packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Glibc
</p>
<p>
This package contains the main C library. Linux programs
would not run without it.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
GMP
</p>
<p>
This package contains math libraries that provide useful
functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. It is
required to build Gcc.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Gperf
</p>
<p>
This package contains a program that generates a perfect
hash function from a key set. It is required for Eudev.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Grep
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for searching through files.
These programs are used by most packages' build scripts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Groff
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for processing and
formatting text. One important function of these programs
is to format man pages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
GRUB
</p>
<p>
This package is the Grand Unified Boot Loader. It is one of
several boot loaders available, but is the most flexible.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Gzip
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. It is needed to decompress many
packages in LFS and beyond.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Iana-etc
</p>
<p>
This package provides data for network services and
protocols. It is needed to enable proper networking
capabilities.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Inetutils
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for basic network
administration.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Intltool
</p>
<p>
This package contains tools for extracting translatable
strings from source files.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
IProute2
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for basic and advanced IPv4
and IPv6 networking. It was chosen over the other common
network tools package (net-tools) for its IPv6
capabilities.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Kbd
</p>
<p>
This package contains key-table files, keyboard utilities
for non-US keyboards, and a number of console fonts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Kmod
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs needed to administer Linux
kernel modules.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Less
</p>
<p>
This package contains a very nice text file viewer that
allows scrolling up or down when viewing a file. It is also
used by Man-DB for viewing manpages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libcap
</p>
<p>
This package implements the user-space interfaces to the
POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libelf
</p>
<p>
The elfutils project provides libraries and tools for ELF
files and DWARF data. Most utilities in this package are
available in other packages, but the library is needed to
build the Linux kernel using the default (and most
efficient) configuration.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libffi
</p>
<p>
This package implements a portable, high level programming
interface to various calling conventions. Some programs may
not know at the time of compilation what arguments are to
be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may
be told at run-time about the number and types of arguments
used to call a given function. Libffi can be used in such
programs to provide a bridge from the interpreter program
to compiled code.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libpipeline
</p>
<p>
The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating
pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
It is required by the Man-DB package.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libtool
</p>
<p>
This package contains the GNU generic library support
script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries
in a consistent, portable interface. It is needed by the
test suites in other LFS packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Linux Kernel
</p>
<p>
This package is the Operating System. It is the Linux in
the GNU/Linux environment.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
M4
</p>
<p>
This package contains a general text macro processor useful
as a build tool for other programs.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Make
</p>
<p>
This package contains a program for directing the building
of packages. It is required by almost every package in LFS.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Man-DB
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for finding and viewing man
pages. It was chosen instead of the <span class=
"application">man</span> package due to superior
internationalization capabilities. It supplies the man
program.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Man-pages
</p>
<p>
This package contains the actual contents of the basic
Linux man pages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Meson
</p>
<p>
This package provides a software tool for automating the
building of software. The main goal for Meson is to
minimize the amount of time that software developers need
to spend configuring their build system.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
MPC
</p>
<p>
This package contains functions for the arithmetic of
complex numbers. It is required by Gcc.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
MPFR
</p>
<p>
This package contains functions for multiple precision
arithmetic. It is required by Gcc.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Ninja
</p>
<p>
This package contains a small build system with a focus on
speed. It is designed to have its input files generated by
a higher-level build system, and to run builds as fast as
possible.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Ncurses
</p>
<p>
This package contains libraries for terminal-independent
handling of character screens. It is often used to provide
cursor control for a menuing system. It is needed by a
number of packages in LFS.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Openssl
</p>
<p>
This package provides management tools and libraries
relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing
cryptographic functions to other packages, including the
Linux kernel.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Patch
</p>
<p>
This package contains a program for modifying or creating
files by applying a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> file typically created by
the <span class="application">diff</span> program. It is
needed by the build procedure for several LFS packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Perl
</p>
<p>
This package is an interpreter for the runtime language
PERL. It is needed for the installation and test suites of
several LFS packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Pkg-config
</p>
<p>
This package provides a program to return meta-data about
an installed library or package.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Procps-NG
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for monitoring processes.
These programs are useful for system administration, and
are also used by the LFS Bootscripts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Psmisc
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for displaying information
about running processes. These programs are useful for
system administration.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Python 3
</p>
<p>
This package provides an interpreted language that has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Readline
</p>
<p>
This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line
editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Sed
</p>
<p>
This package allows editing of text without opening it in a
text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages'
configure scripts.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Shadow
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for handling passwords in a
secure way.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Sysklogd
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for logging system messages,
such as those given by the kernel or daemon processes when
unusual events occur.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Sysvinit
</p>
<p>
This package provides the <span class=
"application">init</span> program, which is the parent of
all other processes on the Linux system.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Tar
</p>
<p>
This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities
of virtually all packages used in LFS.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Tcl
</p>
<p>
This package contains the Tool Command Language used in
many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed in
the temporary toolchain.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Texinfo
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for reading, writing, and
converting info pages. It is used in the installation
procedures of many LFS packages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Util-linux
</p>
<p>
This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among
them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles,
partitions, and messages.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Vim
</p>
<p>
This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of
its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge
number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very
personal choice for many users and any other editor could
be substituted if desired.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
XML::Parser
</p>
<p>
This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
XZ Utils
</p>
<p>
This package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. It provides the highest compression
generally available and is useful for decompressing
packages in XZ or LZMA format.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Zlib
</p>
<p>
This package contains compression and decompression
routines used by some programs.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Zstd
</p>
<p>
This package contains compression and decompression
routines used by some programs. It provide high compression
ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed
trade-offs.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-typography" name="pre-typography"></a>Typography
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical
conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some
examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From
Scratch.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless
otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the
explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being
referenced.
</p>
<p>
In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical
lines with a backslash at the end of the line.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \
--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return.
Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab characters will
create incorrect results.
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'</code>
</pre>
<p>
This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually
as the result of commands issued. This format is also used to
show filenames, such as <code class=
"filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Emphasis</em></span>
</p>
<p>
This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its
main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.
</p>
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community
and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations,
and websites.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; $LFS/etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
......</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This format is used when creating configuration files. The first
command tells the system to create the file <code class=
"filename">$LFS/etc/group</code> from whatever is typed on the
following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is
encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as
seen.
</p>
<p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;REPLACED TEXT&gt;</code></em>
</p>
<p>
This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed
as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.
</p>
<p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>[OPTIONAL TEXT]</code></em>
</p>
<p>
This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.
</p>
<p>
<code class="filename">passwd(5)</code>
</p>
<p>
This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The
number inside parentheses indicates a specific section inside the
manuals. For example, <span class=
"command"><strong>passwd</strong></span> has two man pages. Per
LFS installation instructions, those two man pages will be
located at <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. When the book
uses <code class="filename">passwd(5)</code> it is specifically
referring to <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. <span class=
"command"><strong>man passwd</strong></span> will print the first
man page it finds that matches <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">passwd</span>&rdquo;</span>,
which will be <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code>. For this example,
you will need to run <span class="command"><strong>man 5
passwd</strong></span> in order to read the specific page being
referred to. It should be noted that most man pages do not have
duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore,
<span class="command"><strong>man <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;program
name&gt;</code></em></strong></span> is generally sufficient.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-organization" name=
"pre-organization"></a>Structure
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This book is divided into the following parts.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
Part I - Introduction
</h3>
<p>
Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with
the LFS installation. This section also provides
meta-information about the book.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
Part II - Preparing for the Build
</h3>
<p>
Part II describes how to prepare for the building
process&mdash;making a partition, downloading the packages, and
compiling temporary tools.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
Part III - Building the LFS System
</h3>
<p>
Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS
system&mdash;compiling and installing all the packages one by
one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel.
The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other
software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the
end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing all
of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been
installed.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="pre-errata" name="pre-errata"></a>Errata
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being
updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become
available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether
the package versions or instructions in this release of LFS need
any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or
other bug fixes, please visit <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/9.1/</a>
before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes
shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you
progress with building the LFS system.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="part1" name="part1"></a>Part&nbsp;I.&nbsp;Introduction
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-intro" name=
"chapter-intro"></a>Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-intro-how" name=
"ch-intro-how"></a>1.1.&nbsp;How to Build an LFS System
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The LFS system will be built by using an already installed
Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora, or
openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used
as a starting point to provide necessary programs, including a
compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select
the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">development</span>&rdquo;</span> option during the
distribution installation to be able to access these tools.
</p>
<p>
As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto
your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a commercial
distribution.
</p>
<p>
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-partitioning" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Preparing the Host System">Chapter&nbsp;2</a>
of this book describes how to create a new Linux native
partition and file system. This is the place where the new LFS
system will be compiled and installed. <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-getting-materials" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Packages and Patches">Chapter&nbsp;3</a>
explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded to
build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file
system. <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final Preparations">Chapter&nbsp;4</a>
discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment.
Please read <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final Preparations">Chapter&nbsp;4</a>
carefully as it explains several important issues you need be
aware of before beginning to work your way through <a class=
"xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
and beyond.
</p>
<p>
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
explains the installation of a number of packages that will
form the basic development suite (or toolchain) which is used
to build the actual system in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>.
Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular
dependencies&mdash;for example, to compile a compiler, you need
a compiler.
</p>
<p>
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain,
including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically means these
two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to
build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled by the
toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass
of the toolchain will be built. This time, the toolchain will
be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The
remaining <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools"
title="Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
packages are built using this second pass toolchain. When this
is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on
the host distribution, with the exception of the running
kernel.
</p>
<p>
This effort to isolate the new system from the host
distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation
as to why this is done is provided in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title=
"5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain Technical Notes">Section&nbsp;5.2,
&ldquo;Toolchain Technical Notes&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
<p>
In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>,
the full LFS system is built. The <span class=
"command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> (change root) program
is used to enter a virtual environment and start a new shell
whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is
very similar to rebooting and instructing the kernel to mount
the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not
actually reboot, but instead uses <span class=
"command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> because creating a
bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary
just yet. The major advantage is that <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">chrooting</span>&rdquo;</span> allows you to continue
using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting
for package compilations to complete, you can continue using
your computer as normal.
</p>
<p>
To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is
set up in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-config" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;System Configuration">Chapter&nbsp;7</a>,
and the kernel and boot loader are set up in <a class="xref"
href="#chapter-bootable" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter&nbsp;8</a>.
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-finalizing" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;9.&nbsp;The End">Chapter&nbsp;9</a> contains
information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book.
After the steps in this book have been implemented, the
computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.
</p>
<p>
This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each
step is discussed in the following chapters and package
descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be
clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on
the LFS adventure.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-intro-whatsnew" name=
"ch-intro-whatsnew"></a>1.2.&nbsp;What's new since the
last release
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Below is a list of package updates made since the previous
release of the book.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<p class="title">
<strong>Upgraded to:</strong>
</p>
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bc 2.5.3
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Binutils-2.34
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bison-3.5.2
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Check-0.14.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
E2fsprogs-1.45.5
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Eudev-3.2.9
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Expat-2.2.9
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
File-5.38
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Findutils-4.7.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Glibc-2.31
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
GMP-6.2.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Grep-3.4
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
IPRoute2-5.5.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libcap-2.31
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libelf-0.178 (from elfutils)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libffi-3.3
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Libpipeline-1.5.2
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Linux-5.5.3
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Make-4.3
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Man-DB-2.9.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Man-pages-5.05
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Meson-0.53.1
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Ncurses-6.2
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Ninja-1.10.0
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Openssl-1.1.1d
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Perl-5.30.1
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Python-3.8.1
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Sed-4.8
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Shadow-4.8.1
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
SysVinit-2.96
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Tcl-8.6.10
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Texinfo-6.7
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Tzdata-2019c
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Util-Linux-2.35.1
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Vim-8.2.0190
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<p class="title">
<strong>Added:</strong>
</p>
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Zstd-1.4.4
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<p class="title">
<strong>Removed:</strong>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-intro-changelog" name=
"ch-intro-changelog"></a>1.3.&nbsp;Changelog
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This is version <span class="phrase">9.1</span> of the Linux
From Scratch book, dated March 1st, 2020. If this book is more
than six months old, a newer and better version is probably
already available. To find out, please check one of the mirrors
via <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
Below is a list of changes made since the previous release of
the book.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<p class="title">
<strong>Changelog Entries:</strong>
</p>
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-03-01
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - LFS-9.1 released.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-02-14
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4597">#4597</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-02-13
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to ncurses-6.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4596">#4596</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.05. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4595">#4595</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5.3.tar.xz. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4592">#4592</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-27
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.0190. Addresses
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to binutils-2.34. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4590">#4590</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to glibc-2.31. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4589">#4589</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4588">#4588</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.5.3. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4587">#4587</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.5.0. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4586">#4586</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to util-linux 2.35.1. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4560">#4560</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-27
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to ninja-1.10.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4585">#4585</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to check-0.14.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4583">#4583</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to shadow-4.8.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4582">#4582</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.53.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4581">#4581</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4580">#4580</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4579">#4579</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-19
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to make-4.3. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4578">#4578</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.0129. Addresses
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to gmp-6.2.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4577">#4577</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to sed-4.8. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4576">#4576</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.5.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4575">#4575</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.13. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4572">#4572</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-16
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to libcap-2.31. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4574">#4574</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-13
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Ensure zstd libraries are installed in
the correct location.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-12
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Added zstd-1.4.4.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-09
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.53.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4571">#4571</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.45.5. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4570">#4570</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to grep-3.4. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4568">#4568</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to libpipeline-1.5.2. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4567">#4567</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.8. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4566">#4566</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Add <code class=
"filename">/etc/os-release</code> to the sysV
version, as it is required by some packages in
BLFS.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-06
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to libcap-2.30. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4569">#4569</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-04
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Fix various issues in libcap-2.29, and
update dependencies.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2020-01-01
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.29. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4564">#4564</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-12-22
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to python3-3.8.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4564">#4564</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to file-5.38. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4563">#4563</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to linux-5.4.6. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4562">#4562</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to vim-8.2.0024. Part of
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-12-12
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.28. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4559">#4559</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4561">#4561</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-12-10
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[renodr] - Fix a regression in meson that was
causing problems in dependent packages.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-12-05
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[renodr] - Update to bc-2.4.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4556">#4556</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[renodr] - Update to shadow-4.8. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4557">#4557</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[renodr] - Update to linux-5.4.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4558">#4558</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-12-01
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Add upstream fixes patch for bash. Also
add a note about possible problems when changing to
the lfs user.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.1.2361. Updates
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.52.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4555">#4555</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to elfutils-0.178. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4553">#4553</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.4.0. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4551">#4551</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to libffi-3.3. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4550">#4550</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to tcl-8.6.10. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4549">#4549</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.04. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4548">#4548</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to perl-5.30.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4547">#4547</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4546">#4546</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.3.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4545">#4545</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-11-08
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[renodr] - Update to Linux-5.3.9. Resolves a
regression with restarting systems with HD Audio
(hda), data corruption on btrfs, and a security
vulnerability with systems that use the RTLWIFI
driver. Fixes <a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4544">#4544</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-10-31
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20191031.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-10-25
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20191025.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-11-01
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.3.8. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4539">#4539</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.2.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4543">#4543</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to check-0.13.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4540">#4540</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to eudev-3.2.9. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4542">#4542</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to man-db-2.9.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4541">#4541</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-10-17
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Move attr and acl to be before shadow.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.3.6. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4534">#4534</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.03. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4536">#4536</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.52.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4535">#4535</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to Python-3.8.0. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4538">#4538</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to binutils-2.33.1. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4537">#4537</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-29
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to texinfo-6.7. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4529">#4529</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.45.4. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4530">#4530</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to XML-Parser-2.46. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4531">#4531</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.2.9. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4532">#4532</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.3.0. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4533">#4533</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-24
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[pierre] - Update to linux-5.3.1. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4528">#4528</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-14
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.2.8. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4527">#4527</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.4.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4526">#4526</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.2.14. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4522">#4522</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to openssl-1.1.1d. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4523">#4523</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to sysvinit-2.96. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4524">#4524</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to tzdata-2019c. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4525">#4525</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-02
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20190908.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-02
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.2.11. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4517">#4517</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to man-db-2.8.7. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4518">#4518</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.51.2. Fixes <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4519">#4519</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - Update to findutils-4.7.0. Fixes
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4520">#4520</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[dj] - Update to LFS-Bootscripts-20190902 - correct
LSB dependency information in bootscripts and
update standards page for new LSB-Tools package.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
2019-09-01
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
[bdubbs] - LFS-9.0 released.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-intro-resources" name=
"ch-intro-resources"></a>1.4.&nbsp;Resources
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-intro-faq" name="ch-intro-faq"></a>1.4.1. FAQ
</h3>
<p>
If during the building of the LFS system you encounter any
errors, have any questions, or think there is a typo in the
book, please start by consulting the Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQ) that is located at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-intro-maillists" name=
"ch-intro-maillists"></a>1.4.2. Mailing Lists
</h3>
<p>
The <code class="uri">linuxfromscratch.org</code> server
hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of
the LFS project. These lists include the main development and
support lists, among others. If the FAQ does not solve the
problem you are having, the next step would be to search the
mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
For information on the different lists, how to subscribe,
archive locations, and additional information, visit
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-intro-irc" name="ch-intro-irc"></a>1.4.3. IRC
</h3>
<p>
Several members of the LFS community offer assistance on
Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please
make sure that your question is not already answered in the
LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC
network at <code class="uri">irc.freenode.net</code>. The
support channel is named #LFS-support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-intro-mirrors" name="ch-intro-mirrors"></a>1.4.4.
Mirror Sites
</h3>
<p>
The LFS project has a number of world-wide mirrors to make
accessing the website and downloading the required packages
more convenient. Please visit the LFS website at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a>
for a list of current mirrors.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-intro-contactinfo" name=
"ch-intro-contactinfo"></a>1.4.5. Contact Information
</h3>
<p>
Please direct all your questions and comments to one of the
LFS mailing lists (see above).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-intro-askforhelp" name=
"ch-intro-askforhelp"></a>1.5.&nbsp;Help
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
If an issue or a question is encountered while working through
this book, please check the FAQ page at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq</a>.
Questions are often already answered there. If your question is
not answered on this page, try to find the source of the
problem. The following hint will give you some guidance for
troubleshooting: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt</a>.
</p>
<p>
If you cannot find your problem listed in the FAQ, search the
mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>.
</p>
<p>
We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer
assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the <a class=
"xref" href="#ch-intro-resources" title=
"1.4.&nbsp;Resources">Section&nbsp;1.4,
&ldquo;Resources&rdquo;</a> section of this book). However, we
get several support questions every day and many of them can be
easily answered by going to the FAQ and by searching the
mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance
possible, you need to do some research on your own first. That
allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your
searches do not produce a solution, please include all relevant
information (mentioned below) in your request for help.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
1.5.1. Things to Mention
</h3>
<p>
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being
experienced, the essential things to include in any request
for help are:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The version of the book being used (in this case
<span class="phrase">9.1</span> )
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The host distribution and version being used to create
LFS
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The output from the <a class="xref" href=
"#version-check">Host System Requirements</a> script
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The package or section the problem was encountered in
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The exact error message or symptom being received
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Note whether you have deviated from the book at all
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Deviating from this book does <span class=
"emphasis"><em>not</em></span> mean that we will not help
you. After all, LFS is about personal preference. Being
upfront about any changes to the established procedure
helps us evaluate and determine possible causes of your
problem.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
1.5.2. Configure Script Problems
</h3>
<p>
If something goes wrong while running the <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script, review
the <code class="filename">config.log</code> file. This file
may contain errors encountered during <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> which were not
printed to the screen. Include the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>relevant</em></span> lines if you need to ask
for help.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
1.5.3. Compilation Problems
</h3>
<p>
Both the screen output and the contents of various files are
useful in determining the cause of compilation problems. The
screen output from the <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script and the
<span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span> run can be
helpful. It is not necessary to include the entire output,
but do include enough of the relevant information. Below is
an example of the type of information to include from the
screen output from <span class=
"command"><strong>make</strong></span>:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">gcc -DALIASPATH=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale:.\"
-DLOCALEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale\"
-DLIBDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/lib\"
-DINCLUDEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/include\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.
-g -O2 -c getopt1.c
gcc -g -O2 -static -o make ar.o arscan.o commands.o dir.o
expand.o file.o function.o getopt.o implicit.o job.o main.o
misc.o read.o remake.o rule.o signame.o variable.o vpath.o
default.o remote-stub.o version.o opt1.o
-lutil job.o: In function `load_too_high':
/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1/job.c:1565: undefined reference
to `getloadavg'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [make] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make: *** [all-recursive-am] Error 2</code>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, many people would just include the bottom
section:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">make [2]: *** [make] Error 1</code>
</pre>
<p>
This is not enough information to properly diagnose the
problem because it only notes that something went wrong, not
<span class="emphasis"><em>what</em></span> went wrong. The
entire section, as in the example above, is what should be
saved because it includes the command that was executed and
the associated error message(s).
</p>
<p>
An excellent article about asking for help on the Internet is
available online at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html</a>.
Read and follow the hints in this document to increase the
likelihood of getting the help you need.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="part2" name="part2"></a>Part&nbsp;II.&nbsp;Preparing
for the Build
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-partitioning" name=
"chapter-partitioning"></a>Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Preparing
the Host System
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-introduction" name=
"ch-partitioning-introduction"></a>2.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this chapter, the host tools needed for building LFS are
checked and, if necessary, installed. Then a partition which
will host the LFS system is prepared. We will create the
partition itself, create a file system on it, and mount it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-hostreqs" name=
"ch-partitioning-hostreqs"></a>2.2.&nbsp;Host System
Requirements
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Your host system should have the following software with the
minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for
most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many
distributions will place software headers into separate
packages, often in the form of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">&lt;package-name&gt;-devel</span>&rdquo;</span> or
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">&lt;package-name&gt;-dev</span>&rdquo;</span>. Be sure
to install those if your distribution provides them.
</p>
<p>
Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but
have not been tested.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul class="compact">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Bash-3.2</strong></span>
(/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"strong"><strong>Binutils-2.25</strong></span> (Versions
greater than 2.34 are not recommended as they have not
been tested)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Bison-2.7</strong></span>
(/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script
that executes bison)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Bzip2-1.0.4</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"strong"><strong>Coreutils-6.9</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"strong"><strong>Diffutils-2.8.1</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"strong"><strong>Findutils-4.2.31</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Gawk-4.0.1</strong></span>
(/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>GCC-6.2</strong></span>
including the C++ compiler, <span class=
"command"><strong>g++</strong></span> (Versions greater
than 9.2.0 are not recommended as they have not been
tested)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Glibc-2.11</strong></span>
(Versions greater than 2.31 are not recommended as they
have not been tested)
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Grep-2.5.1a</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Gzip-1.3.12</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Linux
Kernel-3.2</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we
specify that version when building <span class=
"application">glibc</span> in Chapter&nbsp;6 at the
recommendation of the developers. It is also required by
udev.
</p>
<p>
If the host kernel is earlier than 3.2 you will need to
replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There
are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your
Linux vendor provides a 3.2 or later kernel package. If
so, you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't
offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer
not to install it, you can compile a kernel yourself.
Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the
boot loader (assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootable" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter&nbsp;8</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>M4-1.4.10</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Make-4.0</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Patch-2.5.4</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Perl-5.8.8</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Python-3.4</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Sed-4.1.5</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Tar-1.22</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Texinfo-4.7</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="strong"><strong>Xz-5.0.0</strong></span>
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build
an LFS system using the instructions contained within this
book. Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash,
mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the
LFS development team, and may require either deviation from
the instructions or additional patches to some packages.
</p>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="version-check" name="version-check"></a>
</h3>
<p>
To see whether your host system has all the appropriate
versions, and the ability to compile programs, run the
following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; version-check.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">#!/bin/bash
# Simple script to list version numbers of critical development tools
export LC_ALL=C
bash --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-4
MYSH=$(readlink -f /bin/sh)
echo "/bin/sh -&gt; $MYSH"
echo $MYSH | grep -q bash || echo "ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash"
unset MYSH
echo -n "Binutils: "; ld --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f3-
bison --version | head -n1
if [ -h /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
echo "/usr/bin/yacc -&gt; `readlink -f /usr/bin/yacc`";
elif [ -x /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
echo yacc is `/usr/bin/yacc --version | head -n1`
else
echo "yacc not found"
fi
bzip2 --version 2&gt;&amp;1 &lt; /dev/null | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f1,6-
echo -n "Coreutils: "; chown --version | head -n1 | cut -d")" -f2
diff --version | head -n1
find --version | head -n1
gawk --version | head -n1
if [ -h /usr/bin/awk ]; then
echo "/usr/bin/awk -&gt; `readlink -f /usr/bin/awk`";
elif [ -x /usr/bin/awk ]; then
echo awk is `/usr/bin/awk --version | head -n1`
else
echo "awk not found"
fi
gcc --version | head -n1
g++ --version | head -n1
ldd --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2- # glibc version
grep --version | head -n1
gzip --version | head -n1
cat /proc/version
m4 --version | head -n1
make --version | head -n1
patch --version | head -n1
echo Perl `perl -V:version`
python3 --version
sed --version | head -n1
tar --version | head -n1
makeinfo --version | head -n1 # texinfo version
xz --version | head -n1
echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c &amp;&amp; g++ -o dummy dummy.c
if [ -x dummy ]
then echo "g++ compilation OK";
else echo "g++ compilation failed"; fi
rm -f dummy.c dummy</code>
EOF
bash version-check.sh</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-stages" name=
"ch-partitioning-stages"></a>2.3.&nbsp;Building LFS in
Stages
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
LFS is designed to be built in one session. That is, the
instructions assume that the system will not be shut down
during the process. That does not mean that the system has to
be done in one sitting. The issue is that certain procedures
have to be re-accomplished after a reboot if resuming LFS at
different points.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
2.3.1. Chapters&nbsp;1&ndash;4
</h3>
<p>
These chapters are accomplished on the host system. When
restarting, be careful of the following:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Procedures done as the root user after Section 2.4 need
to have the LFS environment variable set <span class=
"emphasis"><em>FOR THE ROOT USER</em></span>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
2.3.2. Chapter&nbsp;5
</h3>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ALL</em></span> instructions
in Chapter&nbsp;5 must be done by user <span class=
"emphasis"><em>lfs</em></span>. A <span class=
"command"><strong>su - lfs</strong></span> needs to be
done before any task in Chapter&nbsp;5.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The procedures in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-tools-generalinstructions" title=
"5.3.&nbsp;General Compilation Instructions">Section&nbsp;5.3,
&ldquo;General Compilation Instructions&rdquo;</a> are
critical. If there is any doubt about installing a
package, ensure any previously expanded tarballs are
removed, re-extract the package files, and complete all
instructions in that section.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
2.3.3. Chapters&nbsp;6&ndash;8
</h3>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
When entering chroot, the LFS environment variable must
be set for root. The LFS variable is not used
otherwise.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The virtual file systems must be mounted. This can be
done before or after entering chroot by changing to a
host virtual terminal and, as root, running the
commands in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-bindmount"
title=
"6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
&ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and
<a class="xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
"6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
&ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-creatingpartition" name=
"ch-partitioning-creatingpartition"></a>2.4.&nbsp;Creating
a New Partition
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on
a dedicated partition. The recommended approach to building an
LFS system is to use an available empty partition or, if you
have enough unpartitioned space, to create one.
</p>
<p>
A minimal system requires a partition of around 10 gigabytes
(GB). This is enough to store all the source tarballs and
compile the packages. However, if the LFS system is intended to
be the primary Linux system, additional software will probably
be installed which will require additional space. A 30 GB
partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS
system itself will not take up this much room. A large portion
of this requirement is to provide sufficient free temporary
storage as well as for adding additional capabilities after LFS
is complete. Additionally, compiling packages can require a lot
of disk space which will be reclaimed after the package is
installed.
</p>
<p>
Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM)
available for compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a
small disk partition as <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
space. This is used by the kernel to store seldom-used data and
leave more memory available for active processes. The
<code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition for an LFS
system can be the same as the one used by the host system, in
which case it is not necessary to create another one.
</p>
<p>
Start a disk partitioning program such as <span class=
"command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span> or <span class=
"command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> with a command line
option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be
created&mdash;for example <code class=
"filename">/dev/sda</code> for the primary disk drive. Create a
Linux native partition and a <code class=
"systemitem">swap</code> partition, if needed. Please refer to
<code class="filename">cfdisk(8)</code> or <code class=
"filename">fdisk(8)</code> if you do not yet know how to use
the programs.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are
possible. The new LFS system can be on a software <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/raid.html">
RAID</a> array or an <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/aboutlvm.html">
LVM</a> logical volume. However, some of these options
require an <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/initramfs.html">
initramfs</a>, which is an advanced topic. These partitioning
methodologies are not recommended for first time LFS users.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g.,
<code class="filename">sda5</code>). This book will refer to
this as the LFS partition. Also remember the designation of the
<code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition. These names
will be needed later for the <code class=
"filename">/etc/fstab</code> file.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
2.4.1. Other Partition Issues
</h3>
<p>
Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted
on the LFS mailing lists. This is a highly subjective topic.
The default for most distributions is to use the entire drive
with the exception of one small swap partition. This is not
optimal for LFS for several reasons. It reduces flexibility,
makes sharing of data across multiple distributions or LFS
builds more difficult, makes backups more time consuming, and
can waste disk space through inefficient allocation of file
system structures.
</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504931247120" name=
"idm46504931247120"></a>2.4.1.1.&nbsp;The Root
Partition
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the
<code class="filename">/root</code> directory) of ten
gigabytes is a good compromise for most systems. It
provides enough space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but is
small enough so that multiple partitions can be easily
created for experimentation.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504931244864" name=
"idm46504931244864"></a>2.4.1.2.&nbsp;The Swap
Partition
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Most distributions automatically create a swap partition.
Generally the recommended size of the swap partition is
about twice the amount of physical RAM, however this is
rarely needed. If disk space is limited, hold the swap
partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk
swapping.
</p>
<p>
Swapping is never good. Generally you can tell if a system
is swapping by just listening to disk activity and
observing how the system reacts to commands. The first
reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable
command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If
swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is
to purchase more RAM for your system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504931242592" name=
"idm46504931242592"></a>2.4.1.3.&nbsp;The Grub Bios
Partition
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
If the <span class="emphasis"><em>boot disk</em></span> has
been partitioned with a GUID Partition Table (GPT), then a
small, typically 1 MB, partition must be created if it does
not already exist. This partition is not formatted, but
must be available for GRUB to use during installation of
the boot loader. This partition will normally be labeled
'BIOS Boot' if using <span class=
"command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> or have a code of
<span class="emphasis"><em>EF02</em></span> if using
<span class="command"><strong>gdisk</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The Grub Bios partition must be on the drive that the
BIOS uses to boot the system. This is not necessarily the
same drive where the LFS root partition is located. Disks
on a system may use different partition table types. The
requirement for this partition depends only on the
partition table type of the boot disk.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504931238208" name=
"idm46504931238208"></a>2.4.1.4.&nbsp;Convenience
Partitions
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
There are several other partitions that are not required,
but should be considered when designing a disk layout. The
following list is not comprehensive, but is meant as a
guide.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/boot &ndash; Highly recommended. Use this partition
to store kernels and other booting information. To
minimize potential boot problems with larger disks,
make this the first physical partition on your first
disk drive. A partition size of 100 megabytes is
quite adequate.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/home &ndash; Highly recommended. Share your home
directory and user customization across multiple
distributions or LFS builds. The size is generally
fairly large and depends on available disk space.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/usr &ndash; A separate /usr partition is generally
used if providing a server for a thin client or
diskless workstation. It is normally not needed for
LFS. A size of five gigabytes will handle most
installations.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/opt &ndash; This directory is most useful for BLFS
where multiple installations of large packages like
Gnome or KDE can be installed without embedding the
files in the /usr hierarchy. If used, 5 to 10
gigabytes is generally adequate.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/tmp &ndash; A separate /tmp directory is rare, but
useful if configuring a thin client. This partition,
if used, will usually not need to exceed a couple of
gigabytes.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/usr/src &ndash; This partition is very useful for
providing a location to store BLFS source files and
share them across LFS builds. It can also be used as
a location for building BLFS packages. A reasonably
large partition of 30-50 gigabytes allows plenty of
room.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted
upon boot needs to be specified in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Details about how to specify
partitions will be discussed in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-bootable-fstab" title=
"8.2.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/fstab File">Section&nbsp;8.2,
&ldquo;Creating the /etc/fstab File&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem" name=
"ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem"></a>2.5.&nbsp;Creating
a File System on the Partition
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Now that a blank partition has been set up, the file system can
be created. LFS can use any file system recognized by the Linux
kernel, but the most common types are ext3 and ext4. The choice
of file system can be complex and depends on the
characteristics of the files and the size of the partition. For
example:
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">ext2</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
is suitable for small partitions that are updated
infrequently such as /boot.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">ext3</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
is an upgrade to ext2 that includes a journal to help
recover the partition's status in the case of an unclean
shutdown. It is commonly used as a general purpose file
system.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">ext4</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
is the latest version of the ext file system family of
partition types. It provides several new capabilities
including nano-second timestamps, creation and use of
very large files (16 TB), and speed improvements.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Other file systems, including FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS, and
XFS are useful for specialized purposes. More information about
these file systems can be found at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems</a>.
</p>
<p>
LFS assumes that the root file system (/) is of type ext4. To
create an <code class="systemitem">ext4</code> file system on
the LFS partition, run the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If you are using an existing <code class=
"systemitem">swap</code> partition, there is no need to format
it. If a new <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition was
created, it will need to be initialized with this command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkswap /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em>
with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
partition.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-aboutlfs" name=
"ch-partitioning-aboutlfs"></a>2.6.&nbsp;Setting The $LFS
Variable
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Throughout this book, the environment variable <code class=
"envar">LFS</code> will be used several times. You should
ensure that this variable is always defined throughout the LFS
build process. It should be set to the name of the directory
where you will be building your LFS system - we will use
<code class="filename">/mnt/lfs</code> as an example, but the
directory choice is up to you. If you are building LFS on a
separate partition, this directory will be the mount point for
the partition. Choose a directory location and set the variable
with the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export LFS=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>/mnt/lfs</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as
<span class="command"><strong>mkdir -v
$LFS/tools</strong></span> can be typed literally. The shell
will automatically replace <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">$LFS</span>&rdquo;</span>
with <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/mnt/lfs</span>&rdquo;</span> (or whatever the variable
was set to) when it processes the command line.
</p>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
Do not forget to check that <code class="envar">LFS</code> is
set whenever you leave and reenter the current working
environment (such as when doing a <span class=
"command"><strong>su</strong></span> to <code class=
"systemitem">root</code> or another user). Check that the
<code class="envar">LFS</code> variable is set up properly
with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make sure the output shows the path to your LFS system's
build location, which is <code class=
"filename">/mnt/lfs</code> if the provided example was
followed. If the output is incorrect, use the command given
earlier on this page to set <code class="envar">$LFS</code>
to the correct directory name.
</p>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
One way to ensure that the <code class="envar">LFS</code>
variable is always set is to edit the <code class=
"filename">.bash_profile</code> file in both your personal
home directory and in <code class=
"filename">/root/.bash_profile</code> and enter the export
command above. In addition, the shell specified in the
<code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file for all users
that need the <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable needs
to be bash to ensure that the <code class=
"filename">/root/.bash_profile</code> file is incorporated as
a part of the login process.
</p>
<p>
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into
the host system. If logging in through a graphical display
manager, the user's <code class=
"filename">.bash_profile</code> is not normally used when a
virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export
command to the <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file for
the user and root. In addition, some distributions have
instructions to not run the <code class=
"filename">.bashrc</code> instructions in a non-interactive
bash invocation. Be sure to add the export command before the
test for non-interactive use.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-partitioning-mounting" name=
"ch-partitioning-mounting"></a>2.7.&nbsp;Mounting the New
Partition
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Now that a file system has been created, the partition needs to
be made accessible. In order to do this, the partition needs to
be mounted at a chosen mount point. For the purposes of this
book, it is assumed that the file system is mounted under the
directory specified by the <code class="envar">LFS</code>
environment variable as described in the previous section.
</p>
<p>
Create the mount point and mount the LFS file system by
running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
with the designation of the LFS partition.
</p>
<p>
If using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for
<code class="filename">/</code> and another for <code class=
"filename">/usr</code>), mount them using:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> $LFS
mkdir -v $LFS/usr
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em> $LFS/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>
and <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em> with
the appropriate partition names.
</p>
<p>
Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions
that are too restrictive (such as the <code class=
"option">nosuid</code> or <code class="option">nodev</code>
options). Run the <span class=
"command"><strong>mount</strong></span> command without any
parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS
partition. If <code class="option">nosuid</code> and/or
<code class="option">nodev</code> are set, the partition will
need to be remounted.
</p>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
The above instructions assume that you will not be restarting
your computer throughout the LFS process. If you shut down
your system, you will either need to remount the LFS
partition each time you restart the build process or modify
your host system's /etc/fstab file to automatically remount
it upon boot. For example:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
/dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> /mnt/lfs ext4 defaults 1 1
</pre>
<p>
If you use additional optional partitions, be sure to add
them also.
</p>
</div>
<p>
If you are using a <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
partition, ensure that it is enabled using the <span class=
"command"><strong>swapon</strong></span> command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">/sbin/swapon -v /dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;zzz&gt;</code></em></kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;zzz&gt;</code></em>
with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code>
partition.
</p>
<p>
Now that there is an established place to work, it is time to
download the packages.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-getting-materials" name=
"chapter-getting-materials"></a>Chapter&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Packages
and Patches
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-materials-introduction" name=
"ch-materials-introduction"></a>3.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This chapter includes a list of packages that need to be
downloaded in order to build a basic Linux system. The listed
version numbers correspond to versions of the software that are
known to work, and this book is based on their use. We highly
recommend against using newer versions because the build
commands for one version may not work with a newer version. The
newest package versions may also have problems that require
work-arounds. These work-arounds will be developed and
stabilized in the development version of the book.
</p>
<p>
Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download
location has changed since this book was published, Google
(<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.google.com/">http://www.google.com/</a>) provides a
useful search engine for most packages. If this search is
unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading
discussed at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages</a>.
</p>
<p>
Downloaded packages and patches will need to be stored
somewhere that is conveniently available throughout the entire
build. A working directory is also required to unpack the
sources and build them. <code class=
"filename">$LFS/sources</code> can be used both as the place to
store the tarballs and patches and as a working directory. By
using this directory, the required elements will be located on
the LFS partition and will be available during all stages of
the building process.
</p>
<p>
To create this directory, execute the following command, as
user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, before starting the
download session:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make this directory writable and sticky. <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Sticky</span>&rdquo;</span>
means that even if multiple users have write permission on a
directory, only the owner of a file can delete the file within
a sticky directory. The following command will enable the write
and sticky modes:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
An easy way to download all of the packages and patches is by
using <a class="ulink" href="wget-list">wget-list</a> as an
input to <span class="command"><strong>wget</strong></span>.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">wget --input-file=wget-list --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Additionally, starting with LFS-7.0, there is a separate file,
<a class="ulink" href="md5sums">md5sums</a>, which can be
used to verify that all the correct packages are available
before proceeding. Place that file in <code class=
"filename">$LFS/sources</code> and run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pushd $LFS/sources
md5sum -c md5sums
popd</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-materials-packages" name=
"ch-materials-packages"></a>3.2.&nbsp;All Packages
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
</p>
<div class="materials">
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">Acl (2.2.53) - <span class="token">513
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/acl/acl-2.2.53.tar.gz">
http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/acl/acl-2.2.53.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">007aabf1dbb550bcddde52a244cd1070</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Attr (2.4.48) - <span class=
"token">457 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/attr/attr-2.4.48.tar.gz">
http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/attr/attr-2.4.48.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">bc1e5cb5c96d99b24886f1f527d3bb3d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Autoconf (2.69) - <span class=
"token">1,186 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/">http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">50f97f4159805e374639a73e2636f22e</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Automake (1.16.1) - <span class=
"token">1,499 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/">http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.16.1.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.16.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">53f38e7591fa57c3d2cee682be668e5b</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Bash (5.0) - <span class="token">9,898
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-5.0.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-5.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">2b44b47b905be16f45709648f671820b</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Bc (2.5.3) - <span class="token">247
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc">https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc/archive/2.5.3/bc-2.5.3.tar.gz">
https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc/archive/2.5.3/bc-2.5.3.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">6582c6fbbae943fbfb8fe14a34feab57</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Binutils (2.34) - <span class=
"token">21,131 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.34.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.34.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">664ec3a2df7805ed3464639aaae332d6</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Bison (3.5.2) - <span class=
"token">2,308 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.5.2.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.5.2.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">49fc2cf23e31e697d5072835e1662a97</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Bzip2 (1.0.8) - <span class=
"token">792 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.sourceware.org/pub/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz">
https://www.sourceware.org/pub/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">67e051268d0c475ea773822f7500d0e5</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Check (0.14.0) - <span class=
"token">753 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://libcheck.github.io/check">https://libcheck.github.io/check</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/libcheck/check/releases/download/0.14.0/check-0.14.0.tar.gz">
https://github.com/libcheck/check/releases/download/0.14.0/check-0.14.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">270e82a445be6026040267a5e11cc94b</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Coreutils (8.31) - <span class=
"token">5,284 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.31.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.31.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">0009a224d8e288e8ec406ef0161f9293</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">DejaGNU (1.6.2) - <span class=
"token">514 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/">http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.6.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.6.2.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">e1b07516533f351b3aba3423fafeffd6</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Diffutils (3.7) - <span class=
"token">1,415 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.7.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.7.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">4824adc0e95dbbf11dfbdfaad6a1e461</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">E2fsprogs (1.45.5) - <span class=
"token">7,753 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/">http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/v1.45.5/e2fsprogs-1.45.5.tar.gz">
https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/v1.45.5/e2fsprogs-1.45.5.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">6d35428e4ce960cb7e875afe5849c0f3</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Elfutils (0.178) - <span class=
"token">8,797 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/">https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/0.178/elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2">
https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/0.178/elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">5480d0b7174446aba13a6adde107287f</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Eudev (3.2.9) - <span class=
"token">1,914 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://dev.gentoo.org/~blueness/eudev/eudev-3.2.9.tar.gz">
https://dev.gentoo.org/~blueness/eudev/eudev-3.2.9.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">dedfb1964f6098fe9320de827957331f</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Expat (2.2.9) - <span class=
"token">413 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://libexpat.github.io/">https://libexpat.github.io/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expat/expat-2.2.9.tar.xz">
https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expat/expat-2.2.9.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">d2384fa607223447e713e1b9bd272376</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Expect (5.45.4) - <span class=
"token">618 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://core.tcl.tk/expect/">https://core.tcl.tk/expect/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.4.tar.gz">
https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.4.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">00fce8de158422f5ccd2666512329bd2</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">File (5.38) - <span class="token">911
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.darwinsys.com/file/">https://www.darwinsys.com/file/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.38.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.38.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">3217633ed09c7cd35ed8d04191675574</code>
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
File (5.38) may no longer be available at the listed
location. The site administrators of the master
download location occasionally remove older versions
when new ones are released. An alternative download
location that may have the correct version available
can also be found at: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp</a>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Findutils (4.7.0) - <span class=
"token">1,851 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.7.0.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.7.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">731356dec4b1109b812fecfddfead6b2</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Flex (2.6.4) - <span class=
"token">1,386 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/westes/flex">https://github.com/westes/flex</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v2.6.4/flex-2.6.4.tar.gz">
https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v2.6.4/flex-2.6.4.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">2882e3179748cc9f9c23ec593d6adc8d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Gawk (5.0.1) - <span class=
"token">3,063 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.0.1.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.0.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f9db3f6715207c6f13719713abc9c707</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">GCC (9.2.0) - <span class=
"token">68,953 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://gcc.gnu.org/">https://gcc.gnu.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-9.2.0/gcc-9.2.0.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-9.2.0/gcc-9.2.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">3818ad8600447f05349098232c2ddc78</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">GDBM (1.18.1) - <span class=
"token">920 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.18.1.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.18.1.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">988dc82182121c7570e0cb8b4fcd5415</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Gettext (0.20.1) - <span class=
"token">9,128 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.20.1.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.20.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">9ed9e26ab613b668e0026222a9c23639</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Glibc (2.31) - <span class=
"token">16,286 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.31.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.31.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">78a720f17412f3c3282be5a6f3363ec6</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">GMP (6.2.0) - <span class=
"token">1,966 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">a325e3f09e6d91e62101e59f9bda3ec1</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Gperf (3.1) - <span class=
"token">1,188 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gperf/gperf-3.1.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gperf/gperf-3.1.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">9e251c0a618ad0824b51117d5d9db87e</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Grep (3.4) - <span class="token">1,520
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-3.4.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-3.4.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">111b117d22d6a7d049d6ae7505e9c4d2</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Groff (1.22.4) - <span class=
"token">4,044 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/">http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.4.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.4.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">08fb04335e2f5e73f23ea4c3adbf0c5f</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">GRUB (2.04) - <span class=
"token">6,245 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.04.tar.xz">https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.04.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">5aaca6713b47ca2456d8324a58755ac7</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Gzip (1.10) - <span class="token">757
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.10.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.10.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">691b1221694c3394f1c537df4eee39d3</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Iana-Etc (2.30) - <span class=
"token">201 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://freecode.com/projects/iana-etc">http://freecode.com/projects/iana-etc</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2">
http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">3ba3afb1d1b261383d247f46cb135ee8</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Inetutils (1.9.4) - <span class=
"token">1,333 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.4.tar.xz">
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.4.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">87fef1fa3f603aef11c41dcc097af75e</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Intltool (0.51.0) - <span class=
"token">159 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool">https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://launchpad.net/intltool/trunk/0.51.0/+download/intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz">
https://launchpad.net/intltool/trunk/0.51.0/+download/intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">12e517cac2b57a0121cda351570f1e63</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">IPRoute2 (5.5.0) - <span class=
"token">731 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/">https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-5.5.0.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-5.5.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">ee8e2cdb416d4a8ef39525d39ab7c2d0</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Kbd (2.2.0) - <span class=
"token">1,090 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd">http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/kbd-2.2.0.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/kbd-2.2.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">d1d7ae0b5fb875dc082731e09cd0c8bc</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Kmod (26) - <span class="token">540
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-26.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-26.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">1129c243199bdd7db01b55a61aa19601</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Less (551) - <span class="token">339
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/">http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-551.tar.gz">
http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-551.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">4ad4408b06d7a6626a055cb453f36819</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">LFS-Bootscripts (20191031) -
<span class="token">32 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.1/lfs-bootscripts-20191031.tar.xz">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.1/lfs-bootscripts-20191031.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">e9249541960df505e4dfac0c32369372</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Libcap (2.31) - <span class="token">97
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/">https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs/libcap2/libcap-2.31.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs/libcap2/libcap-2.31.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">52120c05dc797b01f5a7ae70f4335e96</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Libffi (3.3) - <span class=
"token">1,275 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceware.org/libffi/">https://sourceware.org/libffi/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.3.tar.gz">ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.3.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">6313289e32f1d38a9df4770b014a2ca7</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Libpipeline (1.5.2) - <span class=
"token">971 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/">http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.5.2.tar.gz">
http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.5.2.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">169de4cc1f6f7f7d430a5bed858b2fd3</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Libtool (2.4.6) - <span class=
"token">951 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.6.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.6.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">1bfb9b923f2c1339b4d2ce1807064aa5</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Linux (5.5.3) - <span class=
"token">108,112 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/">https://www.kernel.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.5.3.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.5.3.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">3ea50025d8c679a327cf2fc225d81a46</code>
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The Linux kernel is updated relatively often, many
times due to discoveries of security vulnerabilities.
The latest available 5.5.x kernel version should be
used, unless the errata page says otherwise.
</p>
<p>
For users with limited speed or expensive bandwidth
who wish to update the Linux kernel, a baseline
version of the package and patches can be downloaded
separately. This may save some time or cost for a
subsequent patch level upgrade within a minor
release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">M4 (1.4.18) - <span class=
"token">1,180 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/">http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.18.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.18.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">730bb15d96fffe47e148d1e09235af82</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Make (4.3) - <span class="token">2,263
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">http://www.gnu.org/software/make/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-4.3.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-4.3.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">fc7a67ea86ace13195b0bce683fd4469</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Man-DB (2.9.0) - <span class=
"token">1,814 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.nongnu.org/man-db/">https://www.nongnu.org/man-db/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.9.0.tar.xz">
http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.9.0.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">897576a19ecbef376a916485608cd790</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Man-pages (5.05) - <span class=
"token">1,649 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-5.05.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-5.05.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">da25a4f8dfed0a34453c90153b98752d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Meson (0.53.1) - <span class=
"token">1,516 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://mesonbuild.com">https://mesonbuild.com</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/0.53.1/meson-0.53.1.tar.gz">
https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/0.53.1/meson-0.53.1.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">9bf73f7b5a2426a7c8674a809bb8cae2</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">MPC (1.1.0) - <span class="token">685
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.multiprecision.org/">http://www.multiprecision.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz">https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">4125404e41e482ec68282a2e687f6c73</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">MPFR (4.0.2) - <span class=
"token">1,409 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.mpfr.org/">https://www.mpfr.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-4.0.2/mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz">http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-4.0.2/mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">320fbc4463d4c8cb1e566929d8adc4f8</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Ninja (1.10.0) - <span class=
"token">206 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://ninja-build.org/">https://ninja-build.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/v1.10.0/ninja-1.10.0.tar.gz">
https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/v1.10.0/ninja-1.10.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">cf1d964113a171da42a8940e7607e71a</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Ncurses (6.2) - <span class=
"token">3,346 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/">http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-6.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-6.2.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">e812da327b1c2214ac1aed440ea3ae8d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">OpenSSL (1.1.1d) - <span class=
"token">8,639 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.openssl.org/">https://www.openssl.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz">https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">3be209000dbc7e1b95bcdf47980a3baa</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Patch (2.7.6) - <span class=
"token">766 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/">https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.6.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.6.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">78ad9937e4caadcba1526ef1853730d5</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Perl (5.30.1) - <span class=
"token">12,078 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.perl.org/">https://www.perl.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.30.1.tar.xz">https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.30.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f399f3aaee90ddcff5eadd3bccdaacc0</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Pkg-config (0.29.2) - <span class=
"token">1,970 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz">
https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f6e931e319531b736fadc017f470e68a</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Procps (3.3.15) - <span class=
"token">884 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng">https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.15.tar.xz">
https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.15.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">2b0717a7cb474b3d6dfdeedfbad2eccc</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Psmisc (23.2) - <span class=
"token">297 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/">http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-23.2.tar.xz">
https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-23.2.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">0524258861f00be1a02d27d39d8e5e62</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Python (3.8.1) - <span class=
"token">17,411 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tar.xz">
https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">b3fb85fd479c0bf950c626ef80cacb57</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Python Documentation (3.8.1) -
<span class="token">6,374 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/3.8.1/python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2">
https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/3.8.1/python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">edc8c97f9680373fcc1dd952f0ea7fcc</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Readline (8.0) - <span class=
"token">2,907 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-8.0.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-8.0.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">7e6c1f16aee3244a69aba6e438295ca3</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Sed (4.8) - <span class="token">1,317
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/">http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.8.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.8.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">6d906edfdb3202304059233f51f9a71d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Shadow (4.8.1) - <span class=
"token">1,574 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/shadow-maint/shadow/releases/download/4.8.1/shadow-4.8.1.tar.xz">
https://github.com/shadow-maint/shadow/releases/download/4.8.1/shadow-4.8.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">4b05eff8a427cf50e615bda324b5bc45</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Sysklogd (1.5.1) - <span class=
"token">88 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/">http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.1.tar.gz">
http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.1.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">c70599ab0d037fde724f7210c2c8d7f8</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Sysvinit (2.96) - <span class=
"token">120 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.96.tar.xz">
http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.96.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">48cebffebf2a96ab09bec14bf9976016</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Tar (1.32) - <span class="token">2,055
KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.32.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.32.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">83e38700a80a26e30b2df054e69956e5</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Tcl (8.6.10) - <span class=
"token">9,907 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://tcl.sourceforge.net/">http://tcl.sourceforge.net/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.10-src.tar.gz">
https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.10-src.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">97c55573f8520bcab74e21bfd8d0aadc</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Texinfo (6.7) - <span class=
"token">4,237 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-6.7.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-6.7.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">d4c5d8cc84438c5993ec5163a59522a6</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Time Zone Data (2019c) - <span class=
"token">383 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.iana.org/time-zones">https://www.iana.org/time-zones</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2019c.tar.gz">
https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2019c.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f6987e6dfdb2eb83a1b5076a50b80894</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Udev-lfs Tarball (udev-lfs-20171102) -
<span class="token">11 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz">
http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">27cd82f9a61422e186b9d6759ddf1634</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Util-linux (2.35.1) - <span class=
"token">5,018 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://freecode.com/projects/util-linux">http://freecode.com/projects/util-linux</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.35/util-linux-2.35.1.tar.xz">
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.35/util-linux-2.35.1.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">7f64882f631225f0295ca05080cee1bf</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Vim (8.2.0190) - <span class=
"token">14,406 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.vim.org">https://www.vim.org</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/vim-8.2.0190.tar.gz">
http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/vim-8.2.0190.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f5337b1170df90e644a636539a0313a3</code>
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The version of vim changes daily. The get the latest
version, go to <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/vim/vim/releases">https://github.com/vim/vim/releases</a>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">XML::Parser (2.46) - <span class=
"token">249 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/chorny/XML-Parser">https://github.com/chorny/XML-Parser</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/T/TO/TODDR/XML-Parser-2.46.tar.gz">
https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/T/TO/TODDR/XML-Parser-2.46.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">80bb18a8e6240fcf7ec2f7b57601c170</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Xz Utils (5.2.4) - <span class=
"token">1030 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://tukaani.org/xz">https://tukaani.org/xz</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.2.4.tar.xz">https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.2.4.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">003e4d0b1b1899fc6e3000b24feddf7c</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Zlib (1.2.11) - <span class=
"token">457 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://www.zlib.net/">https://www.zlib.net/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz">https://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">85adef240c5f370b308da8c938951a68</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Zstd (1.4.4) - <span class=
"token">1,903 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Home page: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://facebook.github.io/zstd/">https://facebook.github.io/zstd/</a>
</p>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.4.4/zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz">
https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.4.4/zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">487f7ee1562dee7c1c8adf85e2a63df9</code>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Total size of these packages: about 398 MB
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-materials-patches" name=
"ch-materials-patches"></a>3.3.&nbsp;Needed Patches
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In addition to the packages, several patches are also required.
These patches correct any mistakes in the packages that should
be fixed by the maintainer. The patches also make small
modifications to make the packages easier to work with. The
following patches will be needed to build an LFS system:
</p>
<div class="materials">
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">Bash Upstream Fixes Patch -
<span class="token">22 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">c1545da2ad7d78574b52c465ec077ed9</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Bzip2 Documentation Patch -
<span class="token">1.6 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">6a5ac7e89b791aae556de0f745916f7f</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Coreutils Internationalization Fixes
Patch - <span class="token">168 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">a9404fb575dfd5514f3c8f4120f9ca7d</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Glibc FHS Patch - <span class=
"token">2.8 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">9a5997c3452909b1769918c759eff8a2</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Kbd Backspace/Delete Fix Patch -
<span class="token">12 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">f75cca16a38da6caa7d52151f7136895</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">Sysvinit Consolidated Patch -
<span class="token">2.4 KB</span>:</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Download: <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch</a>
</p>
<p>
MD5 sum: <code class=
"literal">4900322141d493e74020c9cf437b2cdc</code>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Total size of these patches: about 208.8 KB
</p>
<p>
In addition to the above required patches, there exist a number
of optional patches created by the LFS community. These
optional patches solve minor problems or enable functionality
that is not enabled by default. Feel free to peruse the patches
database located at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/</a>
and acquire any additional patches to suit your system needs.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-final-preps" name=
"chapter-final-preps"></a>Chapter&nbsp;4.&nbsp;Final
Preparations
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-introduction" name=
"ch-preps-introduction"></a>4.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this chapter, we will perform a few additional tasks to
prepare for building the temporary system. We will create a
directory in <code class="filename">$LFS</code> for the
installation of the temporary tools, add an unprivileged user
to reduce risk, and create an appropriate build environment for
that user. We will also explain the unit of time we use to
measure how long LFS packages take to build, or <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">SBUs</span>&rdquo;</span>,
and give some information about package test suites.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir" name=
"ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir"></a>4.2.&nbsp;Creating the
$LFS/tools Directory
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
All programs compiled in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
will be installed under <code class=
"filename">$LFS/tools</code> to keep them separate from the
programs compiled in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>.
The programs compiled here are temporary tools and will not be
a part of the final LFS system. By keeping these programs in a
separate directory, they can easily be discarded later after
their use. This also prevents these programs from ending up in
the host production directories (easy to do by accident in
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>).
</p>
<p>
Create the required directory by running the following as
<code class="systemitem">root</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The next step is to create a <code class=
"filename">/tools</code> symlink on the host system. This will
point to the newly-created directory on the LFS partition. Run
this command as <code class="systemitem">root</code> as well:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv $LFS/tools /</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The above command is correct. The <span class=
"command"><strong>ln</strong></span> command has a few
syntactic variations, so be sure to check <span class=
"command"><strong>info coreutils ln</strong></span> and
<code class="filename">ln(1)</code> before reporting what you
may think is an error.
</p>
</div>
<p>
The created symlink enables the toolchain to be compiled so
that it always refers to <code class="filename">/tools</code>,
meaning that the compiler, assembler, and linker will work both
in Chapter&nbsp;5 (when we are still using some tools from the
host) and in the next (when we are <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">chrooted</span>&rdquo;</span> to the LFS partition).
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-addinguser" name=
"ch-preps-addinguser"></a>4.3.&nbsp;Adding the LFS User
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
When logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>,
making a single mistake can damage or destroy a system.
Therefore, we recommend building the packages in the next
chapter as an unprivileged user. You could use your own user
name, but to make it easier to set up a clean working
environment, create a new user called <code class=
"systemitem">lfs</code> as a member of a new group (also named
<code class="systemitem">lfs</code>) and use this user during
the installation process. As <code class=
"systemitem">root</code>, issue the following commands to add
the new user:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">groupadd lfs
useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the command line options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-s
/bin/bash</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This makes <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> the default shell
for user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-g
lfs</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option adds user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>
to group <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-m</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This creates a home directory for <code class=
"systemitem">lfs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-k
/dev/null</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter prevents possible copying of files from a
skeleton directory (default is <code class=
"filename">/etc/skel</code>) by changing the input
location to the special null device.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>lfs</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is the actual name for the created group and user.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
To log in as <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> (as opposed to
switching to user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> when
logged in as <code class="systemitem">root</code>, which does
not require the <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> user to
have a password), give <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> a
password:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">passwd lfs</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Grant <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> full access to
<code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> by making <code class=
"systemitem">lfs</code> the directory owner:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If a separate working directory was created as suggested, give
user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> ownership of this
directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/sources</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
In some host systems, the following command does not complete
properly and suspends the login to the lfs user to the
background. If the prompt "lfs:~$" does not appear
immediately, entering the <span class=
"command"><strong>fg</strong></span> command will fix the
issue.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Next, login as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. This
can be done via a virtual console, through a display manager,
or with the following substitute user command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su - lfs</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-</code></em></span>&rdquo;</span> instructs
<span class="command"><strong>su</strong></span> to start a
login shell as opposed to a non-login shell. The difference
between these two types of shells can be found in detail in
<code class="filename">bash(1)</code> and <span class=
"command"><strong>info bash</strong></span>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-settingenviron" name=
"ch-preps-settingenviron"></a>4.4.&nbsp;Setting Up the
Environment
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup
files for the <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> shell. While logged in
as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, issue the
following command to create a new <code class=
"filename">.bash_profile</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class=
"literal">exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
When logged on as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, the
initial shell is usually a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>login</em></span> shell which reads the
<code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> of the host
(probably containing some settings and environment variables)
and then <code class="filename">.bash_profile</code>. The
<span class="command"><strong>exec env
-i.../bin/bash</strong></span> command in the <code class=
"filename">.bash_profile</code> file replaces the running shell
with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for
the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class=
"envar">TERM</code>, and <code class="envar">PS1</code>
variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially
hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into
the build environment. The technique used here achieves the
goal of ensuring a clean environment.
</p>
<p>
The new instance of the shell is a <span class=
"emphasis"><em>non-login</em></span> shell, which does not read
the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> or <code class=
"filename">.bash_profile</code> files, but rather reads the
<code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file instead. Create the
<code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file now:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>set +h</strong></span>
command turns off <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span>'s hash function. Hashing
is ordinarily a useful feature&mdash;<span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> uses a hash table to
remember the full path of executable files to avoid searching
the <code class="envar">PATH</code> time and again to find the
same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon
as they are installed. By switching off the hash function, the
shell will always search the <code class="envar">PATH</code>
when a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the
newly compiled tools in <code class=
"filename">$LFS/tools</code> as soon as they are available
without remembering a previous version of the same program in a
different location.
</p>
<p>
Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that
newly created files and directories are only writable by their
owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming
default modes are used by the <code class=
"function">open(2)</code> system call, new files will end up
with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755).
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable should be set to
the chosen mount point.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">LC_ALL</code> variable controls the
localization of certain programs, making their messages follow
the conventions of a specified country. Setting <code class=
"envar">LC_ALL</code> to <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">POSIX</span>&rdquo;</span>
or <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">C</span>&rdquo;</span> (the two are equivalent) ensures
that everything will work as expected in the chroot
environment.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable sets a
non-default, but compatible machine description for use when
building our cross compiler and linker and when cross compiling
our temporary toolchain. More information is contained in
<a class="xref" href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title=
"5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain Technical Notes">Section&nbsp;5.2,
&ldquo;Toolchain Technical Notes&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
<p>
By putting <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> ahead of
the standard <code class="envar">PATH</code>, all the programs
installed in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools"
title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
are picked up by the shell immediately after their
installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits
the risk that old programs are used from the host when the same
programs are available in the chapter 5 environment.
</p>
<p>
Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building
the temporary tools, source the just-created user profile:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">source ~/.bash_profile</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-aboutsbus" name=
"ch-preps-aboutsbus"></a>4.5.&nbsp;About SBUs
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Many people would like to know beforehand approximately how
long it takes to compile and install each package. Because
Linux From Scratch can be built on many different systems, it
is impossible to provide accurate time estimates. The biggest
package (Glibc) will take approximately 20 minutes on the
fastest systems, but could take up to three days on slower
systems! Instead of providing actual times, the Standard Build
Unit (SBU) measure will be used instead.
</p>
<p>
The SBU measure works as follows. The first package to be
compiled from this book is Binutils in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>.
The time it takes to compile this package is what will be
referred to as the Standard Build Unit or SBU. All other
compile times will be expressed relative to this time.
</p>
<p>
For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5
SBUs. This means that if a system took 10 minutes to compile
and install the first pass of Binutils, it will take
<span class="emphasis"><em>approximately</em></span> 45 minutes
to build this example package. Fortunately, most build times
are shorter than the one for Binutils.
</p>
<p>
In general, SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend
on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC.
They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might
take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much
as dozens of minutes in some cases.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores)
the compilation time for a package can be reduced by
performing a "parallel make" by either setting an environment
variable or telling the <span class=
"command"><strong>make</strong></span> program how many
processors are available. For instance, a Core2Duo can
support two simultaneous processes with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export MAKEFLAGS='-j 2'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
or just building with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -j2</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units
in the book will vary even more than they normally would. In
some cases, the make step will simply fail. Analyzing the
output of the build process will also be more difficult
because the lines of different processes will be interleaved.
If you run into a problem with a build step, revert back to a
single processor build to properly analyze the error
messages.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-preps-abouttestsuites" name=
"ch-preps-abouttestsuites"></a>4.6.&nbsp;About the Test
Suites
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Most packages provide a test suite. Running the test suite for
a newly built package is a good idea because it can provide a
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">sanity
check</span>&rdquo;</span> indicating that everything compiled
correctly. A test suite that passes its set of checks usually
proves that the package is functioning as the developer
intended. It does not, however, guarantee that the package is
totally bug free.
</p>
<p>
Some test suites are more important than others. For example,
the test suites for the core toolchain packages&mdash;GCC,
Binutils, and Glibc&mdash;are of the utmost importance due to
their central role in a properly functioning system. The test
suites for GCC and Glibc can take a very long time to complete,
especially on slower hardware, but are strongly recommended.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Experience has shown that there is little to be gained from
running the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>.
There can be no escaping the fact that the host system always
exerts some influence on the tests in that chapter, often
causing inexplicable failures. Because the tools built in
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
are temporary and eventually discarded, we do not recommend
running the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
for the average reader. The instructions for running those
test suites are provided for the benefit of testers and
developers, but they are strictly optional.
</p>
</div>
<p>
A common issue with running the test suites for Binutils and
GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result
in a high number of failing tests. This may happen for several
reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does
not have the <code class="systemitem">devpts</code> file system
set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/faq.html#no-ptys">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/faq.html#no-ptys</a>.
</p>
<p>
Sometimes package test suites will fail, but for reasons which
the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical.
Consult the logs located at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/</a>
to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site
is valid for all tests throughout this book.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-temporary-tools" name=
"chapter-temporary-tools"></a>Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing
a Temporary System
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-introduction" name=
"ch-tools-introduction"></a>5.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This chapter shows how to build a minimal Linux system. This
system will contain just enough tools to start constructing the
final LFS system in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>
and allow a working environment with more user convenience than
a minimum environment would.
</p>
<p>
There are two steps in building this minimal system. The first
step is to build a new and host-independent toolchain
(compiler, assembler, linker, libraries, and a few useful
utilities). The second step uses this toolchain to build the
other essential tools.
</p>
<p>
The files compiled in this chapter will be installed under the
<code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to keep them
separate from the files installed in the next chapter and the
host production directories. Since the packages compiled here
are temporary, we do not want them to pollute the soon-to-be
LFS system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" name=
"ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"></a>5.2.&nbsp;Toolchain
Technical Notes
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This section explains some of the rationale and technical
details behind the overall build method. It is not essential to
immediately understand everything in this section. Most of this
information will be clearer after performing an actual build.
This section can be referred to at any time during the process.
</p>
<p>
The overall goal of <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
is to produce a temporary area that contains a known-good set
of tools that can be isolated from the host system. By using
<span class="command"><strong>chroot</strong></span>, the
commands in the remaining chapters will be contained within
that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the
target LFS system. The build process has been designed to
minimize the risks for new readers and to provide the most
educational value at the same time.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Before continuing, be aware of the name of the working
platform, often referred to as the target triplet. A simple
way to determine the name of the target triplet is to run the
<span class="command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span>
script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack
the Binutils sources and run the script: <strong class=
"userinput"><code>./config.guess</code></strong> and note the
output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the output
will be <span class=
"emphasis"><em>i686-pc-linux-gnu</em></span>. On a 64-bit
system it will be <span class=
"emphasis"><em>x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
Also be aware of the name of the platform's dynamic linker,
often referred to as the dynamic loader (not to be confused
with the standard linker <span class=
"command"><strong>ld</strong></span> that is part of
Binutils). The dynamic linker provided by Glibc finds and
loads the shared libraries needed by a program, prepares the
program to run, and then runs it. The name of the dynamic
linker for a 32-bit Intel machine will be <code class=
"filename">ld-linux.so.2</code> (<code class=
"filename">ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code> for 64-bit systems). A
sure-fire way to determine the name of the dynamic linker is
to inspect a random binary from the host system by running:
<strong class="userinput"><code>readelf -l &lt;name of
binary&gt; | grep interpreter</code></strong> and noting the
output. The authoritative reference covering all platforms is
in the <code class="filename">shlib-versions</code> file in
the root of the Glibc source tree.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Some key technical points of how the <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
build method works:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Slightly adjusting the name of the working platform, by
changing the "vendor" field target triplet by way of the
<code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable, ensures that
the first build of Binutils and GCC produces a compatible
cross-linker and cross-compiler. Instead of producing
binaries for another architecture, the cross-linker and
cross-compiler will produce binaries compatible with the
current hardware.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The temporary libraries are cross-compiled. Because a
cross-compiler by its nature cannot rely on anything from
its host system, this method removes potential
contamination of the target system by lessening the
chance of headers or libraries from the host being
incorporated into the new tools. Cross-compilation also
allows for the possibility of building both 32-bit and
64-bit libraries on 64-bit capable hardware.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Careful manipulation of the GCC source tells the compiler
which target dynamic linker will be used.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Binutils is installed first because the <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> runs of both GCC
and Glibc perform various feature tests on the assembler and
linker to determine which software features to enable or
disable. This is more important than one might first realize.
An incorrectly configured GCC or Glibc can result in a subtly
broken toolchain, where the impact of such breakage might not
show up until near the end of the build of an entire
distribution. A test suite failure will usually highlight this
error before too much additional work is performed.
</p>
<p>
Binutils installs its assembler and linker in two locations,
<code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> and <code class=
"filename">/tools/$LFS_TGT/bin</code>. The tools in one
location are hard linked to the other. An important facet of
the linker is its library search order. Detailed information
can be obtained from <span class=
"command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by passing it the
<em class="parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> flag. For
example, an <strong class="userinput"><code>ld --verbose | grep
SEARCH</code></strong> will illustrate the current search paths
and their order. It shows which files are linked by
<span class="command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by compiling a
dummy program and passing the <em class=
"parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> switch to the linker.
For example, <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc dummy.c
-Wl,--verbose 2&gt;&amp;1 | grep succeeded</code></strong> will
show all the files successfully opened during the linking.
</p>
<p>
The next package installed is GCC. An example of what can be
seen during its run of <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> is:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">checking what assembler to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/as
checking what linker to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</code>
</pre>
<p>
This is important for the reasons mentioned above. It also
demonstrates that GCC's configure script does not search the
PATH directories to find which tools to use. However, during
the actual operation of <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> itself, the same search
paths are not necessarily used. To find out which standard
linker <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> will
use, run: <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc
-print-prog-name=ld</code></strong>.
</p>
<p>
Detailed information can be obtained from <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> by passing it the
<em class="parameter"><code>-v</code></em> command line option
while compiling a dummy program. For example, <strong class=
"userinput"><code>gcc -v dummy.c</code></strong> will show
detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and
assembly stages, including <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s included search paths
and their order.
</p>
<p>
Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the
standard C library (Glibc) to interface with features that the
Linux kernel will provide.
</p>
<p>
The next package installed is Glibc. The most important
considerations for building Glibc are the compiler, binary
tools, and kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an
issue since Glibc will always use the compiler relating to the
<em class="parameter"><code>--host</code></em> parameter passed
to its configure script; e.g. in our case, the compiler will be
<span class=
"command"><strong>i686-lfs-linux-gnu-gcc</strong></span>. The
binary tools and kernel headers can be a bit more complicated.
Therefore, take no risks and use the available configure
switches to enforce the correct selections. After the run of
<span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>, check
the contents of the <code class="filename">config.make</code>
file in the <code class="filename">glibc-build</code> directory
for all important details. Note the use of <em class=
"parameter"><code>CC="i686-lfs-gnu-gcc"</code></em> to control
which binary tools are used and the use of the <em class=
"parameter"><code>-nostdinc</code></em> and <em class=
"parameter"><code>-isystem</code></em> flags to control the
compiler's include search path. These items highlight an
important aspect of the Glibc package&mdash;it is very
self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery and generally
does not rely on toolchain defaults.
</p>
<p>
During the second pass of Binutils, we are able to utilize the
<em class="parameter"><code>--with-lib-path</code></em>
configure switch to control <span class=
"command"><strong>ld</strong></span>'s library search path.
</p>
<p>
For the second pass of GCC, its sources also need to be
modified to tell GCC to use the new dynamic linker. Failure to
do so will result in the GCC programs themselves having the
name of the dynamic linker from the host system's <code class=
"filename">/lib</code> directory embedded into them, which
would defeat the goal of getting away from the host. From this
point onwards, the core toolchain is self-contained and
self-hosted. The remainder of the <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
packages all build against the new Glibc in <code class=
"filename">/tools</code>.
</p>
<p>
Upon entering the chroot environment in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>,
the first major package to be installed is Glibc, due to its
self-sufficient nature mentioned above. Once this Glibc is
installed into <code class="filename">/usr</code>, we will
perform a quick changeover of the toolchain defaults, and then
proceed in building the rest of the target LFS system.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-generalinstructions" name=
"ch-tools-generalinstructions"></a>5.3.&nbsp;General
Compilation Instructions
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
When building packages there are several assumptions made
within the instructions:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Several of the packages are patched before compilation,
but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a
problem. A patch is often needed in both this and the
next chapter, but sometimes in only one or the other.
Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a
downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages
about <span class="emphasis"><em>offset</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>fuzz</em></span> may also be
encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about
these warnings, as the patch was still successfully
applied.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
During the compilation of most packages, there will be
several warnings that scroll by on the screen. These are
normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are as
they appear&mdash;warnings about deprecated, but not
invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change
fairly often, and some packages still use the older
standard. This is not a problem, but does prompt the
warning.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Check one last time that the <code class=
"envar">LFS</code> environment variable is set up
properly:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make sure the output shows the path to the LFS
partition's mount point, which is <code class=
"filename">/mnt/lfs</code>, using our example.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Finally, two important items must be emphasized:
</p>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
The build instructions assume that the <a class="xref"
href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs" title=
"2.2.&nbsp;Host System Requirements">Host System
Requirements</a>, including symbolic links, have been
set properly:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> is the
shell in use.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span>
is a symbolic link to <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"command"><strong>/usr/bin/awk</strong></span> is
a symbolic link to <span class=
"command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"command"><strong>/usr/bin/yacc</strong></span>
is a symbolic link to <span class=
"command"><strong>bison</strong></span> or a
small script that executes bison.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
To re-emphasize the build process:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="compact">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Place all the sources and patches in a directory
that will be accessible from the chroot
environment such as <code class=
"filename">/mnt/lfs/sources/</code>. Do
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> put
sources in <code class=
"filename">/mnt/lfs/tools/</code>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Change to the sources directory.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a id="buildinstr" name="buildinstr"></a>For each
package:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol class="compact">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Using the <span class=
"command"><strong>tar</strong></span>
program, extract the package to be built.
In Chapter&nbsp;5, ensure you are the
<span class="emphasis"><em>lfs</em></span>
user when extracting the package.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Change to the directory created when the
package was extracted.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Follow the book's instructions for building
the package.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Change back to the sources directory.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Delete the extracted source directory
unless instructed otherwise.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass1" name=
"ch-tools-binutils-pass1"></a>5.4.&nbsp;Binutils-2.34 -
Pass 1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
other tools for handling object files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">625 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.4.1. Installation of Cross Binutils
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Go back and re-read the notes in the previous section.
Understanding the notes labeled important will save you a
lot of problems later.
</p>
</div>
<p>
It is important that Binutils be the first package compiled
because both Glibc and GCC perform various tests on the
available linker and assembler to determine which of their
own features to enable.
</p>
<p>
The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a
dedicated build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
In order for the SBU values listed in the rest of the book
to be of any use, measure the time it takes to build this
package from the configuration, up to and including the
first install. To achieve this easily, wrap the commands in
a <span class="command"><strong>time</strong></span>
command like this: <strong class="userinput"><code>time {
./configure ... &amp;&amp; ... &amp;&amp; make install;
}</code></strong>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The approximate build SBU values and required disk space in
Chapter&nbsp;5 does not include test suite data.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Now prepare Binutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/tools \
--with-sysroot=$LFS \
--with-lib-path=/tools/lib \
--target=$LFS_TGT \
--disable-nls \
--disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--prefix=/tools</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells the configure script to prepare to install
the Binutils programs in the <code class=
"filename">/tools</code> directory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-sysroot=$LFS</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
For cross compilation, this tells the build system to
look in $LFS for the target system libraries as needed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This specifies which library path the linker should be
configured to use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">--target=$LFS_TGT</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Because the machine description in the <code class=
"envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable is slightly different
than the value returned by the <span class=
"command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span> script,
this switch will tell the <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script to
adjust Binutil's build system for building a cross
linker.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-nls</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This disables internationalization as i18n is not
needed for the temporary tools.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This prevents the build from stopping in the event that
there are warnings from the host's compiler.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Continue with compiling the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. Ordinarily we would now run the
test suite, but at this early stage the test suite framework
(Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU) is not yet in place. The benefits
of running the tests at this point are minimal since the
programs from this first pass will soon be replaced by those
from the second.
</p>
<p>
If building on x86_64, create a symlink to ensure the sanity
of the toolchain:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -v /tools/lib &amp;&amp; ln -sv lib /tools/lib64 ;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-binutils" title=
"6.18.2.&nbsp;Contents of Binutils">Section&nbsp;6.18.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Binutils.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass1" name=
"ch-tools-gcc-pass1"></a>5.5.&nbsp;GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
includes the C and C++ compilers.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">10 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">3.1 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.5.1. Installation of Cross GCC
</h3>
<p>
GCC now requires the GMP, MPFR and MPC packages. As these
packages may not be included in your host distribution, they
will be built with GCC. Unpack each package into the GCC
source directory and rename the resulting directories so the
GCC build procedures will automatically use them:
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
There are frequent misunderstandings about this chapter.
The procedures are the same as every other chapter as
explained earlier (<a class="xref" href=
"#buildinstr">Package build instructions</a>). First
extract the gcc tarball from the sources directory and then
change to the directory created. Only then should you
proceed with the instructions below.
</p>
</div>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xf ../mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.0.2 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.2.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.1.0 mpc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The following command will change the location of GCC's
default dynamic linker to use the one installed in
<code class="filename">/tools</code>. It also removes
<code class="filename">/usr/include</code> from GCC's include
search path. Issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for file in gcc/config/{linux,i386/linux{,64}}.h
do
cp -uv $file{,.orig}
sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&amp;@g' \
-e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig &gt; $file
echo '
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/"
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' &gt;&gt; $file
touch $file.orig
done</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
In case the above seems hard to follow, let's break it down a
bit. First we copy the files <code class=
"filename">gcc/config/linux.h</code>, <code class=
"filename">gcc/config/i386/linux.h</code>, and <code class=
"filename">gcc/config/i368/linux64.h</code> to a file of the
same name but with an added suffix of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">.orig</span>&rdquo;</span>. Then the first sed
expression prepends <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/tools</span>&rdquo;</span> to every instance of
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/lib/ld</span>&rdquo;</span>, <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/lib64/ld</span>&rdquo;</span> or <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/lib32/ld</span>&rdquo;</span>, while the second one
replaces hard-coded instances of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">/usr</span>&rdquo;</span>.
Next, we add our define statements which alter the default
startfile prefix to the end of the file. Note that the
trailing <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/</span>&rdquo;</span> in <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">/tools/lib/</span>&rdquo;</span> is required.
Finally, we use <span class=
"command"><strong>touch</strong></span> to update the
timestamp on the copied files. When used in conjunction with
<span class="command"><strong>cp -u</strong></span>, this
prevents unexpected changes to the original files in case the
commands are inadvertently run twice.
</p>
<p>
Finally, on x86_64 hosts, set the default directory name for
64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">lib</span>&rdquo;</span>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
x86_64)
sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
-i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated
build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare GCC for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure \
--target=$LFS_TGT \
--prefix=/tools \
--with-glibc-version=2.11 \
--with-sysroot=$LFS \
--with-newlib \
--without-headers \
--with-local-prefix=/tools \
--with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \
--disable-nls \
--disable-shared \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-decimal-float \
--disable-threads \
--disable-libatomic \
--disable-libgomp \
--disable-libquadmath \
--disable-libssp \
--disable-libvtv \
--disable-libstdcxx \
--enable-languages=c,c++</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-glibc-version=2.11</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option ensures the package will be compatible with
the host's version of glibc. It is set to the minimum
glibc requirement specified in the <a class="xref"
href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs" title=
"2.2.&nbsp;Host System Requirements">Host System
Requirements</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-newlib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Since a working C library is not yet available, this
ensures that the inhibit_libc constant is defined when
building libgcc. This prevents the compiling of any
code that requires libc support.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-headers</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When creating a complete cross-compiler, GCC requires
standard headers compatible with the target system. For
our purposes these headers will not be needed. This
switch prevents GCC from looking for them.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-local-prefix=/tools</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The local prefix is the location in the system that GCC
will search for locally installed include files. The
default is <code class="filename">/usr/local</code>.
Setting this to <code class="filename">/tools</code>
helps keep the host location of <code class=
"filename">/usr/local</code> out of this GCC's search
path.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default, GCC searches <code class=
"filename">/usr/include</code> for system headers. In
conjunction with the sysroot switch, this would
normally translate to <code class=
"filename">$LFS/usr/include</code>. However the headers
that will be installed in the next two sections will go
to <code class="filename">$LFS/tools/include</code>.
This switch ensures that gcc will find them correctly.
In the second pass of GCC, this same switch will ensure
that no headers from the host system are found.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch forces GCC to link its internal libraries
statically. We do this to avoid possible issues with
the host system.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-decimal-float,
--disable-threads, --disable-libatomic,
--disable-libgomp, --disable-libquadmath,
--disable-libssp, --disable-libvtv,
--disable-libstdcxx</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These switches disable support for the decimal floating
point extension, threading, libatomic, libgomp,
libquadmath, libssp, libvtv, and the C++ standard
library respectively. These features will fail to
compile when building a cross-compiler and are not
necessary for the task of cross-compiling the temporary
libc.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-multilib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
On x86_64, LFS does not yet support a multilib
configuration. This switch is harmless for x86.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c,c++</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option ensures that only the C and C++ compilers
are built. These are the only languages needed now.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile GCC by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. At this point, the test suite
would normally be run, but, as mentioned before, the test
suite framework is not in place yet. The benefits of running
the tests at this point are minimal since the programs from
this first pass will soon be replaced.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gcc" title=
"6.25.2.&nbsp;Contents of GCC">Section&nbsp;6.25.2,
&ldquo;Contents of GCC.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-linux-headers" name=
"ch-tools-linux-headers"></a>5.6.&nbsp;Linux-5.5.3 API
Headers
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Linux API Headers (in linux-5.5.3.tar.xz) expose the
kernel's API for use by Glibc.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.6.1. Installation of Linux API Headers
</h3>
<p>
The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming
Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to
use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files
that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
</p>
<p>
Make sure there are no stale files embedded in the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source.
The recommended make target <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">headers_install</span>&rdquo;</span> cannot be used,
because it requires <span class="application">rsync</span>,
which may not be available. The headers are first placed in
<code class="filename">./usr</code>, then copied to the
needed location.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make headers
</kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv usr/include/* /tools/include</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-linux-headers" title=
"6.7.2.&nbsp;Contents of Linux API Headers">Section&nbsp;6.7.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Linux API Headers.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-glibc" name=
"ch-tools-glibc"></a>5.7.&nbsp;Glibc-2.31
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library
provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching
directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing
files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so
on.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">896 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.7.1. Installation of Glibc
</h3>
<p>
The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a
dedicated build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Next, prepare Glibc for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure \
--prefix=/tools \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \
--enable-kernel=3.2 \
--with-headers=/tools/include</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--host=$LFS_TGT,
--build=$(../scripts/config.guess)</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The combined effect of these switches is that Glibc's
build system configures itself to cross-compile, using
the cross-linker and cross-compiler in <code class=
"filename">/tools</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-kernel=3.2</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells Glibc to compile the library with support
for 3.2 and later Linux kernels. Workarounds for older
kernels are not enabled.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-headers=/tools/include</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells Glibc to compile itself against the headers
recently installed to the tools directory, so that it
knows exactly what features the kernel has and can
optimize itself accordingly.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
During this stage the following warning might appear:
</p>
<div class="blockquote">
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">configure: WARNING:
*** These auxiliary programs are missing or
*** incompatible versions: msgfmt
*** some features will be disabled.
*** Check the INSTALL file for required versions.</code>
</pre>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p>
The missing or incompatible <span class=
"command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is generally
harmless. This <span class=
"command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is part of
the Gettext package which the host distribution should
provide.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
There have been reports that this package may fail when
building as a "parallel make". If this occurs, rerun the
make command with a "-j1" option.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the
basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new
toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity
check, run the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
$LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If everything is working correctly, there should be no
errors, and the output of the last command will be of the
form:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code>
</pre>
<p>
Note that for 32-bit machines, the interpreter name will be
<code class="filename">/tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>.
</p>
<p>
If the output is not shown as above or there was no output
at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace
the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it.
This issue must be resolved before continuing on.
</p>
<p>
Once all is well, clean up the test files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Building Binutils in the section after next will serve as
an additional check that the toolchain has been built
properly. If Binutils fails to build, it is an indication
that something has gone wrong with the previous Binutils,
GCC, or Glibc installations.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-glibc" title=
"6.9.3.&nbsp;Contents of Glibc">Section&nbsp;6.9.3,
&ldquo;Contents of Glibc.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-libstdcpp" name=
"ch-tools-libstdcpp"></a>5.8.&nbsp;Libstdc++ from
GCC-9.2.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Libstdc++ is the standard C++ library. It is needed to
compile C++ code (part of GCC is written in C++), but we had
to defer its installation when we built <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-tools-gcc-pass1" title=
"5.5.&nbsp;GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1">gcc-pass1</a> because it
depends on glibc, which was not yet available in /tools.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">878 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.8.1. Installation of Target Libstdc++
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
<span class="application">Libstdc++</span> is part of the
GCC sources. You should first unpack the GCC tarball and
change to the <code class="filename">gcc-9.2.0</code>
directory.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Create a separate build directory for Libstdc++ and enter it:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Libstdc++ for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../libstdc++-v3/configure \
--host=$LFS_TGT \
--prefix=/tools \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-nls \
--disable-libstdcxx-threads \
--disable-libstdcxx-pch \
--with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/9.2.0</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--host=...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Indicates to use the cross compiler we have just built
instead of the one in <code class=
"filename">/usr/bin</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-threads</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Since gcc-pass1 is built without thread support, the
C++ thread library cannot be built either.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-pch</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch prevents the installation of precompiled
include files, which are not needed at this stage.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/9.2.0</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is the location where the standard include files
are searched by the C++ compiler. In a normal build,
this information is automatically passed to the
Libstdc++ <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> options
from the top level directory. In our case, this
information must be explicitly given.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile libstdc++ by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the library:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gcc" title=
"6.25.2.&nbsp;Contents of GCC">Section&nbsp;6.25.2,
&ldquo;Contents of GCC.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass2" name=
"ch-tools-binutils-pass2"></a>5.9.&nbsp;Binutils-2.34 -
Pass 2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
other tools for handling object files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">651 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.9.1. Installation of Binutils
</h3>
<p>
Create a separate build directory again:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Binutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc \
AR=$LFS_TGT-ar \
RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib \
../configure \
--prefix=/tools \
--disable-nls \
--disable-werror \
--with-lib-path=/tools/lib \
--with-sysroot</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc AR=$LFS_TGT-ar
RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Because this is really a native build of Binutils,
setting these variables ensures that the build system
uses the cross-compiler and associated tools instead of
the ones on the host system.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells the configure script to specify the library
search path during the compilation of Binutils,
resulting in <code class="filename">/tools/lib</code>
being passed to the linker. This prevents the linker
from searching through library directories on the host.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-sysroot</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This defines a default (non-existent) sysroot directory
<code class="filename">/tools/$LFS_TGT/sys-root</code>.
It is useful when looking for shared objects which are
required by other shared objects explicitly included on
the linker's command line. Those objects are searched
into the directories listed in <code class=
"filename">&lt;sysroot&gt;/etc/ld.so.conf</code>, and
failing that, into the linker search path, which is
right. If this switch is not given, <code class=
"filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> on the host is used,
that is, programs may be linked to libraries on the
host, which we want to avoid.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now prepare the linker for the <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">Re-adjusting</span>&rdquo;</span> phase in the next
chapter:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C ld clean
make -C ld LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib
cp -v ld/ld-new /tools/bin</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameters:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld
clean</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells the make program to remove all compiled
files in the <code class="filename">ld</code>
subdirectory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld
LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option rebuilds everything in the <code class=
"filename">ld</code> subdirectory. Specifying the
<code class="envar">LIB_PATH</code> Makefile variable
on the command line allows us to override the default
value of the temporary tools and point it to the proper
final path. The value of this variable specifies the
linker's default library search path. This preparation
is used in the next chapter.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-binutils" title=
"6.18.2.&nbsp;Contents of Binutils">Section&nbsp;6.18.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Binutils.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass2" name=
"ch-tools-gcc-pass2"></a>5.10.&nbsp;GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
includes the C and C++ compilers.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">13 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">3.7 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.10.1. Installation of GCC
</h3>
<p>
Our first build of GCC has installed a couple of internal
system headers. Normally one of them, <code class=
"filename">limits.h</code>, will in turn include the
corresponding system <code class="filename">limits.h</code>
header, in this case, <code class=
"filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code>. However, at the
time of the first build of gcc <code class=
"filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code> did not exist, so
the internal header that GCC installed is a partial,
self-contained file and does not include the extended
features of the system header. This was adequate for building
the temporary libc, but this build of GCC now requires the
full internal header. Create a full version of the internal
header using a command that is identical to what the GCC
build system does in normal circumstances:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h &gt; \
`dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include-fixed/limits.h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Once again, change the location of GCC's default dynamic
linker to use the one installed in <code class=
"filename">/tools</code>.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for file in gcc/config/{linux,i386/linux{,64}}.h
do
cp -uv $file{,.orig}
sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&amp;@g' \
-e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig &gt; $file
echo '
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1
#undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/"
#define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' &gt;&gt; $file
touch $file.orig
done</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for
64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">lib</span>&rdquo;</span>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
x86_64)
sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
-i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
As in the first build of GCC it requires the GMP, MPFR and
MPC packages. Unpack the tarballs and move them into the
required directory names:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xf ../mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.0.2 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.2.0 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.1.0 mpc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now fix a problem introduced by Glibc-2.31:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -e '1161 s|^|//|' \
-i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_platform_limits_posix.cc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Create a separate build directory again:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Before starting to build GCC, remember to unset any
environment variables that override the default optimization
flags.
</p>
<p>
Now prepare GCC for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc \
CXX=$LFS_TGT-g++ \
AR=$LFS_TGT-ar \
RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib \
../configure \
--prefix=/tools \
--with-local-prefix=/tools \
--with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \
--enable-languages=c,c++ \
--disable-libstdcxx-pch \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-bootstrap \
--disable-libgomp</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c,c++</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option ensures that both the C and C++ compilers
are built.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-pch</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not build the pre-compiled header (PCH) for
<code class="filename">libstdc++</code>. It takes up a
lot of space, and we have no use for it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-bootstrap</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
For native builds of GCC, the default is to do a
"bootstrap" build. This does not just compile GCC, but
compiles it several times. It uses the programs
compiled in a first round to compile itself a second
time, and then again a third time. The second and third
iterations are compared to make sure it can reproduce
itself flawlessly. This also implies that it was
compiled correctly. However, the LFS build method
should provide a solid compiler without the need to
bootstrap each time.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
As a finishing touch, create a symlink. Many programs and
scripts run <span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span>
instead of <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>,
which is used to keep programs generic and therefore usable
on all kinds of UNIX systems where the GNU C compiler is not
always installed. Running <span class=
"command"><strong>cc</strong></span> leaves the system
administrator free to decide which C compiler to install:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /tools/bin/cc</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the
basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new
toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity
check, run the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If everything is working correctly, there should be no
errors, and the output of the last command will be of the
form:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code>
</pre>
<p>
Note that the dynamic linker will be
/tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2 for 32-bit machines.
</p>
<p>
If the output is not shown as above or there was no output
at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace
the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it.
This issue must be resolved before continuing on. First,
perform the sanity check again, using <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> instead of
<span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span>. If this
works, then the <code class="filename">/tools/bin/cc</code>
symlink is missing. Install the symlink as per above. Next,
ensure that the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is correct.
This can be checked by running <span class=
"command"><strong>echo $PATH</strong></span> and verifying
that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> is at the
head of the list. If the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is
wrong it could mean that you are not logged in as user
<code class="systemitem">lfs</code> or that something went
wrong back in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-preps-settingenviron" title=
"4.4.&nbsp;Setting Up the Environment">Section&nbsp;4.4,
&ldquo;Setting Up the Environment.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
<p>
Once all is well, clean up the test files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gcc" title=
"6.25.2.&nbsp;Contents of GCC">Section&nbsp;6.25.2,
&ldquo;Contents of GCC.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-tcl" name=
"ch-tools-tcl"></a>5.11.&nbsp;Tcl-8.6.10
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Tcl package contains the Tool Command Language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.9 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">72 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.11.1. Installation of Tcl
</h3>
<p>
This package and the next two (Expect and DejaGNU) are
installed to support running the test suites for GCC and
Binutils and other packages. Installing three packages for
testing purposes may seem excessive, but it is very
reassuring, if not essential, to know that the most important
tools are working properly. Even if the test suites are not
run in this chapter (they are not mandatory), these packages
are required to run the test suites in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>.
</p>
<p>
Note that the Tcl package used here is a minimal version
needed to run the LFS tests. For the full package, see the
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/tcl.html">
BLFS Tcl procedures</a>.
</p>
<p>
Prepare Tcl for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd unix
./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Build the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Tcl test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">TZ=UTC make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The Tcl test suite may experience failures under certain host
conditions that are not fully understood. Therefore, test
suite failures here are not surprising, and are not
considered critical. The <em class=
"parameter"><code>TZ=UTC</code></em> parameter sets the time
zone to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), but only for the
duration of the test suite run. This ensures that the clock
tests are exercised correctly. Details on the <code class=
"envar">TZ</code> environment variable are provided in
<a class="xref" href="#chapter-config" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;System Configuration">Chapter&nbsp;7</a>.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make the installed library writable so debugging symbols can
be removed later:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chmod -v u+w /tools/lib/libtcl8.6.so</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install Tcl's headers. The next package, Expect, requires
them to build.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install-private-headers</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now make a necessary symbolic link:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv tclsh8.6 /tools/bin/tclsh</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-tcl" name="contents-tcl"></a>5.11.2. Contents
of Tcl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">tclsh (link to tclsh8.6) and
tclsh8.6</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libtcl8.6.so,
libtclstub8.6.a</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504930277920" name=
"idm46504930277920"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tclsh8.6" name="tclsh8.6"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tclsh8.6</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Tcl command shell
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tclsh" name="tclsh"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tclsh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A link to tclsh8.6
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtcl8.6.so" name=
"libtcl8.6.so"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libtcl8.6.so</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Tcl library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtclstub8.6.a" name=
"libtclstub8.6.a"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libtclstub8.6.a</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Tcl Stub library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-expect" name=
"ch-tools-expect"></a>5.12.&nbsp;Expect-5.45.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Expect package contains a program for carrying out
scripted dialogues with other interactive programs.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.0 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.12.1. Installation of Expect
</h3>
<p>
First, force Expect's configure script to use <code class=
"filename">/bin/stty</code> instead of a <code class=
"filename">/usr/local/bin/stty</code> it may find on the host
system. This will ensure that our test suite tools remain
sane for the final builds of our toolchain:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v configure{,.orig}
sed 's:/usr/local/bin:/bin:' configure.orig &gt; configure</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now prepare Expect for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools \
--with-tcl=/tools/lib \
--with-tclinclude=/tools/include</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-tcl=/tools/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that the configure script finds the Tcl
installation in the temporary tools location instead of
possibly locating an existing one on the host system.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-tclinclude=/tools/include</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This explicitly tells Expect where to find Tcl's
internal headers. Using this option avoids conditions
where <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> fails
because it cannot automatically discover the location
of Tcl's headers.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Build the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Expect test suite anyway, issue
the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note that the Expect test suite is known to experience
failures under certain host conditions that are not within
our control. Therefore, test suite failures here are not
surprising and are not considered critical.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make SCRIPTS="" install</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>SCRIPTS=""</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This prevents installation of the supplementary Expect
scripts, which are not needed.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-expect" name="contents-expect"></a>5.12.2.
Contents of Expect
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">expect</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libexpect-5.45.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504930228768" name=
"idm46504930228768"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="expect" name="expect"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>expect</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Communicates with other interactive programs
according to a script
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libexpect" name="libexpect"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libexpect-5.45.so</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions that allow Expect to be used as
a Tcl extension or to be used directly from C or
C++ (without Tcl)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-dejagnu" name=
"ch-tools-dejagnu"></a>5.13.&nbsp;DejaGNU-1.6.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The DejaGNU package contains a framework for testing other
programs.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">3.2 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.13.1. Installation of DejaGNU
</h3>
<p>
Prepare DejaGNU for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Build and install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-dejagnu" name="contents-dejagnu"></a>5.13.2.
Contents of DejaGNU
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">runtest</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504930201952" name=
"idm46504930201952"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="runtest" name="runtest"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>runtest</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper script that locates the proper
<span class=
"command"><strong>expect</strong></span> shell and
then runs DejaGNU
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-m4" name=
"ch-tools-m4"></a>5.14.&nbsp;M4-1.4.18
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">20 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.14.1. Installation of M4
</h3>
<p>
First, make some fixes introduced by glibc-2.28:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/' lib/*.c
echo "#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100" &gt;&gt; lib/stdio-impl.h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare M4 for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the M4 test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-m4" title=
"6.16.2.&nbsp;Contents of M4">Section&nbsp;6.16.2,
&ldquo;Contents of M4.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-ncurses" name=
"ch-tools-ncurses"></a>5.15.&nbsp;Ncurses-6.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Ncurses package contains libraries for
terminal-independent handling of character screens.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.6 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">41 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.15.1. Installation of Ncurses
</h3>
<p>
First, ensure that <span class=
"command"><strong>gawk</strong></span> is found first during
configuration:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i s/mawk// configure</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools \
--with-shared \
--without-debug \
--without-ada \
--enable-widec \
--enable-overwrite</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-ada</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that Ncurses does not build support for
the Ada compiler which may be present on the host but
will not be available once we enter the <span class=
"command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-overwrite</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This tells Ncurses to install its header files into
<code class="filename">/tools/include</code>, instead
of <code class=
"filename">/tools/include/ncurses</code>, to ensure
that other packages can find the Ncurses headers
successfully.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-widec</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g.,
<code class="filename">libncursesw.so.6.2</code>) to be
built instead of normal ones (e.g., <code class=
"filename">libncurses.so.6.2</code>). These
wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte
and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries
work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and
normal libraries are source-compatible, but not
binary-compatible.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after
the package has been installed. The tests reside in the
<code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the
<code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory
for further details.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
ln -s libncursesw.so /tools/lib/libncurses.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-ncurses" title=
"6.27.2.&nbsp;Contents of Ncurses">Section&nbsp;6.27.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Ncurses.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-bash" name=
"ch-tools-bash"></a>5.16.&nbsp;Bash-5.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">67 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.16.1. Installation of Bash
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Bash for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-bash-malloc</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-bash-malloc</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option turns off the use of Bash's memory
allocation (<code class="function">malloc</code>)
function which is known to cause segmentation faults.
By turning this option off, Bash will use the
<code class="function">malloc</code> functions from
Glibc which are more stable.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Bash test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tests</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make a link for the programs that use <span class=
"command"><strong>sh</strong></span> for a shell:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv bash /tools/bin/sh</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-bash" title=
"6.35.2.&nbsp;Contents of Bash">Section&nbsp;6.35.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Bash.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-bison" name=
"ch-tools-bison"></a>5.17.&nbsp;Bison-3.5.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">43 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.17.1. Installation of Bison
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Bison for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-bison" title=
"6.32.2.&nbsp;Contents of Bison">Section&nbsp;6.32.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Bison.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-bzip2" name=
"ch-tools-bzip2"></a>5.18.&nbsp;Bzip2-1.0.8
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class=
"command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better
compression percentage than with the traditional <span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">6.4 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.18.1. Installation of Bzip2
</h3>
<p>
The Bzip2 package does not contain a <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script. There are
two <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, one for the
shared library, and the other for the static library. Since
we need both, We do the compilation in two stages. First the
shared library:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-f
Makefile-libbz2_so</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different
<code class="filename">Makefile</code> file, in this
case the <code class=
"filename">Makefile-libbz2_so</code> file, which
creates a dynamic <code class=
"filename">libbz2.so</code> library and links the Bzip2
utilities against it.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile and test the package with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/tools install
cp -v bzip2-shared /tools/bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* /tools/lib
ln -sv libbz2.so.1.0 /tools/lib/libbz2.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-bzip2" title=
"6.12.2.&nbsp;Contents of Bzip2">Section&nbsp;6.12.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Bzip2.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-coreutils" name=
"ch-tools-coreutils"></a>5.19.&nbsp;Coreutils-8.31
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and
setting the basic system characteristics.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">157 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.19.1. Installation of Coreutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Coreutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/tools --enable-install-program=hostname</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">--enable-install-program=hostname</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This enables the <span class=
"command"><strong>hostname</strong></span> binary to be
built and installed &ndash; it is disabled by default
but is required by the Perl test suite.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Coreutils test suite anyway,
issue the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <em class=
"parameter"><code>RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes</code></em>
parameter tells the test suite to run several additional
tests that are considered relatively expensive (in terms of
CPU power and memory usage) on some platforms, but generally
are not a problem on Linux.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-coreutils" title=
"6.54.2.&nbsp;Contents of Coreutils">Section&nbsp;6.54.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Coreutils.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-diffutils" name=
"ch-tools-diffutils"></a>5.20.&nbsp;Diffutils-3.7
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the
differences between files or directories.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">26 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.20.1. Installation of Diffutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Diffutils test suite anyway,
issue the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-diffutils" title=
"6.56.2.&nbsp;Contents of Diffutils">Section&nbsp;6.56.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Diffutils.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-file" name=
"ch-tools-file"></a>5.21.&nbsp;File-5.38
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The File package contains a utility for determining the type
of a given file or files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">20 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.21.1. Installation of File
</h3>
<p>
Prepare File for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the File test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-file" title=
"6.14.2.&nbsp;Contents of File">Section&nbsp;6.14.2,
&ldquo;Contents of File.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-findutils" name=
"ch-tools-findutils"></a>5.22.&nbsp;Findutils-4.7.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These
programs are provided to recursively search through a
directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database
(often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the
database has not been recently updated).
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">39 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.22.1. Installation of Findutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Findutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Findutils test suite anyway,
issue the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-findutils" title=
"6.58.2.&nbsp;Contents of Findutils">Section&nbsp;6.58.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Findutils.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-gawk" name=
"ch-tools-gawk"></a>5.23.&nbsp;Gawk-5.0.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text
files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">46 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.23.1. Installation of Gawk
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Gawk for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Gawk test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gawk" title=
"6.57.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gawk">Section&nbsp;6.57.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Gawk.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-gettext" name=
"ch-tools-gettext"></a>5.24.&nbsp;Gettext-0.20.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gettext package contains utilities for
internationalization and localization. These allow programs
to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling
them to output messages in the user's native language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.6 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">300 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.24.1. Installation of Gettext
</h3>
<p>
For our temporary set of tools, we only need to install three
programs from Gettext.
</p>
<p>
Prepare Gettext for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --disable-shared</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
We do not need to install any of the shared Gettext
libraries at this time, therefore there is no need to
build them.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Due to the limited environment, running the test suite at
this stage is not recommended.
</p>
<p>
Install the <span class=
"command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span>, <span class=
"command"><strong>msgmerge</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>xgettext</strong></span> programs:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /tools/bin</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gettext" title=
"6.47.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gettext">Section&nbsp;6.47.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Gettext.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-grep" name=
"ch-tools-grep"></a>5.25.&nbsp;Grep-3.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Grep package contains programs for searching through
files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">25 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.25.1. Installation of Grep
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Grep for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Grep test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-grep" title=
"6.34.2.&nbsp;Contents of Grep">Section&nbsp;6.34.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Grep.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-gzip" name=
"ch-tools-gzip"></a>5.26.&nbsp;Gzip-1.10
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">10 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.26.1. Installation of Gzip
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Gzip for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Gzip test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-gzip" title=
"6.62.2.&nbsp;Contents of Gzip">Section&nbsp;6.62.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Gzip.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-make" name=
"ch-tools-make"></a>5.27.&nbsp;Make-4.3
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">16 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.27.1. Installation of Make
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Make for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-guile</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-guile</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that Make-4.3 won't link against Guile
libraries, which may be present on the host system, but
won't be available within the <span class=
"command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> environment in
the next chapter.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Make test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-make" title=
"6.67.2.&nbsp;Contents of Make">Section&nbsp;6.67.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Make.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-patch" name=
"ch-tools-patch"></a>5.28.&nbsp;Patch-2.7.6
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or
creating files by applying a <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">patch</span>&rdquo;</span>
file typically created by the <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">13 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.28.1. Installation of Patch
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Patch for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Patch test suite anyway, issue
the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-patch" title=
"6.68.2.&nbsp;Contents of Patch">Section&nbsp;6.68.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Patch.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-perl" name=
"ch-tools-perl"></a>5.29.&nbsp;Perl-5.30.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report
Language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">275 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.29.1. Installation of Perl
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Perl for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/tools -Dlibs=-lm -Uloclibpth -Ulocincpth</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the Configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-des</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is a combination of three options: -d uses
defaults for all items; -e ensures completion of all
tasks; -s silences non-essential output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Uloclibpth</code></em> and <em class=
"parameter"><code>-Ulocincpth</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These entries undefine variables that cause the
configuration to search for locally installed
components that may exist on the host system.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Build the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Although Perl comes with a test suite, it would be better to
wait until it is installed in the next chapter.
</p>
<p>
Only a few of the utilities and libraries need to be
installed at this time:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v perl cpan/podlators/scripts/pod2man /tools/bin
mkdir -pv /tools/lib/perl5/5.30.1
cp -Rv lib/* /tools/lib/perl5/5.30.1</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-perl" title=
"6.41.2.&nbsp;Contents of Perl">Section&nbsp;6.41.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Perl.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-Python" name=
"ch-tools-Python"></a>5.30.&nbsp;Python-3.8.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Python 3 package contains the Python development
environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming,
writing scripts, prototyping large programs or developing
entire applications.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">409 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.30.1. Installation of Python
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
There are two package files whose name starts with
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">python</span>&rdquo;</span>. The one to extract
from is <code class="filename">Python-3.8.1.tar.xz</code>
(notice the uppercase first letter).
</p>
</div>
<p>
This package first builds the Python interpreter, then some
standard Python modules. The main script for building modules
is written in Python, and uses hard-coded paths to the host
<code class="filename">/usr/include</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> directories. To prevent them from
being used, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i '/def add_multiarch_paths/a \ return' setup.py</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Python for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-ensurepip</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-ensurepip</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch disables the Python package installer,
which is not needed at this stage.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. The test suite requires TK and
and X Windows and cannot be run at this time.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-python" title=
"6.51.2.&nbsp;Contents of Python 3">Section&nbsp;6.51.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Python 3.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-sed" name=
"ch-tools-sed"></a>5.31.&nbsp;Sed-4.8
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">21 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.31.1. Installation of Sed
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Sed for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Sed test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-sed" title=
"6.29.2.&nbsp;Contents of Sed">Section&nbsp;6.29.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Sed.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-tar" name=
"ch-tools-tar"></a>5.32.&nbsp;Tar-1.32
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Tar package contains an archiving program.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">38 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.32.1. Installation of Tar
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Tar for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Tar test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-tar" title=
"6.70.2.&nbsp;Contents of Tar">Section&nbsp;6.70.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Tar.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-texinfo" name=
"ch-tools-texinfo"></a>5.33.&nbsp;Texinfo-6.7
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing,
and converting info pages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">104 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.33.1. Installation of Texinfo
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
As part of the configure process, a test is made that
indicates an error for TestXS_la-TestXS.lo. This is not
relevant for LFS and should be ignored.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Texinfo test suite anyway, issue
the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-texinfo" title=
"6.71.2.&nbsp;Contents of Texinfo">Section&nbsp;6.71.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Texinfo.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-xz" name=
"ch-tools-xz"></a>5.34.&nbsp;Xz-5.2.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Xz package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma
and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files
with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields
a better compression percentage than with the traditional
<span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">18 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
5.34.1. Installation of Xz
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Xz for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running
the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here
in this chapter. To run the Xz test suite anyway, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href=
"#contents-xz" title=
"6.13.2.&nbsp;Contents of Xz">Section&nbsp;6.13.2,
&ldquo;Contents of Xz.&rdquo;</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-stripping" name=
"ch-tools-stripping"></a>5.35.&nbsp;Stripping
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The steps in this section are optional, but if the LFS
partition is rather small, it is beneficial to learn that
unnecessary items can be removed. The executables and libraries
built so far contain about 70 MB of unneeded debugging symbols.
Remove those symbols with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">strip --strip-debug /tools/lib/*
/usr/bin/strip --strip-unneeded /tools/{,s}bin/*</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
These commands will skip a number of files, reporting that it
does not recognize their file format. Most of these are scripts
instead of binaries. Also use the system strip command to
include the strip binary in /tools.
</p>
<p>
Take care <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to use
<em class="parameter"><code>--strip-unneeded</code></em> on the
libraries. The static ones would be destroyed and the toolchain
packages would need to be built all over again.
</p>
<p>
To save more, remove the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -rf /tools/{,share}/{info,man,doc}</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Remove unneeded files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">find /tools/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
At this point, you should have at least 3 GB of free space in
<code class="envar">$LFS</code> that can be used to build and
install Glibc and Gcc in the next phase. If you can build and
install Glibc, you can build and install the rest too.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-tools-changingowner" name=
"ch-tools-changingowner"></a>5.36.&nbsp;Changing
Ownership
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The commands in the remainder of this book must be performed
while logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>
and no longer as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>.
Also, double check that <code class="envar">$LFS</code> is
set in <code class="systemitem">root</code>'s environment.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Currently, the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
directory is owned by the user <code class=
"systemitem">lfs</code>, a user that exists only on the host
system. If the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
directory is kept as is, the files are owned by a user ID
without a corresponding account. This is dangerous because a
user account created later could get this same user ID and
would own the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code>
directory and all the files therein, thus exposing these files
to possible malicious manipulation.
</p>
<p>
To avoid this issue, you could add the <code class=
"systemitem">lfs</code> user to the new LFS system later when
creating the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file,
taking care to assign it the same user and group IDs as on the
host system. Better yet, change the ownership of the
<code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to user
<code class="systemitem">root</code> by running the following
command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -R root:root $LFS/tools</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Although the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory
can be deleted once the LFS system has been finished, it can be
retained to build additional LFS systems <span class=
"emphasis"><em>of the same book version</em></span>. How best
to backup <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> is a matter
of personal preference.
</p>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
If you intend to keep the temporary tools for use in building
future LFS systems, <span class=
"emphasis"><em>now</em></span> is the time to back them up.
Subsequent commands in chapter 6 will alter the tools
currently in place, rendering them useless for future builds.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="part3" name="part3"></a>Part&nbsp;III.&nbsp;Building
the LFS System
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-building-system" name=
"chapter-building-system"></a>Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing
Basic System Software
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-introduction" name=
"ch-system-introduction"></a>6.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this chapter, we enter the building site and start
constructing the LFS system in earnest. That is, we chroot into
the temporary mini Linux system, make a few final preparations,
and then begin installing the packages.
</p>
<p>
The installation of this software is straightforward. Although
in many cases the installation instructions could be made
shorter and more generic, we have opted to provide the full
instructions for every package to minimize the possibilities
for mistakes. The key to learning what makes a Linux system
work is to know what each package is used for and why you (or
the system) may need it.
</p>
<p>
We do not recommend using optimizations. They can make a
program run slightly faster, but they may also cause
compilation difficulties and problems when running the program.
If a package refuses to compile when using optimization, try to
compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the
problem. Even if the package does compile when using
optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled
incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the
code and build tools. Also note that the <code class=
"option">-march</code> and <code class="option">-mtune</code>
options using values not specified in the book have not been
tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages
(Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved
in using compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the
risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build
without custom optimizations. The subsequent system will still
run very fast and be stable at the same time.
</p>
<p>
The order that packages are installed in this chapter needs to
be strictly followed to ensure that no program accidentally
acquires a path referring to <code class=
"filename">/tools</code> hard-wired into it. For the same
reason, do not compile separate packages in parallel. Compiling
in parallel may save time (especially on dual-CPU machines),
but it could result in a program containing a hard-wired path
to <code class="filename">/tools</code>, which will cause the
program to stop working when that directory is removed.
</p>
<p>
Before the installation instructions, each installation page
provides information about the package, including a concise
description of what it contains, approximately how long it will
take to build, and how much disk space is required during this
building process. Following the installation instructions,
there is a list of programs and libraries (along with brief
descriptions of these) that the package installs.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The SBU values and required disk space includes test suite
data for all applicable packages in Chapter&nbsp;6.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.1.1. About libraries
</h3>
<p>
In general, the LFS editors discourage building and
installing static libraries. The original purpose for most
static libraries has been made obsolete in a modern Linux
system. In addition linking a static library into a program
can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to
remove a security problem, all programs that use the static
library will need to be relinked to the new library. Since
the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the
relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the
linking) may not even be known.
</p>
<p>
In the procedures in Chapter&nbsp;6, we remove or disable
installation of most static libraries. Usually this is done
by passing a <code class="option">--disable-static</code>
option to <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span>. In other cases,
alternate means are needed. In a few cases, especially glibc
and gcc, the use of static libraries remains essential to the
general package building process.
</p>
<p>
For a more complete discussion of libraries, see the
discussion <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/9.1/introduction/libraries.html">
Libraries: Static or shared?</a> in the BLFS book.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-kernfs" name=
"ch-system-kernfs"></a>6.2.&nbsp;Preparing Virtual Kernel
File Systems
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to
communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems
are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content
of the file systems resides in memory.
</p>
<p>
Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will
be mounted:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.2.1. Creating Initial Device Nodes
</h3>
<p>
When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of
a few device nodes, in particular the <code class=
"filename">console</code> and <code class=
"filename">null</code> devices. The device nodes must be
created on the hard disk so that they are available before
<span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> has been
started, and additionally when Linux is started with
<em class="parameter"><code>init=/bin/bash</code></em>.
Create the devices by running the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-system-bindmount" name=
"ch-system-bindmount"></a>6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev
</h3>
<p>
The recommended method of populating the <code class=
"filename">/dev</code> directory with devices is to mount a
virtual filesystem (such as <code class=
"systemitem">tmpfs</code>) on the <code class=
"filename">/dev</code> directory, and allow the devices to be
created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are
detected or accessed. Device creation is generally done
during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does
not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is
necessary to mount and populate <code class=
"filename">/dev</code> manually. This is accomplished by bind
mounting the host system's <code class="filename">/dev</code>
directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that
allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point
to some other location. Use the following command to achieve
this:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-system-kernfsmount" name=
"ch-system-kernfsmount"></a>6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel
File Systems
</h3>
<p>
Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts -o gid=5,mode=620
mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys
mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the mount options for
devpts:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>gid=5</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes are
owned by group ID 5. This is the ID we will use later
on for the <code class="systemitem">tty</code> group.
We use the group ID instead of a name, since the host
system might use a different ID for its <code class=
"systemitem">tty</code> group.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>mode=0620</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes have
mode 0620 (user readable and writable, group writable).
Together with the option above, this ensures that
devpts will create device nodes that meet the
requirements of grantpt(), meaning the Glibc
<span class="command"><strong>pt_chown</strong></span>
helper binary (which is not installed by default) is
not necessary.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
In some host systems, <code class="filename">/dev/shm</code>
is a symbolic link to <code class="filename">/run/shm</code>.
The /run tmpfs was mounted above so in this case only a
directory needs to be created.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then
mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm)
fi</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-pkgmgt" name=
"ch-system-pkgmgt"></a>6.3.&nbsp;Package Management
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS
Book. A Package Manager allows tracking the installation of
files making it easy to remove and upgrade packages. As well as
the binary and library files, a package manager will handle the
installation of configuration files. Before you begin to
wonder, NO&mdash;this section will not talk about nor recommend
any particular package manager. What it provides is a roundup
of the more popular techniques and how they work. The perfect
package manager for you may be among these techniques or may be
a combination of two or more of these techniques. This section
briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading packages.
</p>
<p>
Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS
include:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Dealing with package management takes the focus away from
the goals of these books&mdash;teaching how a Linux
system is built.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
There are multiple solutions for package management, each
having its strengths and drawbacks. Including one that
satisfies all audiences is difficult.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
There are some hints written on the topic of package
management. Visit the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints
Project</a> and see if one of them fits your need.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.3.1. Upgrade Issues
</h3>
<p>
A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions
when they are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS
and BLFS Book can be used to upgrade to the newer versions.
Here are some points that you should be aware of when
upgrading packages, especially on a running system.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
If Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer version, (e.g.
from glibc-2.19 to glibc-2.20), it is safer to rebuild
LFS. Though you <span class=
"emphasis"><em>may</em></span> be able to rebuild all
the packages in their dependency order, we do not
recommend it.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
If a package containing a shared library is updated,
and if the name of the library changes, then all the
packages dynamically linked to the library need to be
recompiled to link against the newer library. (Note
that there is no correlation between the package
version and the name of the library.) For example,
consider a package foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared
library with name <code class=
"filename">libfoo.so.1</code>. Say you upgrade the
package to a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a
shared library with name <code class=
"filename">libfoo.so.2</code>. In this case, all
packages that are dynamically linked to <code class=
"filename">libfoo.so.1</code> need to be recompiled to
link against <code class="filename">libfoo.so.2</code>.
Note that you should not remove the previous libraries
until the dependent packages are recompiled.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.3.2. Package Management Techniques
</h3>
<p>
The following are some common package management techniques.
Before making a decision on a package manager, do some
research on the various techniques, particularly the
drawbacks of the particular scheme.
</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929638000" name=
"idm46504929638000"></a>6.3.2.1.&nbsp;It is All in My
Head!
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do
not find the need for a package manager because they know
the packages intimately and know what files are installed
by each package. Some users also do not need any package
management because they plan on rebuilding the entire
system when a package is changed.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929636464" name=
"idm46504929636464"></a>6.3.2.2.&nbsp;Install in
Separate Directories
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This is a simplistic package management that does not need
any extra package to manage the installations. Each package
is installed in a separate directory. For example, package
foo-1.1 is installed in <code class=
"filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code> and a symlink is made
from <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code> to
<code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code>. When
installing a new version foo-1.2, it is installed in
<code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.2</code> and the
previous symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new
version.
</p>
<p>
Environment variables such as <code class=
"envar">PATH</code>, <code class=
"envar">LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code>, <code class=
"envar">MANPATH</code>, <code class="envar">INFOPATH</code>
and <code class="envar">CPPFLAGS</code> need to be expanded
to include <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code>. For
more than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929627760" name=
"idm46504929627760"></a>6.3.2.3.&nbsp;Symlink Style
Package Management
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This is a variation of the previous package management
technique. Each package is installed similar to the
previous scheme. But instead of making the symlink, each
file is symlinked into the <code class=
"filename">/usr</code> hierarchy. This removes the need to
expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can
be created by the user to automate the creation, many
package managers have been written using this approach. A
few of the popular ones include Stow, Epkg, Graft, and
Depot.
</p>
<p>
The installation needs to be faked, so that the package
thinks that it is installed in <code class=
"filename">/usr</code> though in reality it is installed in
the <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> hierarchy.
Installing in this manner is not usually a trivial task.
For example, consider that you are installing a package
libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may not install the
package properly:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1
make
make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The installation will work, but the dependent packages may
not link to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a
package that links against libfoo, you may notice that it
is linked to <code class=
"filename">/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1</code>
instead of <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1</code> as you would expect.
The correct approach is to use the <code class=
"envar">DESTDIR</code> strategy to fake installation of the
package. This approach works as follows:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Most packages support this approach, but there are some
which do not. For the non-compliant packages, you may
either need to manually install the package, or you may
find that it is easier to install some problematic packages
into <code class="filename">/opt</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929614752" name=
"idm46504929614752"></a>6.3.2.4.&nbsp;Timestamp Based
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this technique, a file is timestamped before the
installation of the package. After the installation, a
simple use of the <span class=
"command"><strong>find</strong></span> command with the
appropriate options can generate a log of all the files
installed after the timestamp file was created. A package
manager written with this approach is install-log.
</p>
<p>
Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it
has two drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are
installed with any timestamp other than the current time,
those files will not be tracked by the package manager.
Also, this scheme can only be used when one package is
installed at a time. The logs are not reliable if two
packages are being installed on two different consoles.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929611696" name=
"idm46504929611696"></a>6.3.2.5.&nbsp;Tracing
Installation Scripts
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this approach, the commands that the installation
scripts perform are recorded. There are two techniques that
one can use:
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">LD_PRELOAD</code> environment
variable can be set to point to a library to be preloaded
before installation. During installation, this library
tracks the packages that are being installed by attaching
itself to various executables such as <span class=
"command"><strong>cp</strong></span>, <span class=
"command"><strong>install</strong></span>, <span class=
"command"><strong>mv</strong></span> and tracking the
system calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach
to work, all the executables need to be dynamically linked
without the suid or sgid bit. Preloading the library may
cause some unwanted side-effects during installation.
Therefore, it is advised that one performs some tests to
ensure that the package manager does not break anything and
logs all the appropriate files.
</p>
<p>
The second technique is to use <span class=
"command"><strong>strace</strong></span>, which logs all
system calls made during the execution of the installation
scripts.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929605552" name=
"idm46504929605552"></a>6.3.2.6.&nbsp;Creating
Package Archives
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a
separate tree as described in the Symlink style package
management. After the installation, a package archive is
created using the installed files. This archive is then
used to install the package either on the local machine or
can even be used to install the package on other machines.
</p>
<p>
This approach is used by most of the package managers found
in the commercial distributions. Examples of package
managers that follow this approach are RPM (which,
incidentally, is required by the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux
Standard Base Specification</a>), pkg-utils, Debian's apt,
and Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt
this style of package management for LFS systems is located
at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt</a>.
</p>
<p>
Creation of package files that include dependency
information is complex and is beyond the scope of LFS.
</p>
<p>
Slackware uses a <span class=
"command"><strong>tar</strong></span> based system for
package archives. This system purposely does not handle
package dependencies as more complex package managers do.
For details of Slackware package management, see <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html">http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929599504" name=
"idm46504929599504"></a>6.3.2.7.&nbsp;User Based
Management
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias
Benkmann, and is available from the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints
Project</a>. In this scheme, each package is installed as a
separate user into the standard locations. Files belonging
to a package are easily identified by checking the user ID.
The features and shortcomings of this approach are too
complex to describe in this section. For the details please
see the hint at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.3.3. Deploying LFS on Multiple Systems
</h3>
<p>
One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no
files that depend on the position of files on a disk system.
Cloning an LFS build to another computer with the same
architecture as the base system is as simple as using
<span class="command"><strong>tar</strong></span> on the LFS
partition that contains the root directory (about 250MB
uncompressed for a base LFS build), copying that file via
network transfer or CD-ROM to the new system and expanding
it. From that point, a few configuration files will have to
be changed. Configuration files that may need to be updated
include: <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>,
<code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/passwd</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/group</code>, <span class=
"phrase"><code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>,
<code class="filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>, and <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0</code>.</span>
</p>
<p>
A custom kernel may need to be built for the new system
depending on differences in system hardware and the original
kernel configuration.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
There have been some reports of issues when copying between
similar but not identical architectures. For instance, the
instruction set for an Intel system is not identical with
an AMD processor and later versions of some processors may
have instructions that are unavailable in earlier versions.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally the new system has to be made bootable via <a class=
"xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title=
"8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section&nbsp;8.4,
&ldquo;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-chroot" name=
"ch-system-chroot"></a>6.4.&nbsp;Entering the Chroot
Environment
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building
and installing the final LFS system. As user <code class=
"systemitem">root</code>, run the following command to enter
the realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the
temporary tools:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \
HOME=/root \
TERM="$TERM" \
PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \
/tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> option given to
the <span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span> command
will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that,
only the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class=
"envar">TERM</code>, <code class="envar">PS1</code>, and
<code class="envar">PATH</code> variables are set again. The
<em class="parameter"><code>TERM=$TERM</code></em> construct
will set the <code class="envar">TERM</code> variable inside
chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is
needed for programs like <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> to operate properly. If
other variables are needed, such as <code class=
"envar">CFLAGS</code> or <code class="envar">CXXFLAGS</code>,
this is a good place to set them again.
</p>
<p>
From this point on, there is no need to use the <code class=
"envar">LFS</code> variable anymore, because all work will be
restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash
shell is told that <code class="filename">$LFS</code> is now
the root (<code class="filename">/</code>) directory.
</p>
<p>
Notice that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> comes last
in the <code class="envar">PATH</code>. This means that a
temporary tool will no longer be used once its final version is
installed. This occurs when the shell does not <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">remember</span>&rdquo;</span> the locations of executed
binaries&mdash;for this reason, hashing is switched off by
passing the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em> option
to <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
Note that the <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> prompt will say
<code class="computeroutput">I have no name!</code> This is
normal because the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
file has not been created yet.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
It is important that all the commands throughout the
remainder of this chapter and the following chapters are run
from within the chroot environment. If you leave this
environment for any reason (rebooting for example), ensure
that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as explained
in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-bindmount" title=
"6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
&ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and <a class=
"xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
"6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
&ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a> and
enter chroot again before continuing with the installation.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-creatingdirs" name=
"ch-system-creatingdirs"></a>6.5.&nbsp;Creating
Directories
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system.
Create a standard directory tree by issuing the following
commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/{opt,sysconfig},home,lib/firmware,mnt,opt}
mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var}
install -dv -m 0750 /root
install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -v /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -v /usr/libexec
mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
mkdir -v /usr/lib/pkgconfig
case $(uname -m) in
x86_64) mkdir -v /lib64 ;;
esac
mkdir -v /var/{log,mail,spool}
ln -sv /run /var/run
ln -sv /run/lock /var/lock
mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{color,misc,locate},local}</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755,
but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands
above, two changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of
user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, and another to the
directories for temporary files.
</p>
<p>
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
the <code class="filename">/root</code> directory&mdash;the
same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory.
The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to
the <code class="filename">/tmp</code> and <code class=
"filename">/var/tmp</code> directories, but cannot remove
another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the
so-called <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">sticky
bit,</span>&rdquo;</span> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit
mask.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.5.1. FHS Compliance Note
</h3>
<p>
The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy
Standard (FHS) (available at <a class="ulink" href=
"https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml">https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml</a>).
The FHS also specifies the optional existence of some
directories such as <code class=
"filename">/usr/local/games</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/games</code>. We create only the
directories that are needed. However, feel free to create
these directories.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-createfiles" name=
"ch-system-createfiles"></a>6.6.&nbsp;Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not
exist yet. In order to satisfy these programs, create a number
of symbolic links which will be replaced by real files
throughout the course of this chapter after the software has
been installed:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,chmod,dd,echo,ln,mkdir,pwd,rm,stty,touch} /bin
ln -sv /tools/bin/{env,install,perl,printf} /usr/bin
ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib
ln -sv bash /bin/sh</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The purpose of each link:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/bash</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Many <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
scripts specify <code class="filename">/bin/bash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/cat</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure
script.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/dd</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The path to <code class="filename">dd</code> will be
hard-coded into the <code class=
"filename">/usr/bin/libtool</code> utility.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/echo</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test
suite, which expects <code class=
"filename">/bin/echo</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/usr/bin/env</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This pathname is hard-coded into some packages build
procedures.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/usr/bin/install</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The path to <code class="filename">install</code> will be
hard-coded into the <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</code> file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/ln</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The path to <code class="filename">ln</code> will be
hard-coded into the <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/perl5/5.30.1/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</code>
file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/pwd</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Some <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> scripts,
particularly Glibc's, have this pathname hard-coded.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/rm</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The path to <code class="filename">rm</code> will be
hard-coded into the <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/perl5/5.30.1/&lt;target-triplet&gt;/Config_heavy.pl</code>
file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/stty</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is
needed for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/usr/bin/perl</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the <span class=
"command"><strong>perl</strong></span> program.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as
well as for C++ support in GMP.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class=
"filename">/bin/sh</code></code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Many shell scripts hard-code <code class=
"filename">/bin/sh</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file
systems in the file <code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>.
Modern kernels maintain this list internally and exposes it to
the user via the <code class="filename">/proc</code>
filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of
<code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>, create the following
symbolic link:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
In order for user <code class="systemitem">root</code> to be
able to login and for the name <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">root</span>&rdquo;</span> to
be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the
<code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class=
"filename">/etc/group</code> files.
</p>
<p>
Create the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file by
running the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The actual password for <code class="systemitem">root</code>
(the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">x</span>&rdquo;</span> used here is just a placeholder)
will be set later.
</p>
<p>
Create the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> file by
running the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
wheel:x:97:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are
groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev
configuration in this chapter, and in part by common convention
employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. In
addition, some test suites rely on specific users or groups.
The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <a class="ulink"
href="http://www.linuxbase.org">http://www.linuxbase.org</a>)
recommends only that, besides the group <code class=
"systemitem">root</code> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group
<code class="systemitem">bin</code> with a GID of 1 be present.
All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the
system administrator since well-written programs do not depend
on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.
</p>
<p>
To remove the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">I
have no name!</span>&rdquo;</span> prompt, start a new shell.
Since a full Glibc was installed in <a class="xref" href=
"#chapter-temporary-tools" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;5.&nbsp;Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter&nbsp;5</a>
and the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and
<code class="filename">/etc/group</code> files have been
created, user name and group name resolution will now work:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note the use of the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em>
directive. This tells <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> not to use its internal
path hashing. Without this directive, <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> would remember the paths
to binaries it has executed. To ensure the use of the newly
compiled binaries as soon as they are installed, the <em class=
"parameter"><code>+h</code></em> directive will be used for the
duration of this chapter.
</p>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>login</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>agetty</strong></span>, and
<span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span> programs
(and others) use a number of log files to record information
such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these
programs will not write to the log files if they do not already
exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper
permissions:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog
chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file records
all logins and logouts. The <code class=
"filename">/var/log/lastlog</code> file records when each user
last logged in. The <code class=
"filename">/var/log/faillog</code> file records failed login
attempts. The <code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code> file
records the bad login attempts.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/run/utmp</code> file records the
users that are currently logged in. This file is created
dynamically in the boot scripts.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-linux-headers" name=
"ch-system-linux-headers"></a>6.7.&nbsp;Linux-5.5.3 API
Headers
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Linux API Headers (in linux-5.5.3.tar.xz) expose the
kernel's API for use by Glibc.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.7.1. Installation of Linux API Headers
</h3>
<p>
The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming
Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to
use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files
that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
</p>
<p>
Make sure there are no stale files and dependencies lying
around from previous activity:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source.
The recommended make target <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">headers_install</span>&rdquo;</span> cannot be used,
because it requires <span class="application">rsync</span>,
which is not available in <code class=
"filename">/tools</code>. The headers are first placed in
<code class="filename">./usr</code>, then some files used by
the kernel developers are removed, then the files are copied
to their final location.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make headers
find usr/include -name '.*' -delete
rm usr/include/Makefile
</kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv usr/include/* /usr/include</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-linux-headers" name=
"contents-linux-headers"></a>6.7.2. Contents of Linux API
Headers
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed headers:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm/*.h,
/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h, /usr/include/drm/*.h,
/usr/include/linux/*.h, /usr/include/misc/*.h,
/usr/include/mtd/*.h, /usr/include/rdma/*.h,
/usr/include/scsi/*.h, /usr/include/sound/*.h,
/usr/include/video/*.h, and /usr/include/xen/*.h</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm,
/usr/include/asm-generic, /usr/include/drm,
/usr/include/linux, /usr/include/misc, /usr/include/mtd,
/usr/include/rdma, /usr/include/scsi, /usr/include/sound,
/usr/include/video, and /usr/include/xen</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504929422352" name=
"idm46504929422352"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="asm" name="asm"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/asm/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API ASM Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="asm-generic" name=
"asm-generic"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API ASM Generic Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="drm" name="drm"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/drm/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API DRM Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="linux" name="linux"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/linux/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API Linux Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="misc" name="misc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/misc/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API Miscellaneous Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mtd" name="mtd"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/mtd/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API MTD Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rdma" name="rdma"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/rdma/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API RDMA Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="scsi" name="scsi"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/scsi/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API SCSI Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sound" name="sound"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/sound/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API Sound Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="video" name="video"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/video/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API Video Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xen" name="xen"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/usr/include/xen/*.h</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux API Xen Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-man-pages" name=
"ch-system-man-pages"></a>6.8.&nbsp;Man-pages-5.05
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Man-pages package contains over 2,200 man pages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">31 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.8.1. Installation of Man-pages
</h3>
<p>
Install Man-pages by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-manpages" name="contents-manpages"></a>6.8.2.
Contents of Man-pages
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
<span class="segbody">various man pages</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504929354352" name=
"idm46504929354352"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="man-pages" name="man-pages"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">man
pages</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Describe C programming language functions,
important device files, and significant
configuration files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-glibc" name=
"ch-system-glibc"></a>6.9.&nbsp;Glibc-2.31
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library
provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching
directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing
files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so
on.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">19 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">5.5 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.9.1. Installation of Glibc
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The Glibc build system is self-contained and will install
perfectly, even though the compiler specs file and linker
are still pointing to <code class="filename">/tools</code>.
The specs and linker cannot be adjusted before the Glibc
install because the Glibc autoconf tests would give false
results and defeat the goal of achieving a clean build.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Some of the Glibc programs use the non-FHS compliant
<code class="filename">/var/db</code> directory to store
their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such
programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant
locations:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Create a symlink for LSB compliance. Additionally, for
x86_64, create a compatibility symlink required for the
dynamic loader to function correctly:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
i?86) ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 /lib/ld-lsb.so.3
;;
x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64
ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a
dedicated build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Glibc for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">CC="gcc -ffile-prefix-map=/tools=/usr" \
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-werror \
--enable-kernel=3.2 \
--enable-stack-protector=strong \
--with-headers=/usr/include \
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the options and new configure
parameters:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>CC="gcc
-ffile-prefix-map=/tools=/usr"</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Make GCC record any references to files in /tools in
result of the compilation as if the files resided in
/usr. This avoids introduction of invalid paths in
debugging symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option disables the -Werror option passed to GCC.
This is necessary for running the test suite.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-stack-protector=strong</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option increases system security by adding extra
code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack
smashing attacks.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-headers=/usr/include</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option tells the build system where to find the
kernel API headers. By default, those headers are
sought in <code class="filename">/tools/include</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>libc_cv_slibdir=/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This variable sets the correct library for all systems.
We do not want lib64 to be used.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
In this section, the test suite for Glibc is considered
critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Generally a few tests do not pass. The test failures listed
below are usually safe to ignore.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
i?86) ln -sfnv $PWD/elf/ld-linux.so.2 /lib ;;
x86_64) ln -sfnv $PWD/elf/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib ;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The symbolic link above is needed to run the tests at this
stage of building in the chroot environment. It will be
overwritten in the install phase below.
</p>
</div>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
You may see some test failures. The Glibc test suite is
somewhat dependent on the host system. This is a list of the
most common issues seen for some versions of LFS:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>misc/tst-ttyname</em></span>
is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"emphasis"><em>inet/tst-idna_name_classify</em></span>
is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<span class=
"emphasis"><em>posix/tst-getaddrinfo4</em></span> and
<span class=
"emphasis"><em>posix/tst-getaddrinfo5</em></span> may
fail on some architectures.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The <span class=
"emphasis"><em>nss/tst-nss-files-hosts-multi</em></span>
test may fail for reasons that have not been
determined.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The <span class=
"emphasis"><em>rt/tst-cputimer{1,2,3}</em></span> tests
depend on the host system kernel. Kernels
4.14.91&ndash;4.14.96, 4.19.13&ndash;4.19.18, and
4.20.0&ndash;4.20.5 are known to cause these tests to
fail.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The math tests sometimes fail when running on systems
where the CPU is not a relatively new Intel or AMD
processor.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc
will complain about the absence of <code class=
"filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>. Prevent this warning with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">touch /etc/ld.so.conf</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Fix the generated Makefile to skip an unneeded sanity check
that fails in the LFS partial environment:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the configuration file and runtime directory for
<span class="command"><strong>nscd</strong></span>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v ../nscd/nscd.conf /etc/nscd.conf
mkdir -pv /var/cache/nscd</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Next, install the locales that can make the system respond in
a different language. None of the locales are required, but
if some of them are missing, the test suites of future
packages would skip important testcases.
</p>
<p>
Individual locales can be installed using the <span class=
"command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> program. E.g.,
the first <span class=
"command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command below
combines the <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/i18n/locales/cs_CZ</code>
charset-independent locale definition with the <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/i18n/charmaps/UTF-8.gz</code> charmap
definition and appends the result to the <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</code> file. The
following instructions will install the minimum set of
locales necessary for the optimal coverage of tests:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale
localedef -i POSIX -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8 2&gt; /dev/null || true
localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8
localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE
localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro
localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8
localedef -i el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR
localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8
localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK
localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH
localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US
localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX
localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR
localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR
localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro
localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8
localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT
localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8
localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP
localedef -i ja_JP -f SHIFT_JIS ja_JP.SIJS 2&gt; /dev/null || true
localedef -i ja_JP -f UTF-8 ja_JP.UTF-8
localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8
localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8
localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030
localedef -i zh_HK -f BIG5-HKSCS zh_HK.BIG5-HKSCS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
In addition, install the locale for your own country,
language and character set.
</p>
<p>
Alternatively, install all locales listed in the <code class=
"filename">glibc-2.31/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file (it
includes every locale listed above and many more) at once
with the following time-consuming command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make localedata/install-locales</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Then use the <span class=
"command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command to create
and install locales not listed in the <code class=
"filename">glibc-2.31/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file in the
unlikely case you need them.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Glibc now uses libidn2 when resolving internationalized
domain names. This is a run time dependency. If this
capability is needed, the instructions for installing
libidn2 are in the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/libidn2.html">
BLFS libidn2 page</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-glibc" name="conf-glibc"></a>6.9.2. Configuring
Glibc
</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929267440" name=
"idm46504929267440"></a>6.9.2.1.&nbsp;Adding
nsswitch.conf
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file
needs to be created because the Glibc defaults do not work
well in a networked environment.
</p>
<p>
Create a new file <code class=
"filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> by running the
following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/nsswitch.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files
# End /etc/nsswitch.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504929262224" name=
"idm46504929262224"></a>6.9.2.2.&nbsp;Adding time
zone data
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Install and set up the time zone data with the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xf ../../tzdata2019c.tar.gz
ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo
mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right}
for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica \
asia australasia backward pacificnew systemv; do
zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO ${tz}
zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO/posix ${tz}
zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right ${tz}
done
cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO
zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York
unset ZONEINFO</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the zic commands:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L
/dev/null ...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This creates posix time zones, without any leap
seconds. It is conventional to put these in both
<code class="filename">zoneinfo</code> and
<code class="filename">zoneinfo/posix</code>. It is
necessary to put the POSIX time zones in <code class=
"filename">zoneinfo</code>, otherwise various
test-suites will report errors. On an embedded
system, where space is tight and you do not intend to
ever update the time zones, you could save 1.9MB by
not using the <code class="filename">posix</code>
directory, but some applications or test-suites might
produce some failures.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L
leapseconds ...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This creates right time zones, including leap
seconds. On an embedded system, where space is tight
and you do not intend to ever update the time zones,
or care about the correct time, you could save 1.9MB
by omitting the <code class="filename">right</code>
directory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic ...
-p ...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This creates the <code class=
"filename">posixrules</code> file. We use New York
because POSIX requires the daylight savings time
rules to be in accordance with US rules.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
One way to determine the local time zone is to run the
following script:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tzselect</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
After answering a few questions about the location, the
script will output the name of the time zone (e.g.,
<span class="emphasis"><em>America/Edmonton</em></span>).
There are also some other possible time zones listed in
<code class="filename">/usr/share/zoneinfo</code> such as
<span class="emphasis"><em>Canada/Eastern</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>EST5EDT</em></span> that are not
identified by the script but can be used.
</p>
<p>
Then create the <code class=
"filename">/etc/localtime</code> file by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sfv /usr/share/zoneinfo/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> /etc/localtime</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> with the name
of the time zone selected (e.g., Canada/Eastern).
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="conf-ld" name=
"conf-ld"></a>6.9.2.3.&nbsp;Configuring the Dynamic
Loader
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
By default, the dynamic loader (<code class=
"filename">/lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>) searches through
<code class="filename">/lib</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> for dynamic libraries that are
needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are
libraries in directories other than <code class=
"filename">/lib</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code>, these need to be added to the
<code class="filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> file in order
for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that
are commonly known to contain additional libraries are
<code class="filename">/usr/local/lib</code> and
<code class="filename">/opt/lib</code>, so add those
directories to the dynamic loader's search path.
</p>
<p>
Create a new file <code class=
"filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> by running the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/ld.so.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, the dynamic loader can also search a directory
and include the contents of files found there. Generally
the files in this include directory are one line specifying
the desired library path. To add this capability run the
following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt;&gt; /etc/ld.so.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Add an include directory
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
</code>
EOF
mkdir -pv /etc/ld.so.conf.d</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-glibc" name="contents-glibc"></a>6.9.3.
Contents of Glibc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">catchsegv, gencat, getconf, getent,
iconv, iconvconfig, ldconfig, ldd, lddlibc4, locale,
localedef, makedb, mtrace, nscd, pcprofiledump, pldd,
sln, sotruss, sprof, tzselect, xtrace, zdump, and
zic</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">ld-2.31.so, libBrokenLocale.{a,so},
libSegFault.so, libanl.{a,so}, libc.{a,so},
libc_nonshared.a, libcrypt.{a,so}, libdl.{a,so}, libg.a,
libm.{a,so}, libmcheck.a, libmemusage.so, libmvec.{a,so},
libnsl.{a,so}, libnss_compat.so, libnss_dns.so,
libnss_files.so, libnss_hesiod.so, libpcprofile.so,
libpthread.{a,so}, libpthread_nonshared.a,
libresolv.{a,so}, librt.{a,so}, libthread_db.so, and
libutil.{a,so}</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/arpa,
/usr/include/bits, /usr/include/gnu, /usr/include/net,
/usr/include/netash, /usr/include/netatalk,
/usr/include/netax25, /usr/include/neteconet,
/usr/include/netinet, /usr/include/netipx,
/usr/include/netiucv, /usr/include/netpacket,
/usr/include/netrom, /usr/include/netrose,
/usr/include/nfs, /usr/include/protocols,
/usr/include/rpc, /usr/include/sys, /usr/lib/audit,
/usr/lib/gconv, /usr/lib/locale, /usr/libexec/getconf,
/usr/share/i18n, /usr/share/zoneinfo, /var/cache/nscd,
and /var/lib/nss_db</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504929213984" name=
"idm46504929213984"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="catchsegv" name="catchsegv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be used to create a stack trace when a program
terminates with a segmentation fault
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gencat" name="gencat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gencat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates message catalogues
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getconf" name="getconf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getconf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the system configuration values for file
system specific variables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getent" name="getent"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getent</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Gets entries from an administrative database
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="iconv" name="iconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>iconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Performs character set conversion
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="iconvconfig" name=
"iconvconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>iconvconfig</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates fastloading <span class=
"command"><strong>iconv</strong></span> module
configuration files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ldconfig" name="ldconfig"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Configures the dynamic linker runtime bindings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ldd" name="ldd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ldd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports which shared libraries are required by each
given program or shared library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lddlibc4" name="lddlibc4"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lddlibc4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Assists <span class=
"command"><strong>ldd</strong></span> with object
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="locale" name="locale"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>locale</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints various information about the current locale
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="localedef" name="localedef"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>localedef</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compiles locale specifications
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="makedb" name="makedb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>makedb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a simple database from textual input
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mtrace" name="mtrace"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mtrace</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads and interprets a memory trace file and
displays a summary in human-readable format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nscd" name="nscd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nscd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A daemon that provides a cache for the most common
name service requests
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pcprofiledump" name=
"pcprofiledump"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pcprofiledump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dump information generated by PC profiling
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pldd" name="pldd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pldd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists dynamic shared objects used by running
processes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sln" name="sln"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sln</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A statically linked <span class=
"command"><strong>ln</strong></span> program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sotruss" name="sotruss"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sotruss</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Traces shared library procedure calls of a
specified command
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sprof" name="sprof"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sprof</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads and displays shared object profiling data
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tzselect" name="tzselect"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tzselect</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Asks the user about the location of the system and
reports the corresponding time zone description
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xtrace" name="xtrace"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xtrace</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Traces the execution of a program by printing the
currently executed function
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zdump" name="zdump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zdump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The time zone dumper
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zic" name="zic"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zic</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The time zone compiler
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ld.so" name="ld.so"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">ld-2.31.so</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The helper program for shared library executables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libBrokenLocale" name=
"libBrokenLocale"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libBrokenLocale</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used internally by Glibc as a gross hack to get
broken programs (e.g., some Motif applications)
running. See comments in <code class=
"filename">glibc-2.31/locale/broken_cur_max.c</code>
for more information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libSegFault" name=
"libSegFault"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libSegFault</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The segmentation fault signal handler, used by
<span class=
"command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libanl" name="libanl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libanl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An asynchronous name lookup library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libc" name="libc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libc</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The main C library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcrypt" name="libcrypt"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libcrypt</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The cryptography library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libdl" name="libdl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libdl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The dynamic linking interface library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libg" name="libg"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libg</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously
was a runtime library for <span class=
"command"><strong>g++</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libm" name="libm"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libm</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The mathematical library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmcheck" name="libmcheck"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libmcheck</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Turns on memory allocation checking when linked to
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmemusage" name=
"libmemusage"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libmemusage</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used by <span class=
"command"><strong>memusage</strong></span> to help
collect information about the memory usage of a
program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libnsl" name="libnsl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libnsl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The network services library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libnss" name="libnss"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libnss</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Name Service Switch libraries, containing
functions for resolving host names, user names,
group names, aliases, services, protocols, etc.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libpcprofile" name=
"libpcprofile"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libpcprofile</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be preloaded to PC profile an executable
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libpthread" name=
"libpthread"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libpthread</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The POSIX threads library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libresolv" name="libresolv"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libresolv</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions for creating, sending, and
interpreting packets to the Internet domain name
servers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="librt" name="librt"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">librt</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions providing most of the interfaces
specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime Extension
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libthread_db" name=
"libthread_db"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libthread_db</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions useful for building debuggers
for multi-threaded programs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libutil" name="libutil"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libutil</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains code for <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">standard</span>&rdquo;</span> functions
used in many different Unix utilities
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-adjusting" name=
"ch-system-adjusting"></a>6.10.&nbsp;Adjusting the
Toolchain
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Now that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time
to adjust the toolchain so that it will link any newly compiled
program against these new libraries.
</p>
<p>
First, backup the <code class="filename">/tools</code> linker,
and replace it with the adjusted linker we made in chapter 5.
We'll also create a link to its counterpart in <code class=
"filename">/tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /tools/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/{ld,ld-old}
mv -v /tools/bin/{ld-new,ld}
ln -sv /tools/bin/ld /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Next, amend the GCC specs file so that it points to the new
dynamic linker. Simply deleting all instances of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">/tools</span>&rdquo;</span>
should leave us with the correct path to the dynamic linker.
Also adjust the specs file so that GCC knows where to find the
correct headers and Glibc start files. A <span class=
"command"><strong>sed</strong></span> command accomplishes
this:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">gcc -dumpspecs | sed -e 's@/tools@@g' \
-e '/\*startfile_prefix_spec:/{n;s@.*@/usr/lib/ @}' \
-e '/\*cpp:/{n;s@$@ -isystem /usr/include@}' &gt; \
`dirname $(gcc --print-libgcc-file-name)`/specs</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
It is a good idea to visually inspect the specs file to verify
the intended change was actually made.
</p>
<p>
It is imperative at this point to ensure that the basic
functions (compiling and linking) of the adjusted toolchain are
working as expected. To do this, perform the following sanity
checks:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &amp;&gt; dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
There should be no errors, and the output of the last command
will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic
linker name):
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code>
</pre>
<p>
Note that on 64-bit systems <code class="filename">/lib</code>
is the location of our dynamic linker, but is accessed via a
symbolic link in /lib64.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
On 32-bit systems the interpreter should be
/lib/ld-linux.so.2.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">/usr/lib/../lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/../lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/../lib/crtn.o succeeded</code>
</pre>
<p>
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header
files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -B1 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This command should return the following output:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">#include &lt;...&gt; search starts here:
/usr/include</code>
</pre>
<p>
Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct
search paths:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu'
should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command
should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")</code>
</pre>
<p>
Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code>
</pre>
<p>
Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be (allowing for
platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code>
</pre>
<p>
If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received
at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and
retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct
it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with
the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved
before continuing with the process.
</p>
<p>
Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-zlib" name=
"ch-system-zlib"></a>6.11.&nbsp;Zlib-1.2.11
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Zlib package contains compression and decompression
routines used by some programs.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">5.1 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.11.1. Installation of Zlib
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Zlib for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The shared library needs to be moved to <code class=
"filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class=
"filename">.so</code> file in <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libz.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libz.so) /usr/lib/libz.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-zlib" name="contents-zlib"></a>6.11.2.
Contents of Zlib
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libz.{a,so}</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928954992" name=
"idm46504928954992"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libz" name="libz"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libz</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains compression and decompression functions
used by some programs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-bzip2" name=
"ch-system-bzip2"></a>6.12.&nbsp;Bzip2-1.0.8
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class=
"command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better
compression percentage than with the traditional <span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">7.7 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.12.1. Installation of Bzip2
</h3>
<p>
Apply a patch that will install the documentation for this
package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The following command ensures installation of symbolic links
are relative:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Ensure the man pages are installed into the correct location:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
make clean</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-f
Makefile-libbz2_so</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different
<code class="filename">Makefile</code> file, in this
case the <code class=
"filename">Makefile-libbz2_so</code> file, which
creates a dynamic <code class=
"filename">libbz2.so</code> library and links the Bzip2
utilities against it.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile and test the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the programs:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/usr install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the shared <span class=
"command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> binary into the
<code class="filename">/bin</code> directory, make some
necessary symbolic links, and clean up:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* /lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 /usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v /usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-bzip2" name="contents-bzip2"></a>6.12.2.
Contents of Bzip2
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat
(link to bzip2), bzcmp (link to bzdiff), bzdiff, bzegrep
(link to bzgrep), bzfgrep (link to bzgrep), bzgrep,
bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless (link to bzmore), and
bzmore</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libbz2.{a,so}</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/bzip2-1.0.8</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928911184" name=
"idm46504928911184"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bunzip2" name="bunzip2"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bunzip2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses bzipped files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzcat" name="bzcat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzcat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses to standard output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzcmp" name="bzcmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzcmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzdiff" name="bzdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzegrep" name="bzegrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzegrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzfgrep" name="bzfgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzfgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzgrep" name="bzgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzip2" name="bzip2"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block
sorting text compression algorithm with Huffman
coding; the compression rate is better than that
achieved by more conventional compressors using
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">Lempel-Ziv</span>&rdquo;</span> algorithms,
like <span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzip2recover" name=
"bzip2recover"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzip2recover</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzless" name="bzless"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bzmore" name="bzmore"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bzmore</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>more</strong></span> on bzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libbz2" name="libbz2"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libbz2</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting
data compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler
algorithm
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-xz" name=
"ch-system-xz"></a>6.13.&nbsp;Xz-5.2.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Xz package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma
and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files
with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields
a better compression percentage than with the traditional
<span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">16 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.13.1. Installation of Xz
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Xz for compilation with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.4</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and make sure that all essential files
are in the correct directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
mv -v /usr/bin/{lzma,unlzma,lzcat,xz,unxz,xzcat} /bin
mv -v /usr/lib/liblzma.so.* /lib
ln -svf ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/liblzma.so) /usr/lib/liblzma.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-xz" name="contents-xz"></a>6.13.2. Contents
of Xz
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">lzcat (link to xz), lzcmp (link to
xzdiff), lzdiff (link to xzdiff), lzegrep (link to
xzgrep), lzfgrep (link to xzgrep), lzgrep (link to
xzgrep), lzless (link to xzless), lzma (link to xz),
lzmadec, lzmainfo, lzmore (link to xzmore), unlzma (link
to xz), unxz (link to xz), xz, xzcat (link to xz), xzcmp
(link to xzdiff), xzdec, xzdiff, xzegrep (link to
xzgrep), xzfgrep (link to xzgrep), xzgrep, xzless, and
xzmore</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">liblzma.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/lzma and
/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.4</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928824848" name=
"idm46504928824848"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzcat" name="lzcat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzcat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses to standard output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzcmp" name="lzcmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzcmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzdiff" name="lzdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzegrep" name="lzegrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzegrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzfgrep" name="lzfgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzfgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzgrep" name="lzgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzless" name="lzless"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzma" name="lzma"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzma</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compresses or decompresses files using the LZMA
format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzmadec" name="lzmadec"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzmadec</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A small and fast decoder for LZMA compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzmainfo" name="lzmainfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzmainfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows information stored in the LZMA compressed
file header
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lzmore" name="lzmore"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lzmore</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>more</strong></span> on LZMA
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unlzma" name="unlzma"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unlzma</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses files using the LZMA format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unxz" name="unxz"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unxz</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses files using the XZ format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xz" name="xz"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xz</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compresses or decompresses files using the XZ
format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzcat" name="xzcat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzcat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses to standard output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzcmp" name="xzcmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzcmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzdec" name="xzdec"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzdec</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A small and fast decoder for XZ compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzdiff" name="xzdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzegrep" name="xzegrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzegrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzfgrep" name="xzfgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzfgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzgrep" name="xzgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzless" name="xzless"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xzmore" name="xzmore"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xzmore</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>more</strong></span> on XZ
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="liblzma" name="liblzma"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">liblzma</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting
data compression, using the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain
algorithm
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-file" name=
"ch-system-file"></a>6.14.&nbsp;File-5.38
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The File package contains a utility for determining the type
of a given file or files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">20 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.14.1. Installation of File
</h3>
<p>
Prepare File for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-file" name="contents-file"></a>6.14.2.
Contents of File
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">file</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libmagic.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928687152" name=
"idm46504928687152"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="file" name="file"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>file</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tries to classify each given file; it does this by
performing several tests&mdash;file system tests,
magic number tests, and language tests
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmagic" name="libmagic"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libmagic</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for magic number recognition,
used by the <span class=
"command"><strong>file</strong></span> program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-readline" name=
"ch-system-readline"></a>6.15.&nbsp;Readline-8.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers
command-line editing and history capabilities.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">15 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.15.1. Installation of Readline
</h3>
<p>
Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be
moved to &lt;libraryname&gt;.old. While this is normally not
a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in
<span class="command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span>. This
can be avoided by issuing the following two seds:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in
sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Readline for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw"</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib
-lncursesw"</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option forces Readline to link against the
<code class="filename">libncursesw</code> library.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw" install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now move the dynamic libraries to a more appropriate location
and fix up some permissions and symbolic links:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/lib{readline,history}.so.* /lib
chmod -v u+w /lib/lib{readline,history}.so.*
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libreadline.so) /usr/lib/libreadline.so
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libhistory.so ) /usr/lib/libhistory.so</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, install the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-readline" name=
"contents-readline"></a>6.15.2. Contents of Readline
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libhistory.so and
libreadline.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/readline and
/usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928643664" name=
"idm46504928643664"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libhistory" name=
"libhistory"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libhistory</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides a consistent user interface for recalling
lines of history
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libreadline" name=
"libreadline"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libreadline</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides a set of commands for manipulating text
entered in an interactive session of a program.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-m4" name=
"ch-system-m4"></a>6.16.&nbsp;M4-1.4.18
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">33 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.16.1. Installation of M4
</h3>
<p>
First, make some fixes required by glibc-2.28:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/' lib/*.c
echo "#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100" &gt;&gt; lib/stdio-impl.h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare M4 for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-m4" name="contents-m4"></a>6.16.2. Contents
of M4
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">m4</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928609504" name=
"idm46504928609504"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="m4" name="m4"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>m4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies the given files while expanding the macros
that they contain [These macros are either built-in
or user-defined and can take any number of
arguments. Besides performing macro expansion,
<span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span>
has built-in functions for including named files,
running Unix commands, performing integer
arithmetic, manipulating text, recursion, etc. The
<span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span>
program can be used either as a front-end to a
compiler or as a macro processor in its own right.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-bc" name=
"ch-system-bc"></a>6.17.&nbsp;Bc-2.5.3
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bc package contains an arbitrary precision numeric
processing language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.9 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.17.1. Installation of Bc
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Bc for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">PREFIX=/usr CC=gcc CFLAGS="-std=c99" ./configure.sh -G -O3</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>CC=gcc
CFLAGS="-std=c99"</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These parameters specify the compiler and C standard to
use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-O3</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Specify the optimization to use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-G</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Omit parts of the test suite that won't work without a
GNU bc present.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test bc, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-bc" name="contents-bc"></a>6.17.2. Contents
of Bc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bc and dc</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928569968" name=
"idm46504928569968"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bc" name="bc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A command line calculator
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dc" name="dc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A reverse-polish command line calculator
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-binutils" name=
"ch-system-binutils"></a>6.18.&nbsp;Binutils-2.34
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and
other tools for handling object files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">6.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">5.1 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.18.1. Installation of Binutils
</h3>
<p>
Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot
environment by performing a simple test:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">expect -c "spawn ls"</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This command should output the following:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">spawn ls</code>
</pre>
<p>
If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the
environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. This
issue needs to be resolved before running the test suites for
Binutils and GCC:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">The system has no more ptys.
Ask your system administrator to create more.</code>
</pre>
<p>
Now remove one test that prevents the tests from running to
completion:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i '/@\tincremental_copy/d' gold/testsuite/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a
dedicated build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Binutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-gold \
--enable-ld=default \
--enable-plugins \
--enable-shared \
--disable-werror \
--enable-64-bit-bfd \
--with-system-zlib</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure parameters:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-gold</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Build the gold linker and install it as ld.gold (along
side the default linker).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-ld=default</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Build the original bfd linker and install it as both ld
(the default linker) and ld.bfd.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-plugins</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Enables plugin support for the linker.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-64-bit-bfd</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Enables 64-bit support (on hosts with narrower word
sizes). May not be needed on 64-bit systems, but does
no harm.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-system-zlib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use the installed zlib library rather than building the
included version.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>tooldir=/usr</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the
executables will ultimately be located) is set to
<code class=
"filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code>. For
example, x86_64 machines would expand that to
<code class=
"filename">/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu</code>.
Because this is a custom system, this target-specific
directory in <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not
required. <code class=
"filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code> would
be used if the system was used to cross-compile (for
example, compiling a package on an Intel machine that
generates code that can be executed on PowerPC
machines).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered
critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Test the results:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -k check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The ver_test_pr16504.sh test is known to fail.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-binutils" name=
"contents-binutils"></a>6.18.2. Contents of Binutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">addr2line, ar, as, c++filt, dwp,
elfedit, gprof, ld, ld.bfd, ld.gold, nm, objcopy,
objdump, ranlib, readelf, size, strings, and strip</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libbfd.{a,so} and
libopcodes.{a,so}</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/ldscripts</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928507936" name=
"idm46504928507936"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="addr2line" name="addr2line"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>addr2line</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates program addresses to file names and line
numbers; given an address and the name of an
executable, it uses the debugging information in
the executable to determine which source file and
line number are associated with the address
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ar" name="ar"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ar</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="as" name="as"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>as</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An assembler that assembles the output of
<span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>
into object files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="c-filt" name="c-filt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>c++filt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java
symbols and to keep overloaded functions from
clashing
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dwp" name="dwp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dwp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The DWARF packaging utility
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="elfedit" name="elfedit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>elfedit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates the ELF header of ELF files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gprof" name="gprof"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gprof</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays call graph profile data
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ld" name="ld"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ld</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A linker that combines a number of object and
archive files into a single file, relocating their
data and tying up symbol references
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ld.gold" name="ld.gold"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ld.gold</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A cut down version of ld that only supports the elf
object file format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ld.bfd" name="ld.bfd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ld.bfd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Hard link to <span class=
"command"><strong>ld</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nm" name="nm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="objcopy" name="objcopy"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>objcopy</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates one type of object file into another
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="objdump" name="objdump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>objdump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays information about the given object file,
with options controlling the particular information
to display; the information shown is useful to
programmers who are working on the compilation
tools
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ranlib" name="ranlib"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates an index of the contents of an archive
and stores it in the archive; the index lists all
of the symbols defined by archive members that are
relocatable object files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="readelf" name="readelf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>readelf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays information about ELF type binaries
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="size" name="size"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>size</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the section sizes and the total size for the
given object files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="strings" name="strings"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>strings</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of
printable characters that are of at least the
specified length (defaulting to four); for object
files, it prints, by default, only the strings from
the initializing and loading sections while for
other types of files, it scans the entire file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="strip" name="strip"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>strip</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Discards symbols from object files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libbfd" name="libbfd"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libbfd</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Binary File Descriptor library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libctf" name="libctf"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libctf</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Compat ANSI-C Type Format debugging support
library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libctf-nobfd" name=
"libctf-nobfd"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libctf-nobfd</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A libctf variant which does not use libbfd
functionality
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libopcodes" name=
"libopcodes"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libopcodes</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A library for dealing with opcodes&mdash;the
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">readable text</span>&rdquo;</span> versions
of instructions for the processor; it is used for
building utilities like <span class=
"command"><strong>objdump</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gmp" name=
"ch-system-gmp"></a>6.19.&nbsp;GMP-6.2.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful
functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">51 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.19.1. Installation of GMP
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If you are building for 32-bit x86, but you have a CPU
which is capable of running 64-bit code <span class=
"emphasis"><em>and</em></span> you have specified
<code class="envar">CFLAGS</code> in the environment, the
configure script will attempt to configure for 64-bits and
fail. Avoid this by invoking the configure command below
with
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command"><em class=
"parameter"><code>ABI=32</code></em> ./configure ...</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for
the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors
less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic
libraries can be created by running the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -v configfsf.guess config.guess
cp -v configfsf.sub config.sub</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Prepare GMP for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-cxx \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-cxx</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter enables C++ support
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This variable specifies the correct place for the
documentation.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make
make html</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
The test suite for GMP in this section is considered
critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Test the results:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee gmp-check-log</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
The code in gmp is highly optimized for the processor where
it is built. Occasionally, the code that detects the
processor misidentifies the system capabilities and there
will be errors in the tests or other applications using the
gmp libraries with the message "Illegal instruction". In
this case, gmp should be reconfigured with the option
--build=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu and rebuilt.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Ensure that all 190 tests in the test suite passed. Check the
results by issuing the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">awk '/# PASS:/{total+=$3} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and its documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
make install-html</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gmp" name="contents-gmp"></a>6.19.2. Contents
of GMP
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libgmp.so and libgmpxx.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928369840" name=
"idm46504928369840"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgmp" name="libgmp"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgmp</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains precision math functions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgmpxx" name="libgmpxx"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libgmpxx</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains C++ precision math functions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-mpfr" name=
"ch-system-mpfr"></a>6.20.&nbsp;MPFR-4.0.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision
math.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">37 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.20.1. Installation of MPFR
</h3>
<p>
Prepare MPFR for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--enable-thread-safe \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.0.2</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make
make html</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
The test suite for MPFR in this section is considered
critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Test the results and ensure that all tests passed:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and its documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
make install-html</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-mpfr" name="contents-mpfr"></a>6.20.2.
Contents of MPFR
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libmpfr.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.0.2</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928335776" name=
"idm46504928335776"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmpfr" name="libmpfr"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libmpfr</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains multiple-precision math functions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-mpc" name=
"ch-system-mpc"></a>6.21.&nbsp;MPC-1.1.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of
complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct
rounding of the result.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">22 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.21.1. Installation of MPC
</h3>
<p>
Prepare MPC for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.1.0</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make
make html</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and its documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
make install-html</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-mpc" name="contents-mpc"></a>6.21.2. Contents
of MPC
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libmpc.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.1.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928307232" name=
"idm46504928307232"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmpc" name="libmpc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libmpc</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains complex math functions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-attr" name=
"ch-system-attr"></a>6.22.&nbsp;Attr-2.4.48
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The attr package contains utilities to administer the
extended attributes on filesystem objects.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.2 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.22.1. Installation of Attr
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Attr for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--disable-static \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/attr-2.4.48</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports
extended attributes such as the ext2, ext3, or ext4
filesystems. To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The shared library needs to be moved to <code class=
"filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class=
"filename">.so</code> file in <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libattr.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libattr.so) /usr/lib/libattr.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-attr" name="contents-attr"></a>6.22.2.
Contents of Attr
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">attr, getfattr, and setfattr</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libattr.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/attr and
/usr/share/doc/attr-2.4.48</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928272512" name=
"idm46504928272512"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="attr" name="attr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>attr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Extends attributes on filesystem objects
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getfattr" name="getfattr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getfattr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Gets the extended attributes of filesystem objects
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setfattr" name="setfattr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setfattr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the extended attributes of filesystem objects
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libattr" name="libattr"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libattr</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains the library functions for manipulating
extended attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-acl" name=
"ch-system-acl"></a>6.23.&nbsp;Acl-2.2.53
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access
Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained
discretionary access rights for files and directories.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">6.4 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.23.1. Installation of Acl
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Acl for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--disable-static \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.53</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The Acl tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports
access controls after <span class=
"application">Coreutils</span> has been built with the Acl
libraries. If desired, return to this package and run
<span class="command"><strong>make check</strong></span>
after <span class="application">Coreutils</span> has been
built later in this chapter.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The shared library needs to be moved to <code class=
"filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class=
"filename">.so</code> file in <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libacl.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libacl.so) /usr/lib/libacl.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-acl" name="contents-acl"></a>6.23.2. Contents
of Acl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">chacl, getfacl, and setfacl</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libacl.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/acl and
/usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.53</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928223984" name=
"idm46504928223984"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chacl" name="chacl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chacl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the access control list of a file or
directory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getfacl" name="getfacl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getfacl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Gets file access control lists
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setfacl" name="setfacl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setfacl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets file access control lists
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libacl" name="libacl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libacl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains the library functions for manipulating
Access Control Lists
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-shadow" name=
"ch-system-shadow"></a>6.24.&nbsp;Shadow-4.8.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords
in a secure way.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">46 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.24.1. Installation of Shadow
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
refer to <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/cracklib.html">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/cracklib.html</a>
for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
<em class="parameter"><code>--with-libcrack</code></em> to
the <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>
command below.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Disable the installation of the <span class=
"command"><strong>groups</strong></span> program and its man
pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also, prevent
the installation of manual pages that were already installed
in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-man-pages" title=
"6.8.&nbsp;Man-pages-5.05">Section&nbsp;6.8,
&ldquo;Man-pages-5.05&rdquo;</a>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \;
find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
<a id="shadow-login_defs" name=
"shadow-login_defs"></a>Instead of using the default
<span class="emphasis"><em>crypt</em></span> method, use the
more secure <span class="emphasis"><em>SHA-512</em></span>
method of password encryption, which also allows passwords
longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
obsolete <code class="filename">/var/spool/mail</code>
location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to
the <code class="filename">/var/mail</code> location used
currently:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the
following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Make a minor change to make the first group number generated
by useradd 1000:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Shadow for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-group-name-max-length=32</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the
maximum group name the same.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-shadow" name="conf-shadow"></a>6.24.2.
Configuring Shadow
</h3>
<p>
This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete
users and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform
other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what
<span class="emphasis"><em>password shadowing</em></span>
means, see the <code class="filename">doc/HOWTO</code> file
within the unpacked source tree. If using Shadow support,
keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords
(display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be
Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
shadowed passwords.
</p>
<p>
To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pwconv</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To enable shadowed group passwords, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grpconv</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Shadow's stock configuration for the <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility has a few
caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action
for the <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>
utility is to create the user and a group of the same name as
the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID)
numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass
parameters to <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, each user will be
a member of a unique group on the system. If this behavior is
undesirable, you'll need to pass the <em class=
"parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter to <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>. The default
parameters are stored in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> file. You may need to
modify two parameters in this file to suit your particular
needs.
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong><code class="filename">/etc/default/useradd</code>
Parameter Explanations</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>GROUP=1000</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers
used in the /etc/group file. You can modify it to
anything you desire. Note that <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will never
reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this
parameter is used, it will use the next available
number after this. Note also that if you don't have a
group 1000 on your system the first time you use
<span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>
without the <em class="parameter"><code>-g</code></em>
parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the
terminal that says: <code class=
"computeroutput">useradd: unknown GID 1000</code>. You
may disregard this message and group number 1000 will
be used.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter causes <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> to create a
mailbox file for the newly created user. <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will make the
group ownership of this file to the <code class=
"systemitem">mail</code> group with 0660 permissions.
If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not
created by <span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, issue the
following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</kbd>
</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.24.3. Setting the root password
</h3>
<p>
Choose a password for user <span class=
"emphasis"><em>root</em></span> and set it by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">passwd root</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-shadow" name="contents-shadow"></a>6.24.4.
Contents of Shadow
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd,
chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel,
groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog,
login, logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers,
nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to
newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to
vipw), and vipw</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/default</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504928132640" name=
"idm46504928132640"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chage" name="chage"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chage</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to change the maximum number of days between
obligatory password changes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chfn" name="chfn"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chfn</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to change a user's full name and other
information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chgpasswd" name="chgpasswd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chgpasswd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to update group passwords in batch mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chpasswd" name="chpasswd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chpasswd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to update user passwords in batch mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chsh" name="chsh"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chsh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to change a user's default login shell
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="expiry" name="expiry"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>expiry</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks and enforces the current password expiration
policy
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="faillog" name="faillog"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>faillog</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to examine the log of login failures, to
set a maximum number of failures before an account
is blocked, or to reset the failure count
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gpasswd" name="gpasswd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gpasswd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to add and delete members and
administrators to groups
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groupadd" name="groupadd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groupadd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a group with the given name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groupdel" name="groupdel"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groupdel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Deletes the group with the given name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groupmems" name="groupmems"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groupmems</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Allows a user to administer his/her own group
membership list without the requirement of super
user privileges.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groupmod" name="groupmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groupmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to modify the given group's name or GID
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grpck" name="grpck"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grpck</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Verifies the integrity of the group files
<code class="filename">/etc/group</code> and
<code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grpconv" name="grpconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grpconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates or updates the shadow group file from the
normal group file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grpunconv" name="grpunconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grpunconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates <code class="filename">/etc/group</code>
from <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> and
then deletes the latter
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lastlog" name="lastlog"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lastlog</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
given user
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="login" name="login"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>login</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used by the system to let users sign on
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="logoutd" name="logoutd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>logoutd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on
time and ports
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="newgidmap" name="newgidmap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>newgidmap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="newgrp" name="newgrp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>newgrp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to change the current GID during a login
session
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="newuidmap" name="newuidmap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>newuidmap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="newusers" name="newusers"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>newusers</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to create or update an entire series of
user accounts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nologin" name="nologin"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nologin</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays a message that an account is not
available; it is designed to be used as the default
shell for accounts that have been disabled
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="passwd" name="passwd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>passwd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to change the password for a user or group
account
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pwck" name="pwck"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pwck</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Verifies the integrity of the password files
<code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and
<code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pwconv" name="pwconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pwconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates or updates the shadow password file from
the normal password file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pwunconv" name="pwunconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pwunconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
from <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> and
then deletes the latter
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sg" name="sg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Executes a given command while the user's GID is
set to that of the given group
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="su" name="su"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>su</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="useradd" name="useradd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a new user with the given name, or updates
the default new-user information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="userdel" name="userdel"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>userdel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Deletes the given user account
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="usermod" name="usermod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>usermod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home
directory, etc.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vigr" name="vigr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vigr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code>
or <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vipw" name="vipw"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vipw</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code>
or <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gcc" name=
"ch-system-gcc"></a>6.25.&nbsp;GCC-9.2.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which
includes the C and C++ compilers.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">88 SBU (with tests)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.2 GB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.25.1. Installation of GCC
</h3>
<p>
If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for
64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">lib</span>&rdquo;</span>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in
x86_64)
sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
-i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
;;
esac</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
As in gcc-pass2, fix a problem introduced by Glibc-2.31:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -e '1161 s|^|//|' \
-i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_platform_limits_posix.cc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated
build directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare GCC for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">SED=sed \
../configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-languages=c,c++ \
--disable-multilib \
--disable-bootstrap \
--with-system-zlib</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note that for other languages, there are some prerequisites
that are not yet available. See the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/gcc.html">
BLFS Book</a> for instructions on how to build all of GCC's
supported languages.
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure
parameters:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">SED=sed</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Setting this environment variable prevents a hard-coded
path to /tools/bin/sed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-system-zlib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed
copy of the Zlib library, rather than its own internal
copy.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered
critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
</p>
</div>
<p>
One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust
the stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the
tests:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ulimit -s 32768</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Test the results as a non-privileged user, but do not stop at
errors:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .
su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../contrib/test_summary</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
For only the summaries, pipe the output through
<strong class="userinput"><code>grep -A7
Summ</code></strong>.
</p>
<p>
Results can be compared with those located at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/</a>
and <a class="ulink" href=
"https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/">https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/</a>.
</p>
<p>
Six tests related to get_time are known to fail. These are
apparently related to the en_HK locale.
</p>
<p>
Two tests named lookup.cc and reverse.cc in experimental/net
are known to fail in LFS chroot environment because they
require /etc/hosts and iana-etc.
</p>
<p>
Two tests named pr57193.c and pr90178.c are known to fail.
</p>
<p>
A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC
developers are usually aware of these issues, but have not
resolved them yet. Unless the test results are vastly
different from those at the above URL, it is safe to
continue.
</p>
<p>
Install the package and remove an unneeded directory:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
rm -rf /usr/lib/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/9.2.0/include-fixed/bits/</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The GCC build directory is owned by <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> now and the ownership of the
installed header directory (and its content) will be
incorrect. Change the ownership to <code class=
"systemitem">root</code> user and group:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -v -R root:root \
/usr/lib/gcc/*linux-gnu/9.2.0/include{,-fixed}</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Create a symlink required by the <a class="ulink" href=
"https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/ch03s09.html">
FHS</a> for "historical" reasons.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp /lib</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Many packages use the name <span class=
"command"><strong>cc</strong></span> to call the C compiler.
To satisfy those packages, create a symlink:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /usr/bin/cc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Add a compatibility symlink to enable building programs with
Link Time Optimization (LTO):
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -v -dm755 /usr/lib/bfd-plugins
ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/9.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \
/usr/lib/bfd-plugins/</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to
again ensure that compiling and linking will work as
expected. We do this by performing the same sanity checks as
we did earlier in the chapter:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &amp;&gt; dummy.log
readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
There should be no errors, and the output of the last command
will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in
dynamic linker name):
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code>
</pre>
<p>
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start
files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crtn.o succeeded</code>
</pre>
<p>
Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ
slightly, the difference usually being the name of the
directory after <code class="filename">/usr/lib/gcc</code>.
The important thing to look for here is that <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> has found all three
<code class="filename">crt*.o</code> files under the
<code class="filename">/usr/lib</code> directory.
</p>
<p>
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header
files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This command should return the following output:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">#include &lt;...&gt; search starts here:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/include
/usr/local/include
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/include-fixed
/usr/include</code>
</pre>
<p>
Again, note that the directory named after your target
triplet may be different than the above, depending on your
architecture.
</p>
<p>
Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the
correct search paths:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu'
should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last
command should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code>
</pre>
<p>
A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For
example, here is the output from an i686 machine:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code>
</pre>
<p>
Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code>
</pre>
<p>
Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The output of the last command should be (allowing for
platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code>
</pre>
<p>
If the output does not appear as shown above or is not
received at all, then something is seriously wrong.
Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the
problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that
something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any
issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the
process.
</p>
<p>
Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test
files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Finally, move a misplaced file:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gcc" name="contents-gcc"></a>6.25.2. Contents
of GCC
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">c++, cc (link to gcc), cpp, g++,
gcc, gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib, gcov, gcov-dump, and
gcov-tool</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libasan.{a,so}, libatomic.{a,so},
libcc1.so, libgcc.a, libgcc_eh.a, libgcc_s.so, libgcov.a,
libgomp.{a,so}, libitm.{a,so}, liblsan.{a,so},
liblto_plugin.so, libquadmath.{a,so}, libssp.{a,so},
libssp_nonshared.a, libstdc++.{a,so}, libstdc++fs.a,
libsupc++.a, libtsan.{a,so}, and libubsan.{a,so}</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/c++, /usr/lib/gcc,
/usr/libexec/gcc, and /usr/share/gcc-9.2.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927879424" name=
"idm46504927879424"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="c" name="c"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>c++</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C++ compiler
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cc" name="cc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C compiler
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cpp" name="cpp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cpp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to
expand the #include, #define, and similar
statements in the source files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="g" name="g"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>g++</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C++ compiler
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcc" name="gcc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C compiler
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcc-ar" name="gcc-ar"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcc-ar</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper around <span class=
"command"><strong>ar</strong></span> that adds a
plugin to the command line. This program is only
used to add "link time optimization" and is not
useful with the default build options
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcc-nm" name="gcc-nm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcc-nm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper around <span class=
"command"><strong>nm</strong></span> that adds a
plugin to the command line. This program is only
used to add "link time optimization" and is not
useful with the default build options
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcc-ranlib" name=
"gcc-ranlib"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcc-ranlib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper around <span class=
"command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span> that adds
a plugin to the command line. This program is only
used to add "link time optimization" and is not
useful with the default build options
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcov" name="gcov"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcov</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze
programs to determine where optimizations will have
the most effect
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcov-dump" name="gcov-dump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcov-dump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Offline gcda and gcno profile dump tool
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gcov-tool" name="gcov-tool"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gcov-tool</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Offline gcda profile processing tool
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libasan" name="libasan"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libasan</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Address Sanitizer runtime library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libatomic" name="libatomic"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libatomic</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GCC atomic built-in runtime library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcc1" name="libcc1"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libcc1</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The C preprocessing library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgcc" name="libgcc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgcc</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains run-time support for <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgcov" name="libgcov"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgcov</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
This library is linked in to a program when GCC is
instructed to enable profiling
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgomp" name="libgomp"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgomp</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for
multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming
in C/C++ and Fortran
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="liblsan" name="liblsan"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">liblsan</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Leak Sanitizer runtime library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="liblto_plugin" name=
"liblto_plugin"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">liblto_plugin</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GCC's Link Time Optimization (LTO) plugin allows
GCC to perform optimizations across compilation
units
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libquadmath" name=
"libquadmath"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libquadmath</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GCC Quad Precision Math Library API
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libssp" name="libssp"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libssp</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing
protection functionality
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libstdc" name="libstdc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libstdc++</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The standard C++ library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libstdcfs" name="libstdcfs"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libstdc++fs</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 Filesystem library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libsupc" name="libsupc"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libsupc++</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides supporting routines for the C++
programming language
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtsan" name="libtsan"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libtsan</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Thread Sanitizer runtime library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libubsan" name="libubsan"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libubsan</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Undefined Behavior Sanitizer runtime library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-pkgconfig" name=
"ch-system-pkgconfig"></a>6.26.&nbsp;Pkg-config-0.29.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the
include path and/or library paths to build tools during the
configure and make file execution.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">30 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.26.1. Installation of Pkg-config
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Pkg-config for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--with-internal-glib \
--disable-host-tool \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-internal-glib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This will allow pkg-config to use its internal version
of Glib because an external version is not available in
LFS.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-host-tool</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option disables the creation of an undesired hard
link to the pkg-config program.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-pkgconfig" name=
"contents-pkgconfig"></a>6.26.2. Contents of Pkg-config
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">pkg-config</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class=
"segbody">/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927731216" name=
"idm46504927731216"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pkgconfig" name="pkgconfig"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pkg-config</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Returns meta information for the specified library
or package
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-ncurses" name=
"ch-system-ncurses"></a>6.27.&nbsp;Ncurses-6.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Ncurses package contains libraries for
terminal-independent handling of character screens.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">43 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.27.1. Installation of Ncurses
</h3>
<p>
Don't install a static library that is not handled by
configure:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/LIBTOOL_INSTALL/d' c++/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--mandir=/usr/share/man \
--with-shared \
--without-debug \
--without-normal \
--enable-pc-files \
--enable-widec</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-widec</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g.,
<code class="filename">libncursesw.so.6.2</code>) to be
built instead of normal ones (e.g., <code class=
"filename">libncurses.so.6.2</code>). These
wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte
and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries
work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and
normal libraries are source-compatible, but not
binary-compatible.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-pc-files</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch generates and installs .pc files for
pkg-config.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--without-normal</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch disables building and installing most
static libraries.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after
the package has been installed. The tests reside in the
<code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the
<code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory
for further details.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Move the shared libraries to the <code class=
"filename">/lib</code> directory, where they are expected to
reside:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6* /lib</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Because the libraries have been moved, one symlink points to
a non-existent file. Recreate it:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libncursesw.so) /usr/lib/libncursesw.so</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Many applications still expect the linker to be able to find
non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications
into linking with wide-character libraries by means of
symlinks and linker scripts:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do
rm -vf /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" &gt; /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so
ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
done</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Finally, make sure that old applications that look for
<code class="filename">-lcurses</code> at build time are
still buildable:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -vf /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" &gt; /usr/lib/libcursesw.so
ln -sfv libncurses.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, install the Ncurses documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2
cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The instructions above don't create non-wide-character
Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling
from sources would link against them at runtime. However,
the only known binary-only applications that link against
non-wide-character Ncurses libraries require version 5. If
you must have such libraries because of some binary-only
application or to be compliant with LSB, build the package
again with the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make distclean
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--with-shared \
--without-normal \
--without-debug \
--without-cxx-binding \
--with-abi-version=5
make sources libs
cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-ncurses" name="contents-ncurses"></a>6.27.2.
Contents of Ncurses
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">captoinfo (link to tic), clear,
infocmp, infotocap (link to tic), ncursesw6-config, reset
(link to tset), tabs, tic, toe, tput, and tset</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libcursesw.so (symlink and linker
script to libncursesw.so), libformw.so, libmenuw.so,
libncursesw.so, libncurses++w.a, libpanelw.so, and their
non-wide-character counterparts without "w" in the
library names.</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/tabset,
/usr/share/terminfo, and
/usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927674752" name=
"idm46504927674752"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="captoinfo" name="captoinfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>captoinfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a termcap description into a terminfo
description
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="clear" name="clear"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>clear</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Clears the screen, if possible
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="infocmp" name="infocmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>infocmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares or prints out terminfo descriptions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="infotocap" name="infotocap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>infotocap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a terminfo description into a termcap
description
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ncursesw6-config" name=
"ncursesw6-config"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ncursesw6-config</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides configuration information for ncurses
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="reset" name="reset"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>reset</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reinitializes a terminal to its default values
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tabs" name="tabs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tabs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Clears and sets tab stops on a terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tic" name="tic"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tic</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The terminfo entry-description compiler that
translates a terminfo file from source format into
the binary format needed for the ncurses library
routines [A terminfo file contains information on
the capabilities of a certain terminal.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="toe" name="toe"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>toe</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists all available terminal types, giving the
primary name and description for each
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tput" name="tput"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tput</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes the values of terminal-dependent capabilities
available to the shell; it can also be used to
reset or initialize a terminal or report its long
name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tset" name="tset"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tset</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be used to initialize terminals
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcursesw" name=
"libcursesw"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libcursesw</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A link to <code class="filename">libncursesw</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libncursesw" name=
"libncursesw"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libncursesw</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to display text in many complex
ways on a terminal screen; a good example of the
use of these functions is the menu displayed during
the kernel's <span class="command"><strong>make
menuconfig</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libformw" name="libformw"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libformw</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to implement forms
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmenuw" name="libmenuw"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libmenuw</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to implement menus
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libpanelw" name="libpanelw"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libpanelw</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to implement panels
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-libcap" name=
"ch-system-libcap"></a>6.28.&nbsp;Libcap-2.31
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Libcap package implements the user-space interfaces to
the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels.
These capabilities are a partitioning of the all powerful
root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">8.5 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.28.1. Installation of Libcap
</h3>
<p>
Prevent two static libraries from being installed:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/install.*STA...LIBNAME/d' libcap/Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make lib=lib</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>lib=lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter sets the library directory to
<code class="filename">/lib</code> rather than
<code class="filename">/lib64</code> on x86_64. It has
no effect on x86.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make lib=lib install
chmod -v 755 /lib/libcap.so.2.31</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-libcap" name="contents-libcap"></a>6.28.2.
Contents of Libcap
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">capsh, getcap, getpcaps, and
setcap</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libcap.so and libpsx.a</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927573904" name=
"idm46504927573904"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="capsh" name="capsh"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>capsh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A shell wrapper to explore and constrain capability
support
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getcap" name="getcap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getcap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Examines file capabilities
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getpcaps" name="getpcaps"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getpcaps</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the capabilities on the queried
process(es)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setcap" name="setcap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setcap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets file capabilities
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcap" name="libcap"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libcap</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains the library functions for manipulating
POSIX 1003.1e capabilities
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libpsx" name="libpsx"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libpsx</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to support POSIX semantics for
syscalls associated with the pthread library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-sed" name=
"ch-system-sed"></a>6.29.&nbsp;Sed-4.8
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">34 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.29.1. Installation of Sed
</h3>
<p>
First fix an issue in the LFS environment and remove a
failing test:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/usr/tools/' build-aux/help2man
sed -i 's/testsuite.panic-tests.sh//' Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Sed for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make
make html</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and its documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
install -d -m755 /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8
install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-sed" name="contents-sed"></a>6.29.2. Contents
of Sed
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">sed</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/sed-4.8</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927520752" name=
"idm46504927520752"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sed" name="sed"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sed</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filters and transforms text files in a single pass
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-psmisc" name=
"ch-system-psmisc"></a>6.30.&nbsp;Psmisc-23.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying
information about running processes.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.6 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.30.1. Installation of Psmisc
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Psmisc for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Finally, move the <span class=
"command"><strong>killall</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>fuser</strong></span> programs to the
location specified by the FHS:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/fuser /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/killall /bin</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-psmisc" name="contents-psmisc"></a>6.30.2.
Contents of Psmisc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">fuser, killall, peekfd, prtstat,
pslog, pstree, and pstree.x11 (link to pstree)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927491456" name=
"idm46504927491456"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fuser" name="fuser"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fuser</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the Process IDs (PIDs) of processes that
use the given files or file systems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="killall" name="killall"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>killall</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Kills processes by name; it sends a signal to all
processes running any of the given commands
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="peekfd" name="peekfd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>peekfd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peek at file descriptors of a running process,
given its PID
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="prtstat" name="prtstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>prtstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints information about a process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pslog" name="pslog"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pslog</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports current logs path of a process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pstree" name="pstree"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pstree</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays running processes as a tree
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pstree.x11" name=
"pstree.x11"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pstree.x11</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Same as <span class=
"command"><strong>pstree</strong></span>, except
that it waits for confirmation before exiting
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-iana-etc" name=
"ch-system-iana-etc"></a>6.31.&nbsp;Iana-Etc-2.30
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and
protocols.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.3 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.31.1. Installation of Iana-Etc
</h3>
<p>
The following command converts the raw data provided by IANA
into the correct formats for the <code class=
"filename">/etc/protocols</code> and <code class=
"filename">/etc/services</code> data files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-iana-etc" name=
"contents-iana-etc"></a>6.31.2. Contents of Iana-Etc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/protocols and
/etc/services</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927438832" name=
"idm46504927438832"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="protocols" name="protocols"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/etc/protocols</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Describes the various DARPA Internet protocols that
are available from the TCP/IP subsystem
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="services" name="services"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/etc/services</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides a mapping between friendly textual names
for internet services, and their underlying
assigned port numbers and protocol types
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-bison" name=
"ch-system-bison"></a>6.32.&nbsp;Bison-3.5.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">43 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.32.1. Installation of Bison
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Bison for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.5.2</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
There is a circular dependency between bison and flex with
regard to the checks. If desired, after installing flex in
the next section, the bison package can be rebuilt and the
bison checks can be run with <span class=
"command"><strong>make check</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-bison" name="contents-bison"></a>6.32.2.
Contents of Bison
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bison and yacc</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">liby.a</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/bison</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927404672" name=
"idm46504927404672"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bison" name="bison"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bison</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates, from a series of rules, a program for
analyzing the structure of text files; Bison is a
replacement for Yacc (Yet Another Compiler
Compiler)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="yacc" name="yacc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>yacc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper for <span class=
"command"><strong>bison</strong></span>, meant for
programs that still call <span class=
"command"><strong>yacc</strong></span> instead of
<span class=
"command"><strong>bison</strong></span>; it calls
<span class="command"><strong>bison</strong></span>
with the <em class="parameter"><code>-y</code></em>
option
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="liby" name="liby"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">liby</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Yacc library containing implementations of
Yacc-compatible <code class=
"function">yyerror</code> and <code class=
"function">main</code> functions; this library is
normally not very useful, but POSIX requires it
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-flex" name=
"ch-system-flex"></a>6.33.&nbsp;Flex-2.6.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs
that recognize patterns in text.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">36 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.33.1. Installation of Flex
</h3>
<p>
First, fix a problem introduced with glibc-2.26:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i "/math.h/a #include &lt;malloc.h&gt;" src/flexdef.h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The build procedure assumes the <span class=
"application">help2man</span> program is available to create
a man page from the executable --help option. This is not
present, so we use an environment variable to skip this
process. Now, prepare Flex for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">HELP2MAN=/tools/bin/true \
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
A few programs do not know about <span class=
"command"><strong>flex</strong></span> yet and try to run its
predecessor, <span class=
"command"><strong>lex</strong></span>. To support those
programs, create a symbolic link named <code class=
"filename">lex</code> that runs <code class=
"filename">flex</code> in <span class=
"command"><strong>lex</strong></span> emulation mode:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv flex /usr/bin/lex</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-flex" name="contents-flex"></a>6.33.2.
Contents of Flex
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">flex, flex++ (link to flex), and
lex (link to flex)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libfl.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927353168" name=
"idm46504927353168"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="flex" name="flex"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>flex</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A tool for generating programs that recognize
patterns in text; it allows for the versatility to
specify the rules for pattern-finding, eradicating
the need to develop a specialized program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="flexpp" name="flexpp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>flex++</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An extension of flex, is used for generating C++
code and classes. It is a symbolic link to
<span class="command"><strong>flex</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lex" name="lex"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lex</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link that runs <span class=
"command"><strong>flex</strong></span> in
<span class="command"><strong>lex</strong></span>
emulation mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libfl" name="libfl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libfl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The <code class="filename">flex</code> library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-grep" name=
"ch-system-grep"></a>6.34.&nbsp;Grep-3.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Grep package contains programs for searching through
files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">39 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.34.1. Installation of Grep
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Grep for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-grep" name="contents-grep"></a>6.34.2.
Contents of Grep
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">egrep, fgrep, and grep</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927309584" name=
"idm46504927309584"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="egrep" name="egrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>egrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints lines matching an extended regular
expression
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fgrep" name="fgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints lines matching a list of fixed strings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grep" name="grep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints lines matching a basic regular expression
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-bash" name=
"ch-system-bash"></a>6.35.&nbsp;Bash-5.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.9 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">62 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.35.1. Installation of Bash
</h3>
<p>
Incorporate some upstream fixes:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Bash for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-5.0 \
--without-bash-malloc \
--with-installed-readline</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-installed-readline</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option tells Bash to use the <code class=
"filename">readline</code> library that is already
installed on the system rather than using its own
readline version.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Skip down to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">Install the package</span>&rdquo;</span> if not
running the test suite.
</p>
<p>
To prepare the tests, ensure that the <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> user can write to the sources
tree:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now, run the tests as the <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> user:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH HOME=/home make tests"</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and move the main executable to
<code class="filename">/bin</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
mv -vf /usr/bin/bash /bin</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Run the newly compiled <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program (replacing the
one that is currently being executed):
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">exec /bin/bash --login +h</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The parameters used make the <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> process an
interactive login shell and continue to disable hashing so
that new programs are found as they become available.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-bash" name="contents-bash"></a>6.35.2.
Contents of Bash
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bash, bashbug, and sh (link to
bash)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/bash, /usr/lib/bash,
and /usr/share/doc/bash-5.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927256640" name=
"idm46504927256640"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bash" name="bash"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A widely-used command interpreter; it performs many
types of expansions and substitutions on a given
command line before executing it, thus making this
interpreter a powerful tool
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bashbug" name="bashbug"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bashbug</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A shell script to help the user compose and mail
standard formatted bug reports concerning
<span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sh" name="sh"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symlink to the <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program;
when invoked as <span class=
"command"><strong>sh</strong></span>, <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> tries to
mimic the startup behavior of historical versions
of <span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span>
as closely as possible, while conforming to the
POSIX standard as well
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-libtool" name=
"ch-system-libtool"></a>6.36.&nbsp;Libtool-2.4.6
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support
script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in
a consistent, portable interface.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.8 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">43 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.36.1. Installation of Libtool
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Libtool for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The test time for libtool can be reduced significantly on a
system with multiple cores. To do this, append <span class=
"command"><strong>TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j&lt;N&gt;</strong></span>
to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the
test time by over 60 percent.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Five tests are known to fail in the LFS build environment due
to a circular dependency, but all tests pass if rechecked
after automake is installed.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-libtool" name="contents-libtool"></a>6.36.2.
Contents of Libtool
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libtool and libtoolize</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libltdl.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/libltdl and
/usr/share/libtool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927212912" name=
"idm46504927212912"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtool" name="libtool"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>libtool</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides generalized library-building support
services
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtoolize" name=
"libtoolize"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides a standard way to add <span class=
"command"><strong>libtool</strong></span> support
to a package
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libltdl" name="libltdl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libltdl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Hides the various difficulties of dlopening
libraries
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gdbm" name=
"ch-system-gdbm"></a>6.37.&nbsp;GDBM-1.18.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a
library of database functions that use extensible hashing and
work similar to the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides
primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and
retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with
its data.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">11 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.37.1. Installation of GDBM
</h3>
<p>
Prepare GDBM for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--enable-libgdbm-compat</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">--enable-libgdbm-compat</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch enables the libgdbm compatibility library
to be built, as some packages outside of LFS may
require the older DBM routines it provides.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gdbm" name="contents-gdbm"></a>6.37.2.
Contents of GDBM
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">gdbm_dump, gdbm_load, and
gdbmtool</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libgdbm.so and
libgdbm_compat.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927171808" name=
"idm46504927171808"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gdbm_dump" name="gdbm_dump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gdbm_dump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps a GDBM database to a file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gdbm_load" name="gdbm_load"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gdbm_load</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Recreates a GDBM database from a dump file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gdbmtool" name="gdbmtool"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gdbmtool</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tests and modifies a GDBM database
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgdbm" name="libgdbm"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgdbm</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions to manipulate a hashed database
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgdbm_compat" name=
"libgdbm_compat"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libgdbm_compat</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compatibility library containing older DBM
functions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gperf" name=
"ch-system-gperf"></a>6.38.&nbsp;Gperf-3.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Gperf generates a perfect hash function from a key set.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">6.3 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.38.1. Installation of Gperf
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Gperf for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The tests are known to fail if running multiple simultaneous
tests (-j option greater than 1). To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -j1 check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gperf" name="contents-gperf"></a>6.38.2.
Contents of Gperf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">gperf</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927125552" name=
"idm46504927125552"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gperf" name="gperf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gperf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates a perfect hash from a key set
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-expat" name=
"ch-system-expat"></a>6.39.&nbsp;Expat-2.2.9
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Expat package contains a stream oriented C library for
parsing XML.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">11 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.39.1. Installation of Expat
</h3>
<p>
First fix a problem with the regression tests in the LFS
environment:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's|usr/bin/env |bin/|' run.sh.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Expat for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, install the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,png,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-expat" name="contents-expat"></a>6.39.2.
Contents of Expat
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">xmlwf</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libexpat.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927092784" name=
"idm46504927092784"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xmlwf" name="xmlwf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xmlwf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a non-validating utility to check whether or not
XML documents are well formed
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libexpat" name="libexpat"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libexpat</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains API functions for parsing XML
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-inetutils" name=
"ch-system-inetutils"></a>6.40.&nbsp;Inetutils-1.9.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">29 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.40.1. Installation of Inetutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Inetutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--localstatedir=/var \
--disable-logger \
--disable-whois \
--disable-rcp \
--disable-rexec \
--disable-rlogin \
--disable-rsh \
--disable-servers</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-logger</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option prevents Inetutils from installing the
<span class="command"><strong>logger</strong></span>
program, which is used by scripts to pass messages to
the System Log Daemon. Do not install it because
Util-linux installs a more recent version.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-whois</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option disables the building of the Inetutils
<span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span>
client, which is out of date. Instructions for a better
<span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span>
client are in the BLFS book.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-r*</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These parameters disable building obsolete programs
that should not be used due to security issues. The
functions provided by these programs can be provided by
the <span class="application">openssh</span> package in
the BLFS book.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-servers</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This disables the installation of the various network
servers included as part of the Inetutils package.
These servers are deemed not appropriate in a basic LFS
system. Some are insecure by nature and are only
considered safe on trusted networks. Note that better
replacements are available for many of these servers.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
One test, libls.sh, may fail in the initial chroot
environment but will pass if the test is rerun after the
LFS system is complete. One test, ping-localhost.sh, will
fail if the host system does not have ipv6 capability.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Move some programs so they are available if <code class=
"filename">/usr</code> is not accessible:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{hostname,ping,ping6,traceroute} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/ifconfig /sbin</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-inetutils" name=
"contents-inetutils"></a>6.40.2. Contents of Inetutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">dnsdomainname, ftp, ifconfig,
hostname, ping, ping6, talk, telnet, tftp, and
traceroute</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504927044208" name=
"idm46504927044208"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dnsdomainname" name=
"dnsdomainname"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dnsdomainname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Show the system's DNS domain name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ftp" name="ftp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ftp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is the file transfer protocol program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="hostname" name="hostname"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>hostname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports or sets the name of the host
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifconfig" name="ifconfig"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifconfig</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Manages network interfaces
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ping" name="ping"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ping</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sends echo-request packets and reports how long the
replies take
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ping6" name="ping6"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ping6</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A version of <span class=
"command"><strong>ping</strong></span> for IPv6
networks
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="talk" name="talk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>talk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to chat with another user
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="telnet" name="telnet"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>telnet</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An interface to the TELNET protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tftp" name="tftp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tftp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A trivial file transfer program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="traceroute" name=
"traceroute"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>traceroute</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Traces the route your packets take from the host
you are working on to another host on a network,
showing all the intermediate hops (gateways) along
the way
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-perl" name=
"ch-system-perl"></a>6.41.&nbsp;Perl-5.30.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report
Language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">9.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">272 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.41.1. Installation of Perl
</h3>
<p>
First create a basic <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>
file to be referenced in one of Perl's configuration files as
well as the optional test suite:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" &gt; /etc/hosts</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib and
Compress::Raw::BZip2 modules. By default Perl will use an
internal copy of the sources for the build. Issue the
following command so that Perl will use the libraries
installed on the system:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">export BUILD_ZLIB=False
export BUILD_BZIP2=0</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can
remove the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">-des</span>&rdquo;</span> options from the following
command and hand-pick the way this package is built.
Alternatively, use the command exactly as below to use the
defaults that Perl auto-detects:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr \
-Dvendorprefix=/usr \
-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \
-Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \
-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR" \
-Duseshrplib \
-Dusethreads</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Dvendorprefix=/usr</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures <span class=
"command"><strong>perl</strong></span> knows how to
tell packages where they should install their perl
modules.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Dpager="/usr/bin/less
-isR"</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This ensures that <strong class=
"userinput"><code>less</code></strong> is used instead
of <strong class=
"userinput"><code>more</code></strong>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1
-Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Since Groff is not installed yet, <span class=
"command"><strong>Configure</strong></span> thinks that
we do not want man pages for Perl. Issuing these
parameters overrides this decision.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Duseshrplib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Build a shared libperl needed by some perl modules.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>-Dusethreads</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Build perl with support for threads.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results (approximately 11 SBU), issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package and clean up:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-perl" name="contents-perl"></a>6.41.2.
Contents of Perl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">corelist, cpan, enc2xs, encguess,
h2ph, h2xs, instmodsh, json_pp, libnetcfg, perl,
perl5.30.1 (hard link to perl), perlbug, perldoc,
perlivp, perlthanks (hard link to perlbug), piconv,
pl2pm, pod2html, pod2man, pod2text, pod2usage,
podchecker, podselect, prove, ptar, ptardiff, ptargrep,
shasum, splain, xsubpp, and zipdetails</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Many which cannot all be listed
here</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/perl5</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926954080" name=
"idm46504926954080"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="corelist" name="corelist"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>corelist</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A commandline frontend to Module::CoreList
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cpan" name="cpan"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cpan</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Interact with the Comprehensive Perl Archive
Network (CPAN) from the command line
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="enc2xs" name="enc2xs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>enc2xs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Builds a Perl extension for the Encode module from
either Unicode Character Mappings or Tcl Encoding
Files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="encguess" name="encguess"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>encguess</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Guess the encoding type of one or several files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="h2ph" name="h2ph"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>h2ph</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header
files to <code class="filename">.ph</code> Perl
header files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="h2xs" name="h2xs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>h2xs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header
files to Perl extensions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="instmodsh" name="instmodsh"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>instmodsh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shell script for examining installed Perl modules,
and can create a tarball from an installed module
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="json_pp" name="json_pp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>json_pp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts data between certain input and output
formats
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libnetcfg" name="libnetcfg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>libnetcfg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be used to configure the <code class=
"filename">libnet</code> Perl module
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perl" name="perl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Combines some of the best features of C,
<span class="command"><strong>sed</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>awk</strong></span>
and <span class=
"command"><strong>sh</strong></span> into a single
swiss-army language
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perl-version" name=
"perl-version"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perl5.30.1</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A hard link to <span class=
"command"><strong>perl</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perlbug" name="perlbug"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perlbug</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to generate bug reports about Perl, or the
modules that come with it, and mail them
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perldoc" name="perldoc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perldoc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays a piece of documentation in pod format
that is embedded in the Perl installation tree or
in a Perl script
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perlivp" name="perlivp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perlivp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Perl Installation Verification Procedure; it
can be used to verify that Perl and its libraries
have been installed correctly
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="perlthanks" name=
"perlthanks"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>perlthanks</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to generate thank you messages to mail to the
Perl developers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="piconv" name="piconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>piconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A Perl version of the character encoding converter
<span class="command"><strong>iconv</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pl2pm" name="pl2pm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pl2pm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A rough tool for converting Perl4 <code class=
"filename">.pl</code> files to Perl5 <code class=
"filename">.pm</code> modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pod2html" name="pod2html"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pod2html</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts files from pod format to HTML format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pod2man" name="pod2man"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pod2man</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts pod data to formatted *roff input
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pod2text" name="pod2text"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pod2text</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pod2usage" name="pod2usage"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pod2usage</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints usage messages from embedded pod docs in
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="podchecker" name=
"podchecker"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>podchecker</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks the syntax of pod format documentation files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="podselect" name="podselect"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>podselect</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays selected sections of pod documentation
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="prove" name="prove"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>prove</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Command line tool for running tests against the
Test::Harness module
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ptar" name="ptar"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ptar</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <span class=
"command"><strong>tar</strong></span>-like program
written in Perl
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ptardiff" name="ptardiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ptardiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A Perl program that compares an extracted archive
with an unextracted one
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ptargrep" name="ptargrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ptargrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A Perl program that applies pattern matching to the
contents of files in a tar archive
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="shasum" name="shasum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>shasum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks SHA checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="splain" name="splain"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>splain</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to force verbose warning diagnostics in
Perl
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xsubpp" name="xsubpp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xsubpp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts Perl XS code into C code
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zipdetails" name=
"zipdetails"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zipdetails</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays details about the internal structure of a
Zip file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-xml-parser" name=
"ch-system-xml-parser"></a>6.42.&nbsp;XML::Parser-2.46
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The XML::Parser module is a Perl interface to James Clark's
XML parser, Expat.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.4 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.42.1. Installation of XML::Parser
</h3>
<p>
Prepare XML::Parser for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">perl Makefile.PL</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-xml-parser" name=
"contents-xml-parser"></a>6.42.2. Contents of XML::Parser
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed module:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Expat.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926784032" name=
"idm46504926784032"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="Expat" name="Expat"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">Expat</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
provides the Perl Expat interface
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-intltool" name=
"ch-system-intltool"></a>6.43.&nbsp;Intltool-0.51.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Intltool is an internationalization tool used for
extracting translatable strings from source files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.5 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.43.1. Installation of Intltool
</h3>
<p>
First fix a warning that is caused by perl-5.22 and later:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Intltool for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-intltool" name=
"contents-intltool"></a>6.43.2. Contents of Intltool
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">intltool-extract, intltool-merge,
intltool-prepare, intltool-update, and intltoolize</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0 and
/usr/share/intltool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926753376" name=
"idm46504926753376"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="intltoolize" name=
"intltoolize"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>intltoolize</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prepares a package to use intltool
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="intltool-extract" name=
"intltool-extract"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>intltool-extract</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates header files that can be read by
<span class=
"command"><strong>gettext</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="intltool-merge" name=
"intltool-merge"></a><span class=
"term"><span class="command"><strong>intltool-merge</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Merges translated strings into various file types
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="intltool-prepare" name=
"intltool-prepare"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>intltool-prepare</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates pot files and merges them with translation
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="intltool-update" name=
"intltool-update"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>intltool-update</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates the po template files and merges them with
the translations
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-autoconf" name=
"ch-system-autoconf"></a>6.44.&nbsp;Autoconf-2.69
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell
scripts that can automatically configure source code.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU (about 3.2 SBU
with tests)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">79 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.44.1. Installation of Autoconf
</h3>
<p>
First, fix a bug generated by Perl 5.28.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed '361 s/{/\\{/' -i bin/autoscan.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Autoconf for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The test suite is currently broken by bash-5 and
libtool-2.4.3. To run the tests anyway, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-autoconf" name=
"contents-autoconf"></a>6.44.2. Contents of Autoconf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">autoconf, autoheader, autom4te,
autoreconf, autoscan, autoupdate, and ifnames</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/autoconf</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926703776" name=
"idm46504926703776"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autoconf" name="autoconf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Produces shell scripts that automatically configure
software source code packages to adapt to many
kinds of Unix-like systems; the configuration
scripts it produces are independent&mdash;running
them does not require the <span class=
"command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autoheader" name=
"autoheader"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A tool for creating template files of C
<span class="emphasis"><em>#define</em></span>
statements for configure to use
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autom4te" name="autom4te"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autom4te</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A wrapper for the M4 macro processor
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autoreconf" name=
"autoreconf"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoreconf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Automatically runs <span class=
"command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>automake</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span>, and
<span class=
"command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span> in the
correct order to save time when changes are made to
<span class=
"command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> and
<span class=
"command"><strong>automake</strong></span> template
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autoscan" name="autoscan"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Helps to create a <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> file for a software
package; it examines the source files in a
directory tree, searching them for common
portability issues, and creates a <code class=
"filename">configure.scan</code> file that serves
as as a preliminary <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> file for the package
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autoupdate" name=
"autoupdate"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoupdate</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Modifies a <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> file that still
calls <span class=
"command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> macros
by their old names to use the current macro names
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifnames" name="ifnames"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifnames</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Helps when writing <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> files for a software
package; it prints the identifiers that the package
uses in C preprocessor conditionals [If a package
has already been set up to have some portability,
this program can help determine what <span class=
"command"><strong>configure</strong></span> needs
to check for. It can also fill in gaps in a
<code class="filename">configure.in</code> file
generated by <span class=
"command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span>.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-automake" name=
"ch-system-automake"></a>6.45.&nbsp;Automake-1.16.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Automake package contains programs for generating
Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU (about 8.1 SBU
with tests)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">107 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.45.1. Installation of Automake
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Automake for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.16.1</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Using the -j4 make option speeds up the tests, even on
systems with only one processor, due to internal delays in
individual tests. To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -j4 check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
One test is known to fail in the LFS environment: subobj.sh.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-automake" name=
"contents-automake"></a>6.45.2. Contents of Automake
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">aclocal, aclocal-1.16 (hard linked
with aclocal), automake, and automake-1.16 (hard linked
with automake)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/aclocal-1.16,
/usr/share/automake-1.16, and
/usr/share/doc/automake-1.16.1</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926632432" name=
"idm46504926632432"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="aclocal" name="aclocal"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates <code class="filename">aclocal.m4</code>
files based on the contents of <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="aclocalversion" name=
"aclocalversion"></a><span class=
"term"><span class="command"><strong>aclocal-1.16</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A hard link to <span class=
"command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="automake" name="automake"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>automake</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A tool for automatically generating <code class=
"filename">Makefile.in</code> files from
<code class="filename">Makefile.am</code> files [To
create all the <code class=
"filename">Makefile.in</code> files for a package,
run this program in the top-level directory. By
scanning the <code class=
"filename">configure.in</code> file, it
automatically finds each appropriate <code class=
"filename">Makefile.am</code> file and generates
the corresponding <code class=
"filename">Makefile.in</code> file.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="automake-version" name=
"automake-version"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>automake-1.16</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A hard link to <span class=
"command"><strong>automake</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-kmod" name=
"ch-system-kmod"></a>6.46.&nbsp;Kmod-26
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading
kernel modules
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">13 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.46.1. Installation of Kmod
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Kmod for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--with-rootlibdir=/lib \
--with-xz \
--with-zlib</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>--with-xz,
--with-zlib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These options enable Kmod to handle compressed kernel
modules.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-rootlibdir=/lib</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option ensures different library related files are
placed in the correct directories.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite that can be run
in the LFS chroot environment. At a minimum the git program
is required and several tests will not run outside of a git
repository.
</p>
<p>
Install the package, and create symlinks for compatibility
with Module-Init-Tools (the package that previously handled
Linux kernel modules):
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
for target in depmod insmod lsmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do
ln -sfv ../bin/kmod /sbin/$target
done
ln -sfv kmod /bin/lsmod</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-kmod" name="contents-kmod"></a>6.46.2.
Contents of Kmod
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">depmod (link to kmod), insmod (link
to kmod), kmod, lsmod (link to kmod), modinfo (link to
kmod), modprobe (link to kmod), and rmmod (link to
kmod)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libkmod.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926579312" name=
"idm46504926579312"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="depmod" name="depmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>depmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a dependency file based on the symbols it
finds in the existing set of modules; this
dependency file is used by <span class=
"command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to
automatically load the required modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="insmod" name="insmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>insmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Installs a loadable module in the running kernel
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="kmod" name="kmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>kmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads and unloads kernel modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsmod" name="lsmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists currently loaded modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="modinfo" name="modinfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Examines an object file associated with a kernel
module and displays any information that it can
glean
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="modprobe" name="modprobe"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Uses a dependency file, created by <span class=
"command"><strong>depmod</strong></span>, to
automatically load relevant modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rmmod" name="rmmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rmmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Unloads modules from the running kernel
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libkmod" name="libkmod"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libkmod</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
This library is used by other programs to load and
unload kernel modules
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gettext" name=
"ch-system-gettext"></a>6.47.&nbsp;Gettext-0.20.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gettext package contains utilities for
internationalization and localization. These allow programs
to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling
them to output messages in the user's native language.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">249 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.47.1. Installation of Gettext
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Gettext for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--disable-static \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.20.1</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs),
issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gettext" name="contents-gettext"></a>6.47.2.
Contents of Gettext
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">autopoint, envsubst, gettext,
gettext.sh, gettextize, msgattrib, msgcat, msgcmp,
msgcomm, msgconv, msgen, msgexec, msgfilter, msgfmt,
msggrep, msginit, msgmerge, msgunfmt, msguniq, ngettext,
recode-sr-latin, and xgettext</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libasprintf.so, libgettextlib.so,
libgettextpo.so, libgettextsrc.so, libtextstyle.so, and
preloadable_libintl.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/gettext,
/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.20.1, /usr/share/gettext, and
/usr/share/gettext-0.19.8</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926515040" name=
"idm46504926515040"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="autopoint" name="autopoint"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autopoint</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies standard Gettext infrastructure files into a
source package
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="envsubst" name="envsubst"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>envsubst</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Substitutes environment variables in shell format
strings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gettext" name="gettext"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gettext</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates a natural language message into the
user's language by looking up the translation in a
message catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gettext.sh" name=
"gettext.sh"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gettext.sh</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Primarily serves as a shell function library for
gettext
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gettextize" name=
"gettextize"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies all standard Gettext files into the given
top-level directory of a package to begin
internationalizing it
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgattrib" name="msgattrib"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filters the messages of a translation catalog
according to their attributes and manipulates the
attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgcat" name="msgcat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgcat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Concatenates and merges the given <code class=
"filename">.po</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgcmp" name="msgcmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares two <code class="filename">.po</code>
files to check that both contain the same set of
msgid strings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgcomm" name="msgcomm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Finds the messages that are common to the given
<code class="filename">.po</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgconv" name="msgconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a translation catalog to a different
character encoding
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgen" name="msgen"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgen</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates an English translation catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgexec" name="msgexec"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgexec</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Applies a command to all translations of a
translation catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgfilter" name="msgfilter"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgfilter</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Applies a filter to all translations of a
translation catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgfmt" name="msgfmt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates a binary message catalog from a
translation catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msggrep" name="msggrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msggrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that
match a given pattern or belong to some given
source files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msginit" name="msginit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msginit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a new <code class="filename">.po</code>
file, initializing the meta information with values
from the user's environment
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgmerge" name="msgmerge"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgmerge</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Combines two raw translations into a single file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msgunfmt" name="msgunfmt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msgunfmt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompiles a binary message catalog into raw
translation text
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="msguniq" name="msguniq"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>msguniq</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Unifies duplicate translations in a translation
catalog
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ngettext" name="ngettext"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ngettext</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays native language translations of a textual
message whose grammatical form depends on a number
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="recode-sr-latin" name=
"recode-sr-latin"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>recode-sr-latin</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Recodes Serbian text from Cyrillic to Latin script
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xgettext" name="xgettext"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xgettext</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Extracts the translatable message lines from the
given source files to make the first translation
template
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libasprintf" name=
"libasprintf"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libasprintf</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
defines the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>autosprintf</em></span> class, which
makes C formatted output routines usable in C++
programs, for use with the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>&lt;string&gt;</em></span> strings
and the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>&lt;iostream&gt;</em></span> streams
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgettextlib" name=
"libgettextlib"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libgettextlib</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
a private library containing common routines used
by the various Gettext programs; these are not
intended for general use
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgettextpo" name=
"libgettextpo"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libgettextpo</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to write specialized programs that process
<code class="filename">.po</code> files; this
library is used when the standard applications
shipped with Gettext (such as <span class=
"command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span>, and
<span class=
"command"><strong>msgen</strong></span>) will not
suffice
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libgettextsrc" name=
"libgettextsrc"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libgettextsrc</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A private library containing common routines used
by the various Gettext programs; these are not
intended for general use
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libtextstyle" name=
"libtextstyle"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libtextstyle</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Text styling library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="preloadable_libintl" name=
"preloadable_libintl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">preloadable_libintl</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A library, intended to be used by LD_PRELOAD that
assists <code class="filename">libintl</code> in
logging untranslated messages
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-libelf" name=
"ch-system-libelf"></a>6.48.&nbsp;Libelf from
Elfutils-0.178
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Libelf is a library for handling ELF (Executable and Linkable
Format) files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.9 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">124 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.48.1. Installation of Libelf
</h3>
<p>
Libelf is part of elfutils-0.178 package. Use the
elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2 as the source tarball.
</p>
<p>
Prepare Libelf for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-debuginfod</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
One test, run-elfclassify.sh, is known to fail.
</p>
<p>
Install only Libelf:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -C libelf install
install -vm644 config/libelf.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig
rm /usr/lib/libelf.a</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-elfutils" name=
"contents-elfutils"></a>6.48.2. Contents of Libelf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libelf.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/elfutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-libffi" name=
"ch-system-libffi"></a>6.49.&nbsp;Libffi-3.3
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Libffi library provides a portable, high level
programming interface to various calling conventions. This
allows a programmer to call any function specified by a call
interface description at run time.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.9 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">10 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.49.1. Installation of Libffi
</h3>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Similar to GMP, libffi builds with optimizations specific
to the proccesor in use. If building for another system,
export CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to specify a generic build for
your architecture. If this is not done, all applications
that link to libffi will trigger Illegal Operation Errors.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Prepare libffi for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static --with-gcc-arch=native</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-gcc-arch=native</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Ensure gcc optimizes for the current system. If this is
not specified, the system is guessed and the code
generated may not be correct for some systems. If the
generated code will be copied from the native system to
a less capable system, use the less capable system as a
parameter. For details about alternative system types,
see <a class="ulink" href=
"https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-9.2.0/gcc/x86-Options.html">
the x86 options in the gcc manual</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Six tests, all related to test-callback.c, are known to fail.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-libffi" name="contents-libffi"></a>6.49.2.
Contents of Libffi
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libffi.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926326256" name=
"idm46504926326256"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libffi" name="libffi"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libffi</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
contains the libffi API functions.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-openssl" name=
"ch-system-openssl"></a>6.50.&nbsp;OpenSSL-1.1.1d
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The OpenSSL package contains management tools and libraries
relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing
cryptographic functions to other packages, such as OpenSSH,
email applications and web browsers (for accessing HTTPS
sites).
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">146 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.50.1. Installation of OpenSSL
</h3>
<p>
Prepare OpenSSL for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./config --prefix=/usr \
--openssldir=/etc/ssl \
--libdir=lib \
shared \
zlib-dynamic</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make test</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
One subtest in the test 20-test_enc.t is known to fail.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/INSTALL_LIBS/s/libcrypto.a libssl.a//' Makefile
make MANSUFFIX=ssl install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, install the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/share/doc/openssl /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d
cp -vfr doc/* /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-openssl" name="contents-openssl"></a>6.50.2.
Contents of OpenSSL
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">c_rehash and openssl</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libcrypto.{so,a} and
libssl.{so,a}</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/ssl, /usr/include/openssl,
/usr/lib/engines and /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926293760" name=
"idm46504926293760"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="c_rehash" name="c_rehash"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>c_rehash</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is a <span class="application">Perl</span> script
that scans all files in a directory and adds
symbolic links to their hash values.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="openssl-prog" name=
"openssl-prog"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>openssl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is a command-line tool for using the various
cryptography functions of <span class=
"application">OpenSSL</span>'s crypto library from
the shell. It can be used for various functions
which are documented in <span class=
"command"><strong>man 1 openssl</strong></span>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcrypto" name="libcrypto"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libcrypto.so</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
implements a wide range of cryptographic algorithms
used in various Internet standards. The services
provided by this library are used by the
<span class="application">OpenSSL</span>
implementations of SSL, TLS and S/MIME, and they
have also been used to implement <span class=
"application">OpenSSH</span>, <span class=
"application">OpenPGP</span>, and other
cryptographic standards.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libssl" name="libssl"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libssl.so</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
implements the Transport Layer Security (TLS v1)
protocol. It provides a rich API, documentation on
which can be found by running <span class=
"command"><strong>man 3 ssl</strong></span>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-Python" name=
"ch-system-Python"></a>6.51.&nbsp;Python-3.8.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Python 3 package contains the Python development
environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming,
writing scripts, prototyping large programs or developing
entire applications.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">426 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.51.1. Installation of Python 3
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Python for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--enable-shared \
--with-system-expat \
--with-system-ffi \
--with-ensurepip=yes</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-system-expat</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch enables linking against system version of
<span class="application">Expat</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-system-ffi</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch enables linking against system version of
<span class="application">libffi</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-ensurepip=yes</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch enables building <span class=
"command"><strong>pip</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>setuptools</strong></span> packaging
programs.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue <span class="command"><strong>make
test</strong></span>. Some tests requiring network connection
or additional packages are skipped. The test named
test_normalization fails because network configuration is not
completed yet. For more comprehensive results, the test can
be rerun when Python 3 is reinstalled in BLFS.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libpython3.8.so
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libpython3.so
ln -sfv pip3.8 /usr/bin/pip3</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the install commands:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>chmod -v
755 /usr/lib/libpython3.{8.,}so</strong></span></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Fix permissions for libraries to be consistent with
other libraries.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
If desired, install the preformatted documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1/html
tar --strip-components=1 \
--no-same-owner \
--no-same-permissions \
-C /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1/html \
-xvf ../python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the documentation install
commands:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"option">--no-same-owner</code> and <code class=
"option">--no-same-permissions</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Ensure the installed files have the correct ownership
and permissions. Without these options, using
<span class="application">tar</span> will install the
package files with the upstream creator's values.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-python" name="contents-python"></a>6.51.2.
Contents of Python 3
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2to3, idle3, pip3, pydoc3, python3,
and python3-config</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libpython3.8.so and
libpython3.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed Directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/python3.8,
/usr/lib/python3, and /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926226176" name=
"idm46504926226176"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="python-2to3" name=
"python-2to3"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>2to3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is a <span class="application">Python</span>
program that reads <span class="application">Python
2.x</span> source code and applies a series of
fixes to transform it into valid <span class=
"application">Python 3.x</span> code.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="idle3" name="idle3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>idle3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is a wrapper script that opens a <span class=
"application">Python</span> aware GUI editor. For
this script to run, you must have installed
<span class="application">Tk</span> before Python
so that the Tkinter Python module is built.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pip3" name="pip3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pip3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The package installer for Python. You can use pip
to install packages from Python Package Index and
other indexes.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pydoc3" name="pydoc3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pydoc3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is the <span class="application">Python</span>
documentation tool.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="python3" name="python3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>python3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented
programming language.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-ninja" name=
"ch-system-ninja"></a>6.52.&nbsp;Ninja-1.10.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Ninja is a small build system with a focus on speed.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">89 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.52.1. Installation of Ninja
</h3>
<p>
When run, ninja normally runs a maximum number of processes
in parallel. By default this is the number of cores on the
system plus two. In some cases this can overheat a CPU or run
a system out of memory. If run from the command line, passing
a -jN parameter will limit the number of parallel processes,
but some packages embed the execution of ninja and do not
pass a -j parameter.
</p>
<p>
Using the <span class="emphasis"><em>optional</em></span>
procedure below allows a user to limit the number of parallel
processes via an environment variable, NINJAJOBS.
<span class="command"><strong>For example</strong></span>,
setting:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
export NINJAJOBS=4
</pre>
<p>
will limit ninja to four parallel processes.
</p>
<p>
If desired, add the capability to use the environment
variable NINJAJOBS by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/int Guess/a \
int j = 0;\
char* jobs = getenv( "NINJAJOBS" );\
if ( jobs != NULL ) j = atoi( jobs );\
if ( j &gt; 0 ) return j;\
' src/ninja.cc</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Build Ninja with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">python3 configure.py --bootstrap</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the build option:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--bootstrap</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This parameter forces ninja to rebuild itself for the
current system.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./ninja ninja_test
./ninja_test --gtest_filter=-SubprocessTest.SetWithLots</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -vm755 ninja /usr/bin/
install -vDm644 misc/bash-completion /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ninja
install -vDm644 misc/zsh-completion /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_ninja</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-ninja" name="contents-ninja"></a>6.52.2.
Contents of Ninja
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">ninja</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926169648" name=
"idm46504926169648"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ninja" name="ninja"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ninja</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
is the Ninja build system.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-meson" name=
"ch-system-meson"></a>6.53.&nbsp;Meson-0.53.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Meson is an open source build system meant to be both
extremely fast, and, even more importantly, as user friendly
as possible.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">31 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.53.1. Installation of Meson
</h3>
<p>
Compile Meson with the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">python3 setup.py build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">python3 setup.py install --root=dest
cp -rv dest/* /</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the install parameters:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--root=dest</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
By default <span class="command"><strong>python3
setup.py install</strong></span> installs various files
(such as man pages) into Python Eggs. With a specified
root location, <span class=
"command"><strong>setup.py</strong></span> installs
these files into a standard hierarchy. Then we can just
copy the hierarchy so the files will be in the standard
location.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-meson" name="contents-meson"></a>6.53.2.
Contents of Meson
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">meson</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class=
"segbody">/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/meson-0.53.1-py3.8.egg-info
and /usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/mesonbuild</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926139248" name=
"idm46504926139248"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="meson" name="meson"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>meson</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A high productivity build system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-coreutils" name=
"ch-system-coreutils"></a>6.54.&nbsp;Coreutils-8.31
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and
setting the basic system characteristics.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.3 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">202 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.54.1. Installation of Coreutils
</h3>
<p>
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize
character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The
following patch fixes this non-compliance and other
internationalization-related bugs.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When
reporting new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check
first if they are reproducible without this patch.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Suppress a test which on some machines can loop forever:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/test.lock/s/^/#/' gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">autoreconf -fiv
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>autoreconf</strong></span></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This command updates generated configuration files
consistent with the latest version of automake.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This environment variable allows the package to be
built as the root user.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from
installing binaries that will be installed by other
packages later.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Skip down to <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">Install the package</span>&rdquo;</span> if not
running the test suite.
</p>
<p>
Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests
that are meant to be run as user <code class=
"systemitem">root</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the
<code class="systemitem">nobody</code> user. Certain tests,
however, require that the user be a member of more than one
group. So that these tests are not skipped we'll add a
temporary group and make the user <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> a part of it:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" &gt;&gt; /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can
compile and run the tests:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . </kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now run the tests. Make sure the PATH in the <strong class=
"userinput"><code>su</code></strong> environment includes
/tools/bin.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">su nobody -s /bin/bash \
-c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The test program test-getlogin is known to fail in a
partially built system environment like the chroot
environment here, but passes if run at the end of this
chapter. The test program tty.sh is also known to fail.
</p>
<p>
Remove the temporary group:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /bin
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin
mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
sed -i s/\"1\"/\"8\"/1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
<span class="command"><strong>head</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nice</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>sleep</strong></span>, and
<span class="command"><strong>touch</strong></span>. As
<code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available
during the early and late stages of booting, those binaries
need to be on the root partition to maintain FHS compliance:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{head,nice,sleep,touch} /bin</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-coreutils" name=
"contents-coreutils"></a>6.54.2. Contents of Coreutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">[, b2sum, base32, base64, basename,
basenc, cat, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum,
comm, cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors,
dirname, du, echo, env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt,
fold, groups, head, hostid, id, install, join, link, ln,
logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp, mv,
nice, nl, nohup, nproc, numfmt, od, paste, pathchk,
pinky, pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink,
realpath, rm, rmdir, runcon, seq, sha1sum, sha224sum,
sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep,
sort, split, stat, stdbuf, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail,
tee, test, timeout, touch, tr, true, truncate, tsort,
tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, vdir, wc, who,
whoami, and yes</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libstdbuf.so (in
/usr/libexec/coreutils)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/libexec/coreutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504926076128" name=
"idm46504926076128"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="base32" name="base32"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>base32</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Encodes and decodes data according to the base32
specification (RFC 4648)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="base64" name="base64"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>base64</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Encodes and decodes data according to the base64
specification (RFC 4648)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="b2sum" name="b2sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>b2sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks BLAKE2 (512-bit) checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="basename" name="basename"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>basename</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="basenc" name="basenc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>basenc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Encodes or decodes data using various algorithms
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cat" name="cat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Concatenates files to standard output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chcon" name="chcon"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chcon</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes security context for files and directories
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chgrp" name="chgrp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chgrp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the group ownership of files and
directories
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chmod" name="chmod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chmod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the permissions of each file to the given
mode; the mode can be either a symbolic
representation of the changes to make or an octal
number representing the new permissions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chown" name="chown"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chown</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the user and/or group ownership of files
and directories
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chroot" name="chroot"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a command with the specified directory as the
<code class="filename">/</code> directory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cksum" name="cksum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cksum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum
and the byte counts of each specified file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="comm" name="comm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>comm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares two sorted files, outputting in three
columns the lines that are unique and the lines
that are common
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cp" name="cp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="csplit" name="csplit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>csplit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Splits a given file into several new files,
separating them according to given patterns or line
numbers and outputting the byte count of each new
file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cut" name="cut"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cut</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts
according to given fields or positions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="date" name="date"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>date</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the current time in the given format, or
sets the system date
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dd" name="dd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies a file using the given block size and count,
while optionally performing conversions on it
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="df" name="df"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>df</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the amount of disk space available (and
used) on all mounted file systems, or only on the
file systems holding the selected files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dir" name="dir"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dir</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the contents of each given directory (the
same as the <span class=
"command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dircolors" name="dircolors"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dircolors</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Outputs commands to set the <code class=
"envar">LS_COLOR</code> environment variable to
change the color scheme used by <span class=
"command"><strong>ls</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dirname" name="dirname"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dirname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="du" name="du"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>du</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the amount of disk space used by the
current directory, by each of the given directories
(including all subdirectories) or by each of the
given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="echo" name="echo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>echo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the given strings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="env" name="env"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>env</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a command in a modified environment
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="expand" name="expand"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>expand</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts tabs to spaces
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="expr" name="expr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>expr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Evaluates expressions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="factor" name="factor"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>factor</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the prime factors of all specified integer
numbers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="false" name="false"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>false</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with
a status code indicating failure
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fmt" name="fmt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fmt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reformats the paragraphs in the given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fold" name="fold"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fold</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Wraps the lines in the given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groups" name="groups"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groups</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports a user's group memberships
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="head" name="head"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>head</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of
lines) of each given file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="hostid" name="hostid"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>hostid</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of
the host
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="id" name="id"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>id</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group
memberships of the current user or specified user
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="install" name="install"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>install</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies files while setting their permission modes
and, if possible, their owner and group
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="join" name="join"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>join</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Joins the lines that have identical join fields
from two separate files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="link" name="link"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>link</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a hard link with the given name to a file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ln" name="ln"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ln</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="logname" name="logname"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>logname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the current user's login name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ls" name="ls"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ls</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the contents of each given directory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="md5sum" name="md5sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>md5sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkdir" name="mkdir"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkdir</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates directories with the given names
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfifo" name="mkfifo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfifo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a "named
pipe" in UNIX parlance, with the given names
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mknod" name="mknod"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mknod</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates device nodes with the given names; a device
node is a character special file, a block special
file, or a FIFO
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mktemp" name="mktemp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mktemp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is
used in scripts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mv" name="mv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Moves or renames files or directories
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nice" name="nice"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nice</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a program with modified scheduling priority
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nl" name="nl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Numbers the lines from the given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nohup" name="nohup"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nohup</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output
redirected to a log file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nproc" name="nproc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nproc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the number of processing units available to
a process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="numfmt" name="numfmt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>numfmt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts numbers to or from human-readable strings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="od" name="od"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>od</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps files in octal and other formats
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="paste" name="paste"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>paste</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Merges the given files, joining sequentially
corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab
characters
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pathchk" name="pathchk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pathchk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks if file names are valid or portable
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pinky" name="pinky"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pinky</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some
information about the given users
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pr" name="pr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Paginates and columnates files for printing
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="printenv" name="printenv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>printenv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the environment
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="printf" name="printf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>printf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the given arguments according to the given
format, much like the C printf function
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ptx" name="ptx"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ptx</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Produces a permuted index from the contents of the
given files, with each keyword in its context
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pwd" name="pwd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pwd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the name of the current working directory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="readlink" name="readlink"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>readlink</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the value of the given symbolic link
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="realpath" name="realpath"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>realpath</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the resolved path
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rm" name="rm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes files or directories
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rmdir" name="rmdir"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rmdir</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes directories if they are empty
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="runcon" name="runcon"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>runcon</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a command with specified security context
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="seq" name="seq"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>seq</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range
and with a given increment
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sha1sum" name="sha1sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1
(SHA1) checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sha224sum" name="sha224sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sha224sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sha256sum" name="sha256sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sha256sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sha384sum" name="sha384sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sha384sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sha512sum" name="sha512sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sha512sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm
checksums
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="shred" name="shred"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>shred</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex
patterns, making it difficult to recover the data
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="shuf" name="shuf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>shuf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shuffles lines of text
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sleep" name="sleep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sleep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Pauses for the given amount of time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sort" name="sort"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sort</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sorts the lines from the given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="split" name="split"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>split</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by
number of lines
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="stat" name="stat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>stat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays file or filesystem status
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="stdbuf" name="stdbuf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs commands with altered buffering operations for
its standard streams
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="stty" name="stty"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>stty</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets or reports terminal line settings
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sum" name="sum"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sum</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints checksum and block counts for each given
file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sync" name="sync"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sync</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed
blocks to disk and updates the super block
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tac" name="tac"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tac</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Concatenates the given files in reverse
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tail" name="tail"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tail</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of
lines) of each given file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tee" name="tee"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tee</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads from standard input while writing both to
standard output and to the given files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="test" name="test"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>test</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares values and checks file types
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="timeout" name="timeout"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>timeout</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a command with a time limit
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="touch" name="touch"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>touch</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes file timestamps, setting the access and
modification times of the given files to the
current time; files that do not exist are created
with zero length
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tr" name="tr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given
characters from standard input
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="true" name="true"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>true</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a
status code indicating success
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="truncate" name="truncate"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>truncate</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tsort" name="tsort"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tsort</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely
ordered list according to the partial ordering in a
given file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tty" name="tty"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tty</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the file name of the terminal connected to
standard input
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uname" name="uname"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports system information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unexpand" name="unexpand"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unexpand</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts spaces to tabs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uniq" name="uniq"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uniq</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Discards all but one of successive identical lines
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unlink" name="unlink"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unlink</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes the given file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="users" name="users"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>users</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the names of the users currently logged on
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vdir" name="vdir"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vdir</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is the same as <span class="command"><strong>ls
-l</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="wc" name="wc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>wc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for
each given file, as well as a total line when more
than one file is given
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="who" name="who"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>who</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports who is logged on
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="whoami" name="whoami"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>whoami</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the user name associated with the current
effective user ID
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="yes" name="yes"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>yes</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Repeatedly outputs <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">y</span>&rdquo;</span> or a given string
until killed
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libstdbuf" name="libstdbuf"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libstdbuf</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Library used by <span class=
"command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-check" name=
"ch-system-check"></a>6.55.&nbsp;Check-0.14.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Check is a unit testing framework for C.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU (about 3.5 SBU with
tests)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">13 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.55.1. Installation of Check
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Check for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Build the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compilation is now complete. To run the Check test suite,
issue the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note that the Check test suite may take a relatively long (up
to 4 SBU) time.
</p>
<p>
Install the package and fix a script:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">make docdir=/usr/share/doc/check-0.14.0 install &amp;&amp;
sed -i '1 s/tools/usr/' /usr/bin/checkmk</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-check" name="contents-check"></a>6.55.2.
Contents of Check
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">checkmk</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libcheck.{a,so}</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925590624" name=
"idm46504925590624"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="checkmk" name="checkmk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>checkmk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Awk script for generating C unit tests for use with
the Check unit testing framework
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcheck" name="libcheck"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libcheck.{a,so}</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains functions that allow Check to be called
from a test program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-diffutils" name=
"ch-system-diffutils"></a>6.56.&nbsp;Diffutils-3.7
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the
differences between files or directories.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">36 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.56.1. Installation of Diffutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-diffutils" name=
"contents-diffutils"></a>6.56.2. Contents of Diffutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">cmp, diff, diff3, and sdiff</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925558464" name=
"idm46504925558464"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cmp" name="cmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares two files and reports whether or in which
bytes they differ
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="diff" name="diff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares two files or directories and reports which
lines in the files differ
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="diff3" name="diff3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>diff3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compares three files line by line
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sdiff" name="sdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Merges two files and interactively outputs the
results
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gawk" name=
"ch-system-gawk"></a>6.57.&nbsp;Gawk-5.0.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text
files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">47 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.57.1. Installation of Gawk
</h3>
<p>
First, ensure some unneeded files are not installed:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Gawk for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, install the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1
cp -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gawk" name="contents-gawk"></a>6.57.2.
Contents of Gawk
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">awk (link to gawk), gawk, and
awk-5.0.1</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">filefuncs.so, fnmatch.so, fork.so,
inplace.so, intdiv.so, ordchr.so, readdir.so,
readfile.so, revoutput.so, revtwoway.so, rwarray.so, and
time.so (all in /usr/lib/gawk)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/gawk, /usr/libexec/awk,
/usr/share/awk, and /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925512432" name=
"idm46504925512432"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="awk" name="awk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>awk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A link to <span class=
"command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gawk" name="gawk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gawk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A program for manipulating text files; it is the
GNU implementation of <span class=
"command"><strong>awk</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gawk-version" name=
"gawk-version"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gawk-5.0.1</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A hard link to <span class=
"command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-findutils" name=
"ch-system-findutils"></a>6.58.&nbsp;Findutils-4.7.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These
programs are provided to recursively search through a
directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database
(often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the
database has not been recently updated).
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">57 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.58.1. Installation of Findutils
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Findutils for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--localstatedir</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option changes the location of the <span class=
"command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database to be
in <code class="filename">/var/lib/locate</code>, which
is FHS-compliant.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Two tests are known to fail in the chroot environment:
sv-bug-54171.old-O3 and sv-bug-54171.new-O3.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
<span class="command"><strong>find</strong></span>. As
<code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available
during the early stages of booting, this program needs to be
on the root partition. The <span class=
"command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span> script also needs
to be modified to correct an explicit path:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/find /bin
sed -i 's|find:=${BINDIR}|find:=/bin|' /usr/bin/updatedb</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-findutils" name=
"contents-findutils"></a>6.58.2. Contents of Findutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">find, locate, updatedb, and
xargs</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/var/lib/locate</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925463840" name=
"idm46504925463840"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="find" name="find"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>find</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches given directory trees for files matching
the specified criteria
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="locate" name="locate"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>locate</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches through a database of file names and
reports the names that contain a given string or
match a given pattern
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="updatedb" name="updatedb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Updates the <span class=
"command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database;
it scans the entire file system (including other
file systems that are currently mounted, unless
told not to) and puts every file name it finds into
the database
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xargs" name="xargs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xargs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be used to apply a given command to a list of
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-groff" name=
"ch-system-groff"></a>6.59.&nbsp;Groff-1.22.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Groff package contains programs for processing and
formatting text.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">95 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.59.1. Installation of Groff
</h3>
<p>
Groff expects the environment variable <code class=
"envar">PAGE</code> to contain the default paper size. For
users in the United States, <em class=
"parameter"><code>PAGE=letter</code></em> is appropriate.
Elsewhere, <em class="parameter"><code>PAGE=A4</code></em>
may be more suitable. While the default paper size is
configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by
echoing either <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">A4</span>&rdquo;</span> or <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">letter</span>&rdquo;</span> to the <code class=
"filename">/etc/papersize</code> file.
</p>
<p>
Prepare Groff for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">PAGE=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;paper_size&gt;</code></em> ./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not support parallel build. Compile the
package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make -j1</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-groff" name="contents-groff"></a>6.59.2.
Contents of Groff
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">addftinfo, afmtodit, chem, eqn,
eqn2graph, gdiffmk, glilypond, gperl, gpinyin,
grap2graph, grn, grodvi, groff, groffer, grog, grolbp,
grolj4, gropdf, grops, grotty, hpftodit, indxbib, lkbib,
lookbib, mmroff, neqn, nroff, pdfmom, pdfroff, pfbtops,
pic, pic2graph, post-grohtml, preconv, pre-grohtml,
refer, roff2dvi, roff2html, roff2pdf, roff2ps, roff2text,
roff2x, soelim, tbl, tfmtodit, and troff</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/groff and
/usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.4, /usr/share/groff</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925417600" name=
"idm46504925417600"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="addftinfo" name="addftinfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>addftinfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads a troff font file and adds some additional
font-metric information that is used by the
<span class="command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="afmtodit" name="afmtodit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>afmtodit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a font file for use with <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>grops</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chem" name="chem"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chem</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Groff preprocessor for producing chemical structure
diagrams
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="eqn" name="eqn"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>eqn</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compiles descriptions of equations embedded within
troff input files into commands that are understood
by <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="eqn2graph" name="eqn2graph"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>eqn2graph</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a troff EQN (equation) into a cropped
image
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gdiffmk" name="gdiffmk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gdiffmk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="glilypond" name="glilypond"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>glilypond</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms sheet music written in the lilypond
language into the groff language
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gperl" name="gperl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gperl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of perl
code into groff files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gpinyin" name="gpinyin"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gpinyin</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of Chinese
European-like language Pinyin into groff files.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grap2graph" name=
"grap2graph"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grap2graph</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a grap diagram into a cropped bitmap image
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grn" name="grn"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grn</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
preprocessor for gremlin files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grodvi" name="grodvi"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grodvi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A driver for <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that
produces TeX dvi format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groff" name="groff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A front-end to the groff document formatting
system; normally, it runs the <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> program and
a post-processor appropriate for the selected
device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="groffer" name="groffer"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>groffer</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays groff files and man pages on X and tty
terminals
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grog" name="grog"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grog</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads files and guesses which of the <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> options
<code class="option">-e</code>, <code class=
"option">-man</code>, <code class=
"option">-me</code>, <code class=
"option">-mm</code>, <code class=
"option">-ms</code>, <code class=
"option">-p</code>, <code class="option">-s</code>,
and <code class="option">-t</code> are required for
printing files, and reports the <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command
including those options
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grolbp" name="grolbp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grolbp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> driver for
Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser
printers)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grolj4" name="grolj4"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grolj4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a driver for <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that
produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP
LaserJet 4 printer
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gropdf" name="gropdf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gropdf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the output of GNU <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to PDF
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grops" name="grops"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grops</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the output of GNU <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to
PostScript
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grotty" name="grotty"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grotty</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the output of GNU <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> into a form
suitable for typewriter-like devices
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="hpftodit" name="hpftodit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>hpftodit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a font file for use with <span class=
"command"><strong>groff -Tlj4</strong></span> from
an HP-tagged font metric file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="indxbib" name="indxbib"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>indxbib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates an inverted index for the bibliographic
databases with a specified file for use with
<span class=
"command"><strong>refer</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span>, and
<span class="command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lkbib" name="lkbib"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches bibliographic databases for references
that contain specified keys and reports any
references found
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lookbib" name="lookbib"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the
standard input is not a terminal), reads a line
containing a set of keywords from the standard
input, searches the bibliographic databases in a
specified file for references containing those
keywords, prints any references found on the
standard output, and repeats this process until the
end of input
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mmroff" name="mmroff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mmroff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A simple preprocessor for <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="neqn" name="neqn"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>neqn</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Formats equations for American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nroff" name="nroff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nroff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A script that emulates the <span class=
"command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> command
using <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pdfmom" name="pdfmom"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pdfmom</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a wrapper around groff that facilitates the
production of PDF documents from files formatted
with the mom macros.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pdfroff" name="pdfroff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pdfroff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates pdf documents using groff
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pfbtops" name="pfbtops"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pfbtops</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates a PostScript font in <code class=
"filename">.pfb</code> format to ASCII
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pic" name="pic"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pic</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within
troff or TeX input files into commands understood
by TeX or <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pic2graph" name="pic2graph"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pic2graph</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a PIC diagram into a cropped image
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="post-grohtml" name=
"post-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>post-grohtml</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the output of GNU <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="preconv" name="preconv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>preconv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts encoding of input files to something GNU
<span class="command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
understands
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pre-grohtml" name=
"pre-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pre-grohtml</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the output of GNU <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="refer" name="refer"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>refer</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Copies the contents of a file to the standard
output, except that lines between <span class=
"emphasis"><em>.[</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>.]</em></span> are interpreted as
citations, and lines between <span class=
"emphasis"><em>.R1</em></span> and <span class=
"emphasis"><em>.R2</em></span> are interpreted as
commands for how citations are to be processed
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2dvi" name="roff2dvi"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2dvi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into DVI format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2html" name="roff2html"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2html</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into HTML format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2pdf" name="roff2pdf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2pdf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into PDFs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2ps" name="roff2ps"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2ps</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into ps files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2text" name="roff2text"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2text</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into text files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="roff2x" name="roff2x"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>roff2x</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transforms roff files into other formats
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="soelim" name="soelim"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>soelim</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads files and replaces lines of the form
<span class="emphasis"><em>.so file</em></span> by
the contents of the mentioned <span class=
"emphasis"><em>file</em></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tbl" name="tbl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tbl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compiles descriptions of tables embedded within
troff input files into commands that are understood
by <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tfmtodit" name="tfmtodit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tfmtodit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a font file for use with <span class=
"command"><strong>groff -Tdvi</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="troff" name="troff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is highly compatible with Unix <span class=
"command"><strong>troff</strong></span>; it should
usually be invoked using the <span class=
"command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command,
which will also run preprocessors and
post-processors in the appropriate order and with
the appropriate options
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-grub" name=
"ch-system-grub"></a>6.60.&nbsp;GRUB-2.04
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">161 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.60.1. Installation of GRUB
</h3>
<p>
Prepare GRUB for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-efiemu \
--disable-werror</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This allows the build to complete with warnings
introduced by more recent Flex versions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-efiemu</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option minimizes what is built by disabling a
feature and testing programs not needed for LFS.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
mv -v /etc/bash_completion.d/grub /usr/share/bash-completion/completions</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Using GRUB to make your LFS system bootable will be discussed
in <a class="xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title=
"8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section&nbsp;8.4,
&ldquo;Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gRUB" name="contents-gRUB"></a>6.60.2.
Contents of GRUB
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">grub-bios-setup, grub-editenv,
grub-file, grub-fstest, grub-glue-efi, grub-install,
grub-kbdcomp, grub-macbless, grub-menulst2cfg,
grub-mkconfig, grub-mkimage, grub-mklayout,
grub-mknetdir, grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, grub-mkrelpath,
grub-mkrescue, grub-mkstandalone, grub-ofpathname,
grub-probe, grub-reboot, grub-render-label,
grub-script-check, grub-set-default, grub-sparc64-setup,
and grub-syslinux2cfg</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/grub, /etc/grub.d,
/usr/share/grub, and /boot/grub (when grub-install is
first run)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925158160" name=
"idm46504925158160"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-bios-setup" name=
"grub-bios-setup"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-bios-setup</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a helper program for grub-install
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-editenv" name=
"grub-editenv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-editenv</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A tool to edit the environment block
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-file" name="grub-file"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-file</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks if FILE is of the specified type.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-fstest" name=
"grub-fstest"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-fstest</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tool to debug the filesystem driver
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-glue-efi" name=
"grub-glue-efi"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-glue-efi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Processes ia32 and amd64 EFI images and glues them
according to Apple format.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-install" name=
"grub-install"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-install</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Install GRUB on your drive
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-kbdcomp" name=
"grub-kbdcomp"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-kbdcomp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Script that converts an xkb layout into one
recognized by GRUB
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-macbless" name=
"grub-macbless"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-macbless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Mac-style bless on HFS or HFS+ files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-menulst2cfg" name=
"grub-menulst2cfg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-menulst2cfg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a GRUB Legacy <code class=
"filename">menu.lst</code> into a <code class=
"filename">grub.cfg</code> for use with GRUB 2
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkconfig" name=
"grub-mkconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mkconfig</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generate a grub config file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkimage" name=
"grub-mkimage"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mkimage</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Make a bootable image of GRUB
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mklayout" name=
"grub-mklayout"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mklayout</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates a GRUB keyboard layout file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mknetdir" name=
"grub-mknetdir"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mknetdir</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prepares a GRUB netboot directory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2" name=
"grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in
the boot menu
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkrelpath" name=
"grub-mkrelpath"></a><span class=
"term"><span class="command"><strong>grub-mkrelpath</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes a system pathname relative to its root
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkrescue" name=
"grub-mkrescue"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mkrescue</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Make a bootable image of GRUB suitable for a floppy
disk or CDROM/DVD
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-mkstandalone" name=
"grub-mkstandalone"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-mkstandalone</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates a standalone image
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-ofpathname" name=
"grub-ofpathname"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-ofpathname</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a helper program that prints the path of a GRUB
device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-probe" name=
"grub-probe"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-probe</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Probe device information for a given path or device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-reboot" name=
"grub-reboot"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-reboot</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB for the next
boot only
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-render-label" name=
"grub-render-label"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-render-label</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Render Apple .disk_label for Apple Macs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-script-check" name=
"grub-script-check"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-script-check</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks GRUB configuration script for syntax errors
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-set-default" name=
"grub-set-default"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-set-default</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-sparc64-setup" name=
"grub-sparc64-setup"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-sparc64-setup</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a helper program for grub-setup
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="grub-syslinux2cfg" name=
"grub-syslinux2cfg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>grub-syslinux2cfg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Transform a syslinux config file into grub.cfg
format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-less" name=
"ch-system-less"></a>6.61.&nbsp;Less-551
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Less package contains a text file viewer.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.1 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.61.1. Installation of Less
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Less for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--sysconfdir=/etc</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option tells the programs created by the package
to look in <code class="filename">/etc</code> for the
configuration files.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-less" name="contents-less"></a>6.61.2.
Contents of Less
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less, lessecho, and lesskey</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504925020864" name=
"idm46504925020864"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="less" name="less"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A file viewer or pager; it displays the contents of
the given file, letting the user scroll, find
strings, and jump to marks
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lessecho" name="lessecho"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lessecho</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Needed to expand meta-characters, such as
<span class="emphasis"><em>*</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>?</em></span>, in
filenames on Unix systems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lesskey" name="lesskey"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lesskey</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to specify the key bindings for <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-gzip" name=
"ch-system-gzip"></a>6.62.&nbsp;Gzip-1.10
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and
decompressing files.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">20 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.62.1. Installation of Gzip
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Gzip for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Two tests are known to fail in the LFS environment:
help-version and zmore.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Move a program that needs to be on the root filesystem:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/gzip /bin</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-gzip" name="contents-gzip"></a>6.62.2.
Contents of Gzip
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">gunzip, gzexe, gzip, uncompress
(hard link with gunzip), zcat, zcmp, zdiff, zegrep,
zfgrep, zforce, zgrep, zless, zmore, and znew</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924980752" name=
"idm46504924980752"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gunzip" name="gunzip"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gunzip</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses gzipped files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gzexe" name="gzexe"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gzexe</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates self-decompressing executable files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="gzip" name="gzip"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compresses the given files using Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)
coding
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uncompress" name=
"uncompress"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uncompress</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zcat" name="zcat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zcat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Decompresses the given gzipped files to standard
output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zcmp" name="zcmp"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zcmp</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zdiff" name="zdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zegrep" name="zegrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zegrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zfgrep" name="zfgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zfgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zforce" name="zforce"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zforce</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Forces a <code class="filename">.gz</code>
extension on all given files that are gzipped
files, so that <span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> will not
compress them again; this can be useful when file
names were truncated during a file transfer
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zgrep" name="zgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zless" name="zless"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zmore" name="zmore"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zmore</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>more</strong></span> on gzipped
files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="znew" name="znew"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>znew</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Re-compresses files from <span class=
"command"><strong>compress</strong></span> format
to <span class=
"command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>
format&mdash;<code class="filename">.Z</code> to
<code class="filename">.gz</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-zstd" name=
"ch-system-zstd"></a>6.63.&nbsp;Zstd-1.4.4
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing
high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of
compression / speed trade-offs, while being backed by a very
fast decoder.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">16 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.63.1. Installation of Zstd
</h3>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make prefix=/usr install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Remove the static library and move the shared library to
<code class="filename">/lib</code>. Also, the <code class=
"filename">.so</code> file in <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -v /usr/lib/libzstd.a
mv -v /usr/lib/libzstd.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libzstd.so) /usr/lib/libzstd.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-zstd" name="contents-zstd"></a>6.63.2.
Contents of Zstd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">zstd, zstdcat (link to zstd),
zstdgrep, zstdless, zstdmt (link to zstd), and unzstd
(link to zstd)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libzstd.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924883552" name=
"idm46504924883552"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zstd" name="zstd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zstd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Compresses or decompresses files using the ZSTD
format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zstdgrep" name="zstdgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zstdgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on ZSTD
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zstdless" name="zstdless"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zstdless</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs <span class=
"command"><strong>less</strong></span> on ZSTD
compressed files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libzstd" name="libzstd"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libzstd</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The library implementing lossless data compression,
using the ZSTD algorithm
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-iproute2" name=
"ch-system-iproute2"></a>6.64.&nbsp;IPRoute2-5.5.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced
IPV4-based networking.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">14 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.64.1. Installation of IPRoute2
</h3>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>arpd</strong></span>
program included in this package will not be built since it
is dependent on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS.
However, a directory for <span class=
"command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> and a man page will
still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands
below. If the <span class=
"command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> binary is needed,
instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the
BLFS Book at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/server/databases.html#db">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/server/databases.html#db</a>.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile
rm -fv man/man8/arpd.8</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
It is also necessary to disable building two modules that
requires <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/iptables.html">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/iptables.html</a>.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/.m_ipt.o//' tc/Makefile</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not have a working test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.5.0 install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-iproute2" name=
"contents-iproute2"></a>6.64.2. Contents of IPRoute2
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bridge, ctstat (link to lnstat),
genl, ifcfg, ifstat, ip, lnstat, nstat, routef, routel,
rtacct, rtmon, rtpr, rtstat (link to lnstat), ss, and
tc</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/iproute2, /usr/lib/tc, and
/usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.5.0,</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924835280" name=
"idm46504924835280"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bridge" name="bridge"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bridge</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Configures network bridges
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ctstat" name="ctstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ctstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Connection status utility
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="genl" name="genl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>genl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generic netlink utility frontend
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifcfg" name="ifcfg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifcfg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A shell script wrapper for the <span class=
"command"><strong>ip</strong></span> command [Note
that it requires the <span class=
"command"><strong>arping</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>rdisk</strong></span>
programs from the iputils package found at
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/">http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/</a>.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifstat" name="ifstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows the interface statistics, including the
amount of transmitted and received packets by
interface
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ip" name="ip"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ip</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The main executable. It has several different
functions:
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip link <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;device&gt;</code></em></strong></span>
allows users to look at the state of devices and to
make changes
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
addr</strong></span> allows users to look at
addresses and their properties, add new addresses,
and delete old ones
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
neighbor</strong></span> allows users to look at
neighbor bindings and their properties, add new
neighbor entries, and delete old ones
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
rule</strong></span> allows users to look at the
routing policies and change them
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
route</strong></span> allows users to look at the
routing table and change routing table rules
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
tunnel</strong></span> allows users to look at the
IP tunnels and their properties, and change them
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
maddr</strong></span> allows users to look at the
multicast addresses and their properties, and
change them
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
mroute</strong></span> allows users to set, change,
or delete the multicast routing
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>ip
monitor</strong></span> allows users to
continuously monitor the state of devices,
addresses and routes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lnstat" name="lnstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lnstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides Linux network statistics; it is a
generalized and more feature-complete replacement
for the old <span class=
"command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span> program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nstat" name="nstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows network statistics
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="routef" name="routef"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>routef</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip
route</strong></span>. This is for flushing the
routing tables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="routel" name="routel"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>routel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip
route</strong></span>. This is for listing the
routing tables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rtacct" name="rtacct"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rtacct</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the contents of <code class=
"filename">/proc/net/rt_acct</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rtmon" name="rtmon"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rtmon</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Route monitoring utility
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rtpr" name="rtpr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rtpr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts the output of <span class=
"command"><strong>ip -o</strong></span> back into a
readable form
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rtstat" name="rtstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Route status utility
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ss" name="ss"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ss</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Similar to the <span class=
"command"><strong>netstat</strong></span> command;
shows active connections
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tc" name="tc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Traffic Controlling Executable; this is for Quality
Of Service (QOS) and Class Of Service (COS)
implementations
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>tc
qdisc</strong></span> allows users to setup the
queueing discipline
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>tc
class</strong></span> allows users to setup classes
based on the queuing discipline scheduling
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>tc
estimator</strong></span> allows users to estimate
the network flow into a network
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>tc
filter</strong></span> allows users to setup the
QOS/COS packet filtering
</p>
<p>
<span class="command"><strong>tc
policy</strong></span> allows users to setup the
QOS/COS policies
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-kbd" name=
"ch-system-kbd"></a>6.65.&nbsp;Kbd-2.2.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and
keyboard utilities.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">36 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.65.1. Installation of Kbd
</h3>
<p>
The behaviour of the Backspace and Delete keys is not
consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The
following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
After patching, the Backspace key generates the character
with code 127, and the Delete key generates a well-known
escape sequence.
</p>
<p>
Remove the redundant <span class=
"command"><strong>resizecons</strong></span> program (it
requires the defunct svgalib to provide the video mode files
- for normal use <span class=
"command"><strong>setfont</strong></span> sizes the console
appropriately) together with its manpage.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/\(RESIZECONS_PROGS=\)yes/\1no/g' configure
sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Kbd for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-vlock</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option prevents the vlock utility from being
built, as it requires the PAM library, which isn't
available in the chroot environment.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
For some languages (e.g., Belarusian) the Kbd package
doesn't provide a useful keymap where the stock
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by</span>&rdquo;</span> keymap assumes the
ISO-8859-5 encoding, and the CP1251 keymap is normally
used. Users of such languages have to download working
keymaps separately.
</p>
</div>
<p>
If desired, install the documentation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0
cp -R -v docs/doc/* /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-kbd" name="contents-kbd"></a>6.65.2. Contents
of Kbd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">chvt, deallocvt, dumpkeys,
fgconsole, getkeycodes, kbdinfo, kbd_mode, kbdrate,
loadkeys, loadunimap, mapscrn, openvt, psfaddtable (link
to psfxtable), psfgettable (link to psfxtable),
psfstriptable (link to psfxtable), psfxtable, setfont,
setkeycodes, setleds, setmetamode, setvtrgb,
showconsolefont, showkey, unicode_start, and
unicode_stop</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/consolefonts,
/usr/share/consoletrans, /usr/share/keymaps,
/usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0, and /usr/share/unimaps</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924705056" name=
"idm46504924705056"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chvt" name="chvt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chvt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the foreground virtual terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="deallocvt" name="deallocvt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>deallocvt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Deallocates unused virtual terminals
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dumpkeys" name="dumpkeys"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dumpkeys</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps the keyboard translation tables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fgconsole" name="fgconsole"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fgconsole</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the number of the active virtual terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getkeycodes" name=
"getkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getkeycodes</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="kbdinfo" name="kbdinfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>kbdinfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Obtains information about the status of a console
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="kbd_mode" name="kbd_mode"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports or sets the keyboard mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="kbdrate" name="kbdrate"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>kbdrate</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the keyboard repeat and delay rates
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="loadkeys" name="loadkeys"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads the keyboard translation tables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="loadunimap" name=
"loadunimap"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>loadunimap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mapscrn" name="mapscrn"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mapscrn</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An obsolete program that used to load a
user-defined output character mapping table into
the console driver; this is now done by
<span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="openvt" name="openvt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>openvt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Starts a program on a new virtual terminal (VT)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="psfaddtable" name=
"psfaddtable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>psfaddtable</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Adds a Unicode character table to a console font
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="psfgettable" name=
"psfgettable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>psfgettable</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Extracts the embedded Unicode character table from
a console font
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="psfstriptable" name=
"psfstriptable"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>psfstriptable</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes the embedded Unicode character table from a
console font
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="psfxtable" name="psfxtable"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Handles Unicode character tables for console fonts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setfont" name="setfont"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setfont</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) and
Video Graphics Array (VGA) fonts on the console
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setkeycodes" name=
"setkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
entries; this is useful if there are unusual keys
on the keyboard
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setleds" name="setleds"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setleds</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the keyboard flags and Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setmetamode" name=
"setmetamode"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setmetamode</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Defines the keyboard meta-key handling
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setvtrgb" name="setvtrgb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setvtrgb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the console color map in all virtual terminals
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="showconsolefont" name=
"showconsolefont"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>showconsolefont</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows the current EGA/VGA console screen font
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="showkey" name="showkey"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>showkey</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the scancodes, keycodes, and ASCII codes of
the keys pressed on the keyboard
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unicode_start" name=
"unicode_start"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unicode_start</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Puts the keyboard and console in UNICODE mode
[Don't use this program unless your keymap file is
in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. For other encodings,
this utility produces incorrect results.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unicode_stop" name=
"unicode_stop"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unicode_stop</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reverts keyboard and console from UNICODE mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-libpipeline" name=
"ch-system-libpipeline"></a>6.66.&nbsp;Libpipeline-1.5.2
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating
pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">9.2 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.66.1. Installation of Libpipeline
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Libpipeline for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-libpipeline" name=
"contents-libpipeline"></a>6.66.2. Contents of Libpipeline
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libpipeline.so</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924570128" name=
"idm46504924570128"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libpipeline" name=
"libpipeline"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libpipeline</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
This library is used to safely construct pipelines
between subprocesses
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-make" name=
"ch-system-make"></a>6.67.&nbsp;Make-4.3
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Make package contains a program for compiling packages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">16 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.67.1. Installation of Make
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Make for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The test suite needs to know where supporting perl files are
located. We use an environment variable to accomplish this.
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make PERL5LIB=$PWD/tests/ check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-make" name="contents-make"></a>6.67.2.
Contents of Make
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924541984" name=
"idm46504924541984"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="make" name="make"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>make</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Automatically determines which pieces of a package
need to be (re)compiled and then issues the
relevant commands
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-patch" name=
"ch-system-patch"></a>6.68.&nbsp;Patch-2.7.6
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or
creating files by applying a <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">patch</span>&rdquo;</span>
file typically created by the <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">13 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.68.1. Installation of Patch
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Patch for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-patch" name="contents-patch"></a>6.68.2.
Contents of Patch
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong>
<span class="segbody">patch</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924513408" name=
"idm46504924513408"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="patch" name="patch"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>patch</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Modifies files according to a patch file [A patch
file is normally a difference listing created with
the <span class=
"command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program. By
applying these differences to the original files,
<span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span>
creates the patched versions.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-man-db" name=
"ch-system-man-db"></a>6.69.&nbsp;Man-DB-2.9.0
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing
man pages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">40 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.69.1. Installation of Man-DB
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Man-DB for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.9.0 \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--disable-setuid \
--enable-cache-owner=bin \
--with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \
--with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \
--with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \
--with-systemdtmpfilesdir= \
--with-systemdsystemunitdir=</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-setuid</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This disables making the <span class=
"command"><strong>man</strong></span> program setuid to
user <code class="systemitem">man</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-cache-owner=bin</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This makes the system-wide cache files be owned by user
bin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These three parameters are used to set some default
programs. <span class=
"command"><strong>lynx</strong></span> is a text-based
web browser (see BLFS for installation instructions),
<span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span>
converts program sources to Groff input, and
<span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span> is
useful for typesetting graphs in Groff documents. The
<span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span>
and <span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span>
programs are not normally needed for viewing manual
pages. They are not part of LFS or BLFS, but you should
be able to install them yourself after finishing LFS if
you wish to do so.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-systemd...</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
These parameters prevent installing unneeded systemd
directories and files.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.69.2. Non-English Manual Pages in LFS
</h3>
<p>
The following table shows the character set that Man-DB
assumes manual pages installed under <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/man/&lt;ll&gt;</code> will be encoded
with. In addition to this, Man-DB correctly determines if
manual pages installed in that directory are UTF-8 encoded.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a id="idm46504924468512" name="idm46504924468512"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Table&nbsp;6.1.&nbsp;Expected character encoding of
legacy 8-bit manual pages</strong>
</p>
<div class="table-contents">
<table summary=
"Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages"
border="1">
<colgroup>
<col width="1.5in" />
<col width="1in" />
<col width="2.5in" />
<col width="1in" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
Language (code)
</th>
<th>
Encoding
</th>
<th>
Language (code)
</th>
<th>
Encoding
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Danish (da)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Croatian (hr)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
German (de)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Hungarian (hu)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
English (en)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Japanese (ja)
</td>
<td>
EUC-JP
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Spanish (es)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Korean (ko)
</td>
<td>
EUC-KR
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Estonian (et)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Lithuanian (lt)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-13
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Finnish (fi)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Latvian (lv)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-13
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
French (fr)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Macedonian (mk)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Irish (ga)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Polish (pl)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Galician (gl)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Romanian (ro)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Indonesian (id)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Russian (ru)
</td>
<td>
KOI8-R
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Icelandic (is)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Slovak (sk)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Italian (it)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Slovenian (sl)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Norwegian Bokmal (nb)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Serbian Latin (sr@latin)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Dutch (nl)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Serbian (sr)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Turkish (tr)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-9
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Norwegian (no)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Ukrainian (uk)
</td>
<td>
KOI8-U
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Portuguese (pt)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Vietnamese (vi)
</td>
<td>
TCVN5712-1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Swedish (sv)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-1
</td>
<td>
Simplified Chinese (zh_CN)
</td>
<td>
GBK
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Belarusian (be)
</td>
<td>
CP1251
</td>
<td>
Simplified Chinese, Singapore (zh_SG)
</td>
<td>
GBK
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Bulgarian (bg)
</td>
<td>
CP1251
</td>
<td>
Traditional Chinese, Hong Kong (zh_HK)
</td>
<td>
BIG5HKSCS
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Czech (cs)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-2
</td>
<td>
Traditional Chinese (zh_TW)
</td>
<td>
BIG5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Greek (el)
</td>
<td>
ISO-8859-7
</td>
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div><br class="table-break" />
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Manual pages in languages not in the list are not
supported.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-man-db" name="contents-man-db"></a>6.69.3.
Contents of Man-DB
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">accessdb, apropos (link to whatis),
catman, lexgrog, man, mandb, manpath, and whatis</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libman.so and libmandb.so (both in
/usr/lib/man-db)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/lib/man-db,
/usr/libexec/man-db, and
/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.9.0</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924409888" name=
"idm46504924409888"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="accessdb" name="accessdb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>accessdb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps the <span class=
"command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
contents in human-readable form
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="apropos" name="apropos"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>apropos</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches the <span class=
"command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
and displays the short descriptions of system
commands that contain a given string
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="catman" name="catman"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>catman</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates or updates the pre-formatted manual pages
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lexgrog" name="lexgrog"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lexgrog</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays one-line summary information about a given
manual page
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="man" name="man"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>man</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Formats and displays the requested manual page
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mandb" name="mandb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mandb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates or updates the <span class=
"command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="manpath" name="manpath"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>manpath</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the contents of $MANPATH or (if $MANPATH
is not set) a suitable search path based on the
settings in man.conf and the user's environment
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="whatis" name="whatis"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>whatis</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches the <span class=
"command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database
and displays the short descriptions of system
commands that contain the given keyword as a
separate word
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libman" name="libman"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libman</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains run-time support for <span class=
"command"><strong>man</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmandb" name="libmandb"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libmandb</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains run-time support for <span class=
"command"><strong>man</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-tar" name=
"ch-system-tar"></a>6.70.&nbsp;Tar-1.32
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Tar package contains an archiving program.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">2.0 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">45 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.70.1. Installation of Tar
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Tar for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \
./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><code class=
"envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This forces the test for <code class=
"function">mknod</code> to be run as root. It is
generally considered dangerous to run this test as the
root user, but as it is being run on a system that has
only been partially built, overriding it is OK.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results (about 3 SBU), issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install
make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.32</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-tar" name="contents-tar"></a>6.70.2. Contents
of Tar
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">tar</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/tar-1.32</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924333616" name=
"idm46504924333616"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tar" name="tar"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tar</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates, extracts files from, and lists the
contents of archives, also known as tarballs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-texinfo" name=
"ch-system-texinfo"></a>6.71.&nbsp;Texinfo-6.7
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing,
and converting info pages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">116 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.71.1. Installation of Texinfo
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-static</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
In this case, the top-level configure script will
complain that this is an unrecognized option, but the
configure script for XSParagraph recognizes it and uses
it to disable installing a static <code class=
"filename">XSParagraph.a</code> to <code class=
"filename">/usr/lib/texinfo</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX
installation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The <code class="envar">TEXMF</code> makefile variable
holds the location of the root of the TeX tree if, for
example, a TeX package will be installed later.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold
its list of menu entries. The file is located at <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code>. Unfortunately, due to
occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it
can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed
on the system. If the <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code> file ever needs to be
recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish
the task:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">pushd /usr/share/info
rm -v dir
for f in *
do install-info $f dir 2&gt;/dev/null
done
popd</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-texinfo" name="contents-texinfo"></a>6.71.2.
Contents of Texinfo
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">info, install-info, makeinfo (link
to texi2any), pdftexi2dvi, pod2texi, texi2any, texi2dvi,
texi2pdf, and texindex</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">MiscXS.so, Parsetexi.so, and
XSParagraph.so (all in /usr/lib/texinfo)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/texinfo and
/usr/lib/texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924290096" name=
"idm46504924290096"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="info" name="info"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>info</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to read info pages which are similar to man
pages, but often go much deeper than just
explaining all the available command line options
[For example, compare <span class=
"command"><strong>man bison</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>info
bison</strong></span>.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="install-info" name=
"install-info"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>install-info</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to install info pages; it updates entries in
the <span class=
"command"><strong>info</strong></span> index file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="makeinfo" name="makeinfo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translates the given Texinfo source documents into
info pages, plain text, or HTML
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pdftexi2dvi" name=
"pdftexi2dvi"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pdftexi2dvi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
Portable Document Format (PDF) file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pod2texi" name="pod2texi"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pod2texi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts Pod to Texinfo format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="texi2any" name="texi2any"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>texi2any</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Translate Texinfo source documentation to various
other formats
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="texi2dvi" name="texi2dvi"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>texi2dvi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
device-independent file that can be printed
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="texi2pdf" name="texi2pdf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>texi2pdf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a
Portable Document Format (PDF) file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="texindex" name="texindex"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>texindex</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to sort Texinfo index files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-vim" name=
"ch-system-vim"></a>6.72.&nbsp;Vim-8.2.0190
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.7 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">202 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admon tip">
<h3>
Alternatives to Vim
</h3>
<p>
If you prefer another editor&mdash;such as Emacs, Joe, or
Nano&mdash;please refer to <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/editors.html">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/editors.html</a>
for suggested installation instructions.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.72.1. Installation of Vim
</h3>
<p>
First, change the default location of the <code class=
"filename">vimrc</code> configuration file to <code class=
"filename">/etc</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' &gt;&gt; src/feature.h</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare Vim for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To prepare the tests, ensure that the <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> user can write to the sources
tree:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now run the tests as the <code class=
"systemitem">nobody</code> user:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "LANG=en_US.UTF-8 make -j1 test" &amp;&gt; vim-test.log</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The test suite outputs a lot of binary data to the screen.
This can cause issues with the settings of the current
terminal. The problem can be avoided by redirecting the
output to a log file as shown above. A successful test will
result in the words "ALL DONE" in the log file at completion.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Many users are used to using <span class=
"command"><strong>vi</strong></span> instead of <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span>. To allow execution of
<span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> when users
habitually enter <span class=
"command"><strong>vi</strong></span>, create a symlink for
both the binary and the man page in the provided languages:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi
for L in /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do
ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1
done</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
By default, Vim's documentation is installed in <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/vim</code>. The following symlink
allows the documentation to be accessed via <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.0190</code>, making it
consistent with the location of documentation for other
packages:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">ln -sv ../vim/vim82/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.0190</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If an X Window System is going to be installed on the LFS
system, it may be necessary to recompile Vim after installing
X. Vim comes with a GUI version of the editor that requires X
and some additional libraries to be installed. For more
information on this process, refer to the Vim documentation
and the Vim installation page in the BLFS book at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/vim.html">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/vim.html</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-vim" name="conf-vim"></a>6.72.2. Configuring Vim
</h3>
<p>
By default, <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
runs in vi-incompatible mode. This may be new to users who
have used other editors in the past. The <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">nocompatible</span>&rdquo;</span> setting is included
below to highlight the fact that a new behavior is being
used. It also reminds those who would change to <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">compatible</span>&rdquo;</span> mode that it should
be the first setting in the configuration file. This is
necessary because it changes other settings, and overrides
must come after this setting. Create a default <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> configuration file by
running the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/vimrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">" Begin /etc/vimrc
" Ensure defaults are set before customizing settings, not after
source $VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim
let skip_defaults_vim=1
set nocompatible
set backspace=2
set mouse=
syntax on
if (&amp;term == "xterm") || (&amp;term == "putty")
set background=dark
endif
" End /etc/vimrc</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <em class="parameter"><code>set nocompatible</code></em>
setting makes <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> behave in a more useful
way (the default) than the vi-compatible manner. Remove the
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">no</span>&rdquo;</span> to keep the old <span class=
"command"><strong>vi</strong></span> behavior. The <em class=
"parameter"><code>set backspace=2</code></em> setting allows
backspacing over line breaks, autoindents, and the start of
insert. The <em class="parameter"><code>syntax on</code></em>
parameter enables vim's syntax highlighting. The <em class=
"parameter"><code>set mouse=</code></em> setting enables
proper pasting of text with the mouse when working in chroot
or over a remote connection. Finally, the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>if</em></span> statement with the <em class=
"parameter"><code>set background=dark</code></em> setting
corrects <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>'s
guess about the background color of some terminal emulators.
This gives the highlighting a better color scheme for use on
the black background of these programs.
</p>
<p>
Documentation for other available options can be obtained by
running the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">vim -c ':options'</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
By default, Vim only installs spell files for the English
language. To install spell files for your preferred
language, download the <code class="filename">*.spl</code>
and optionally, the <code class="filename">*.sug</code>
files for your language and character encoding from
<a class="ulink" href=
"ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/">ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/</a>
and save them to <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/vim/vim82/spell/</code>.
</p>
<p>
To use these spell files, some configuration in
<code class="filename">/etc/vimrc</code> is needed, e.g.:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">set spelllang=en,ru
set spell</code>
</pre>
<p>
For more information, see the appropriate README file
located at the URL above.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-vim" name="contents-vim"></a>6.72.3. Contents
of Vim
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">ex (link to vim), rview (link to
vim), rvim (link to vim), vi (link to vim), view (link to
vim), vim, vimdiff (link to vim), vimtutor, and
xxd</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/share/vim</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924177424" name=
"idm46504924177424"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ex" name="ex"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ex</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Starts <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in ex mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rview" name="rview"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rview</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a restricted version of <span class=
"command"><strong>view</strong></span>; no shell
commands can be started and <span class=
"command"><strong>view</strong></span> cannot be
suspended
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rvim" name="rvim"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rvim</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a restricted version of <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span>; no shell
commands can be started and <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> cannot be
suspended
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vi" name="vi"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vi</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Link to <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="view" name="view"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>view</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Starts <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in read-only
mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vim" name="vim"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is the editor
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vimdiff" name="vimdiff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vimdiff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Edits two or three versions of a file with
<span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
and shows differences
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vimtutor" name="vimtutor"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vimtutor</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Teaches the basic keys and commands of <span class=
"command"><strong>vim</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="xxd" name="xxd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>xxd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a hex dump of the given file; it can also
do the reverse, so it can be used for binary
patching
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-procps" name=
"ch-system-procps"></a>6.73.&nbsp;Procps-ng-3.3.15
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring
processes.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">17 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.73.1. Installation of Procps-ng
</h3>
<p>
Prepare procps-ng for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix= \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.15 \
--disable-static \
--disable-kill</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-kill</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This switch disables building the <span class=
"command"><strong>kill</strong></span> command that
will be installed by the Util-linux package.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The test suite needs some custom modifications for LFS.
Remove a test that fails when scripting does not use a tty
device and fix two others. To run the test suite, run the
following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i -r 's|(pmap_initname)\\\$|\1|' testsuite/pmap.test/pmap.exp
sed -i '/set tty/d' testsuite/pkill.test/pkill.exp
rm testsuite/pgrep.test/pgrep.exp
make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Finally, move essential libraries to a location that can be
found if <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libprocps.so.* /lib
ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libprocps.so) /usr/lib/libprocps.so</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-procps" name="contents-procps"></a>6.73.2.
Contents of Procps-ng
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">free, pgrep, pidof, pkill, pmap,
ps, pwdx, slabtop, sysctl, tload, top, uptime, vmstat, w,
and watch</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libprocps.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/proc and
/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.15</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504924099520" name=
"idm46504924099520"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="free" name="free"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>free</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the amount of free and used memory (both
physical and swap memory) in the system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pgrep" name="pgrep"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pgrep</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Looks up processes based on their name and other
attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pidof" name="pidof"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pidof</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the PIDs of the given programs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pkill" name="pkill"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pkill</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Signals processes based on their name and other
attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pmap" name="pmap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pmap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the memory map of the given process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ps" name="ps"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ps</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the current running processes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pwdx" name="pwdx"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pwdx</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the current working directory of a process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="slabtop" name="slabtop"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>slabtop</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays detailed kernel slab cache information in
real time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sysctl" name="sysctl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Modifies kernel parameters at run time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tload" name="tload"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tload</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints a graph of the current system load average
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="top" name="top"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>top</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays a list of the most CPU intensive
processes; it provides an ongoing look at processor
activity in real time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uptime" name="uptime"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uptime</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports how long the system has been running, how
many users are logged on, and the system load
averages
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="vmstat" name="vmstat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>vmstat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports virtual memory statistics, giving
information about processes, memory, paging, block
Input/Output (IO), traps, and CPU activity
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="w" name="w"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>w</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows which users are currently logged on, where,
and since when
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="watch" name="watch"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>watch</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a given command repeatedly, displaying the
first screen-full of its output; this allows a user
to watch the output change over time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libprocps" name="libprocps"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libprocps</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains the functions used by most programs in
this package
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-util-linux" name=
"ch-system-util-linux"></a>6.74.&nbsp;Util-linux-2.35.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility
programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,
consoles, partitions, and messages.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">289 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.74.1. FHS compliance notes
</h3>
<p>
The FHS recommends using the <code class=
"filename">/var/lib/hwclock</code> directory instead of the
usual <code class="filename">/etc</code> directory as the
location for the <code class="filename">adjtime</code> file.
First create a directory to enable storage for the
<span class="command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span>
program:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.74.2. Installation of Util-linux
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Util-linux for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.35.1 \
--disable-chfn-chsh \
--disable-login \
--disable-nologin \
--disable-su \
--disable-setpriv \
--disable-runuser \
--disable-pylibmount \
--disable-static \
--without-python \
--without-systemd \
--without-systemdsystemunitdir</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The --disable and --without options prevent warnings about
building components that require packages not in LFS or are
inconsistent with programs installed by other packages.
</p>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, run the test suite as a non-root user:
</p>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
Running the test suite as the root user can be harmful to
your system. To run it, the CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG option for
the kernel must be available in the currently running
system, and must be built as a module. Building it into the
kernel will prevent booting. For complete coverage, other
BLFS packages must be installed. If desired, this test can
be run after rebooting into the completed LFS system and
running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">bash tests/run.sh --srcdir=$PWD --builddir=$PWD</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .
su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-utillinux" name=
"contents-utillinux"></a>6.74.3. Contents of Util-linux
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">addpart, agetty, blkdiscard, blkid,
blkzone, blockdev, cal, cfdisk, chcpu, chmem, choom,
chrt, col, colcrt, colrm, column, ctrlaltdel, delpart,
dmesg, eject, fallocate, fdformat, fdisk, fincore,
findfs, findmnt, flock, fsck, fsck.cramfs, fsck.minix,
fsfreeze, fstrim, getopt, hexdump, hwclock, i386, ionice,
ipcmk, ipcrm, ipcs, isosize, kill, last, lastb (link to
last), ldattach, linux32, linux64, logger, look, losetup,
lsblk, lscpu, lsipc, lslocks, lslogins, lsmem, lsns,
mcookie, mesg, mkfs, mkfs.bfs, mkfs.cramfs, mkfs.minix,
mkswap, more, mount, mountpoint, namei, nsenter, partx,
pivot_root, prlimit, raw, readprofile, rename, renice,
resizepart, rev, rfkill, rtcwake, script, scriptreplay,
setarch, setsid, setterm, sfdisk, sulogin, swaplabel,
swapoff (link to swapon), swapon, switch_root, taskset,
ul, umount, uname26, unshare, utmpdump, uuidd, uuidgen,
uuidparse, wall, wdctl, whereis, wipefs, x86_64, and
zramctl</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libblkid.so, libfdisk.so,
libmount.so, libsmartcols.so, and libuuid.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/blkid,
/usr/include/libfdisk, /usr/include/libmount,
/usr/include/libsmartcols, /usr/include/uuid,
/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.35.1, and
/var/lib/hwclock</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504923991952" name=
"idm46504923991952"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="addpart" name="addpart"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>addpart</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Informs the Linux kernel of new partitions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="agetty" name="agetty"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>agetty</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and
then invokes the <span class=
"command"><strong>login</strong></span> program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="blkdiscard" name=
"blkdiscard"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>blkdiscard</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Discards sectors on a device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="blkid" name="blkid"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>blkid</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A command line utility to locate and print block
device attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="blkzone" name="blkzone"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>blkzone</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs zone command on the given block device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="blockdev" name="blockdev"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>blockdev</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Allows users to call block device ioctls from the
command line
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cal" name="cal"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cal</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays a simple calendar
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cfdisk" name="cfdisk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Manipulates the partition table of the given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chcpu" name="chcpu"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chcpu</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Modifies the state of CPUs
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chmem" name="chmem"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chmem</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Configures memory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="choom" name="choom"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>choom</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays and adjusts OOM-killer score
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chrt" name="chrt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chrt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Manipulates real-time attributes of a process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="col" name="col"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>col</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filters out reverse line feeds
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="colcrt" name="colcrt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>colcrt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filters <span class=
"command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> output for
terminals that lack some capabilities, such as
overstriking and half-lines
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="colrm" name="colrm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>colrm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filters out the given columns
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="column" name="column"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>column</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Formats a given file into multiple columns
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ctrlaltdel" name=
"ctrlaltdel"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ctrlaltdel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del key
combination to a hard or a soft reset
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="delpart" name="delpart"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>delpart</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Asks the Linux kernel to remove a partition
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dmesg" name="dmesg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps the kernel boot messages
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="eject" name="eject"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>eject</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Ejects removable media
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fallocate" name="fallocate"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fallocate</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Preallocates space to a file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fdformat" name="fdformat"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fdformat</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Low-level formats a floppy disk
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fdisk" name="fdisk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Manipulates the partition table of the given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fincore" name="fincore"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fincore</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Counts pages of file contents in core
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="findfs" name="findfs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>findfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Finds a file system by label or Universally Unique
Identifier (UUID)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="findmnt" name="findmnt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>findmnt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a command line interface to the libmount library
for work with mountinfo, fstab and mtab files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="flock" name="flock"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>flock</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Acquires a file lock and then executes a command
with the lock held
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck" name="fsck"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to check, and optionally repair, file
systems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck.cramfs" name=
"fsck.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck.cramfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Performs a consistency check on the Cramfs file
system on the given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck.minix" name=
"fsck.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck.minix</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Performs a consistency check on the Minix file
system on the given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsfreeze" name="fsfreeze"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsfreeze</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is a very simple wrapper around FIFREEZE/FITHAW
ioctl kernel driver operations
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fstrim" name="fstrim"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fstrim</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Discards unused blocks on a mounted filesystem
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="getopt" name="getopt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>getopt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Parses options in the given command line
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="hexdump" name="hexdump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>hexdump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dumps the given file in hexadecimal or in another
given format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="hwclock" name="hwclock"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads or sets the system's hardware clock, also
called the Real-Time Clock (RTC) or Basic
Input-Output System (BIOS) clock
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="i386" name="i386"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>i386</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link to setarch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ionice" name="ionice"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ionice</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Gets or sets the io scheduling class and priority
for a program
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ipcmk" name="ipcmk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ipcmk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates various IPC resources
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ipcrm" name="ipcrm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ipcrm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
resource
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ipcs" name="ipcs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ipcs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides IPC status information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="isosize" name="isosize"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>isosize</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the size of an iso9660 file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="kill" name="kill"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>kill</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sends signals to processes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="last" name="last"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>last</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows which users last logged in (and out),
searching back through the <code class=
"filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file; it also shows
system boots, shutdowns, and run-level changes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lastb" name="lastb"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lastb</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows the failed login attempts, as logged in
<code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ldattach" name="ldattach"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ldattach</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Attaches a line discipline to a serial line
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="linux32" name="linux32"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>linux32</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link to setarch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="linux64" name="linux64"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>linux64</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link to setarch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="logger" name="logger"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>logger</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Enters the given message into the system log
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="look" name="look"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>look</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays lines that begin with the given string
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="losetup" name="losetup"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>losetup</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets up and controls loop devices
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsblk" name="lsblk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsblk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists information about all or selected block
devices in a tree-like format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lscpu" name="lscpu"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lscpu</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints CPU architecture information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsipc" name="lsipc"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsipc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints information on IPC facilities currently
employed in the system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lslocks" name="lslocks"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lslocks</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists local system locks
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lslogins" name="lslogins"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lslogins</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists information about users, groups and system
accounts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsmem" name="lsmem"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsmem</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the ranges of available memory with their
online status
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsns" name="lsns"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsns</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists namespaces
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mcookie" name="mcookie"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mcookie</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generates magic cookies (128-bit random hexadecimal
numbers) for <span class=
"command"><strong>xauth</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mesg" name="mesg"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mesg</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Controls whether other users can send messages to
the current user's terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs" name="mkfs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Builds a file system on a device (usually a hard
disk partition)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.bfs" name="mkfs.bfs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.bfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs file
system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.cramfs" name=
"mkfs.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.cramfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a cramfs file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.minix" name=
"mkfs.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.minix</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates a Minix file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkswap" name="mkswap"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkswap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initializes the given device or file to be used as
a swap area
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="more" name="more"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>more</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A filter for paging through text one screen at a
time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mount" name="mount"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mount</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Attaches the file system on the given device to a
specified directory in the file-system tree
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mountpoint" name=
"mountpoint"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mountpoint</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks if the directory is a mountpoint
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="namei" name="namei"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>namei</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows the symbolic links in the given pathnames
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="nsenter" name="nsenter"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>nsenter</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a program with namespaces of other processes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="partx" name="partx"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>partx</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tells the kernel about the presence and numbering
of on-disk partitions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="pivot_root" name=
"pivot_root"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>pivot_root</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes the given file system the new root file
system of the current process
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="prlimit" name="prlimit"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>prlimit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Get and set a process' resource limits
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="raw" name="raw"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>raw</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Bind a Linux raw character device to a block device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="readprofile" name=
"readprofile"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>readprofile</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reads kernel profiling information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rename" name="rename"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rename</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Renames the given files, replacing a given string
with another
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="renice" name="renice"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>renice</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Alters the priority of running processes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="resizepart" name=
"resizepart"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>resizepart</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Asks the Linux kernel to resize a partition
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rev" name="rev"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rev</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reverses the lines of a given file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rkfill" name="rkfill"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rkfill</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tool for enabling and disabling wireless devices
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rtcwake" name="rtcwake"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>rtcwake</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to enter a system sleep state until specified
wakeup time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="script" name="script"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>script</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes a typescript of a terminal session
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="scriptreplay" name=
"scriptreplay"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>scriptreplay</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Plays back typescripts using timing information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setarch" name="setarch"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setarch</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes reported architecture in a new program
environment and sets personality flags
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setsid" name="setsid"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setsid</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs the given program in a new session
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setterm" name="setterm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setterm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets terminal attributes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sfdisk" name="sfdisk"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sfdisk</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A disk partition table manipulator
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sulogin" name="sulogin"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sulogin</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Allows <code class="systemitem">root</code> to log
in; it is normally invoked by <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span> when the
system goes into single user mode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="swaplabel" name="swaplabel"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>swaplabel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Allows to change swaparea UUID and label
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="swapoff" name="swapoff"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>swapoff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Disables devices and files for paging and swapping
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="swapon" name="swapon"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>swapon</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Enables devices and files for paging and swapping
and lists the devices and files currently in use
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="switch_root" name=
"switch_root"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>switch_root</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Switches to another filesystem as the root of the
mount tree
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tailf" name="tailf"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tailf</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tracks the growth of a log file; displays the last
10 lines of a log file, then continues displaying
any new entries in the log file as they are created
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="taskset" name="taskset"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>taskset</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Retrieves or sets a process' CPU affinity
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ul" name="ul"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ul</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A filter for translating underscores into escape
sequences indicating underlining for the terminal
in use
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="umount" name="umount"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>umount</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Disconnects a file system from the system's file
tree
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uname26" name="uname26"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uname26</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link to setarch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="unshare" name="unshare"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>unshare</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Runs a program with some namespaces unshared from
parent
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="utmpdump" name="utmpdump"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>utmpdump</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the content of the given login file in a
more user-friendly format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uuidd" name="uuidd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uuidd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A daemon used by the UUID library to generate
time-based UUIDs in a secure and guaranteed-unique
fashion
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uuidgen" name="uuidgen"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uuidgen</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates new UUIDs. Each new UUID can reasonably be
considered unique among all UUIDs created, on the
local system and on other systems, in the past and
in the future
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="uuidparse" name="uuidparse"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>uuidparse</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An utility to parse unique identifiers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="wall" name="wall"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>wall</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays the contents of a file or, by default, its
standard input, on the terminals of all currently
logged in users
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="wdctl" name="wdctl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>wdctl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Shows hardware watchdog status
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="whereis" name="whereis"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>whereis</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the location of the binary, source, and man
page for the given command
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="wipefs" name="wipefs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>wipefs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Wipes a filesystem signature from a device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="x86_64" name="x86_64"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>x86_64</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A symbolic link to setarch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="zramctl" name="zramctl"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>zramctl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A program to set up and control zram (compressed
ram disk) devices
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libblkid" name="libblkid"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libblkid</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for device identification and
token extraction
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libfdisk" name="libfdisk"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libfdisk</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for manipulating partition tables
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libmount" name="libmount"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libmount</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for block device mounting and
unmounting
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libsmartcols" name=
"libsmartcols"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libsmartcols</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for aiding screen output in
tabular form
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libuuid" name="libuuid"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libuuid</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines for generating unique identifiers
for objects that may be accessible beyond the local
system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-e2fsprogs" name=
"ch-system-e2fsprogs"></a>6.75.&nbsp;E2fsprogs-1.45.5
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the
<code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system. It also
supports the <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> and
<code class="systemitem">ext4</code> journaling file systems.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.6 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">108 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.75.1. Installation of E2fsprogs
</h3>
<p>
The E2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be
built in a subdirectory of the source tree:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -v build
cd build</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Prepare E2fsprogs for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--with-root-prefix="" \
--enable-elf-shlibs \
--disable-libblkid \
--disable-libuuid \
--disable-uuidd \
--disable-fsck</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of the environment variable and
configure options:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--with-root-prefix=""</code></em> and
<em class=
"parameter"><code>--bindir=/bin</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Certain programs (such as the <span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> program) are
considered essential programs. When, for example,
<code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted,
these programs still need to be available. They belong
in directories like <code class="filename">/lib</code>
and <code class="filename">/sbin</code>. If this option
is not passed to E2fsprogs' configure, the programs are
installed into the <code class="filename">/usr</code>
directory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--enable-elf-shlibs</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This creates the shared libraries which some programs
in this package use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>--disable-*</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This prevents E2fsprogs from building and installing
the <code class="systemitem">libuuid</code> and
<code class="systemitem">libblkid</code> libraries, the
<code class="systemitem">uuidd</code> daemon, and the
<span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>
wrapper, as Util-Linux installs more recent versions.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To run the tests, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
One of the E2fsprogs tests will attempt to allocate 256 MB of
memory. If you do not have significantly more RAM than this,
be sure to enable sufficient swap space for the test. See
<a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem"
title=
"2.5.&nbsp;Creating a File System on the Partition">Section&nbsp;2.5,
&ldquo;Creating a File System on the Partition&rdquo;</a> and
<a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-mounting" title=
"2.7.&nbsp;Mounting the New Partition">Section&nbsp;2.7,
&ldquo;Mounting the New Partition&rdquo;</a> for details on
creating and enabling swap space.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Make the installed static libraries writable so debugging
symbols can be removed later:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package installs a gzipped <code class=
"filename">.info</code> file but doesn't update the
system-wide <code class="filename">dir</code> file. Unzip
this file and then update the system <code class=
"filename">dir</code> file using the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If desired, create and install some additional documentation
by issuing the following commands:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">makeinfo -o doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo
install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info
install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-e2fsprogs" name=
"contents-e2fsprogs"></a>6.75.2. Contents of E2fsprogs
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">badblocks, chattr, compile_et,
debugfs, dumpe2fs,e2freefrag, e2fsck, e2image, e2label,
e2mmpstatus, e2scrub, e2scrub_all, e2undo, e4crypt,
e4defrag, filefrag, fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, fsck.ext4,
logsave, lsattr, mk_cmds, mke2fs, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.ext3,
mkfs.ext4, mklost+found, resize2fs, and tune2fs</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libcom_err.so, libe2p.so,
libext2fs.so, and libss.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/usr/include/e2p, /usr/include/et,
/usr/include/ext2fs, /usr/include/ss, /usr/lib/e2fsprogs,
/usr/share/et, and /usr/share/ss</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504923349280" name=
"idm46504923349280"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="badblocks" name="badblocks"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>badblocks</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Searches a device (usually a disk partition) for
bad blocks
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="chattr" name="chattr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>chattr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Changes the attributes of files on an <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file system; it also
changes <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file
systems, the journaling version of <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file systems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="compile_et" name=
"compile_et"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>compile_et</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
An error table compiler; it converts a table of
error-code names and messages into a C source file
suitable for use with the <code class=
"filename">com_err</code> library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="debugfs" name="debugfs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A file system debugger; it can be used to examine
and change the state of an <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="dumpe2fs" name="dumpe2fs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prints the super block and blocks group information
for the file system present on a given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2freefrag" name=
"e2freefrag"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2freefrag</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports free space fragmentation information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2fsck" name="e2fsck"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to check, and optionally repair
<code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file systems
and <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file
systems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2image" name="e2image"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2image</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Is used to save critical <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file system data to a file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2label" name="e2label"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2label</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Displays or changes the file system label on the
<code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system
present on a given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2mmpstatus" name=
"e2mmpstatus"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2mmpstatus</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks MMP status of an ext4 filesystem
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2scrub" name="e2scrub"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2scrub</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks the contents of a mounted ext[234]
filesystem
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2scrub_all" name=
"e2scrub_all"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2scrub_all</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks all mounted ext[234] filesystems for errors
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e2undo" name="e2undo"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e2undo</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4
filesystem found on a device [This can be used to
undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e4crypt" name="e4crypt"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e4crypt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Ext4 filesystem encryption utility
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="e4defrag" name="e4defrag"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>e4defrag</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Online defragmenter for ext4 filesystems
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="filefrag" name="filefrag"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>filefrag</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports on how badly fragmented a particular file
might be
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck.ext2" name="fsck.ext2"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck.ext2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default checks <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck.ext3" name="fsck.ext3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck.ext3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default checks <code class=
"systemitem">ext3</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fsck.ext4" name="fsck.ext4"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fsck.ext4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default checks <code class=
"systemitem">ext4</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="logsave" name="logsave"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>logsave</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Saves the output of a command in a log file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lsattr" name="lsattr"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Lists the attributes of files on a second extended
file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mk_cmds" name="mk_cmds"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mk_cmds</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Converts a table of command names and help messages
into a C source file suitable for use with the
<code class="filename">libss</code> subsystem
library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mke2fs" name="mke2fs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Creates an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> or
<code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file system on
the given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.ext2" name="mkfs.ext2"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.ext2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default creates <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.ext3" name="mkfs.ext3"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.ext3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default creates <code class=
"systemitem">ext3</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mkfs.ext4" name="mkfs.ext4"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mkfs.ext4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
By default creates <code class=
"systemitem">ext4</code> file systems and is a hard
link to <span class=
"command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mklost-found" name=
"mklost-found"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mklost+found</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used to create a <code class=
"filename">lost+found</code> directory on an
<code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system;
it pre-allocates disk blocks to this directory to
lighten the task of <span class=
"command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="resize2fs" name="resize2fs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>resize2fs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Can be used to enlarge or shrink an <code class=
"systemitem">ext2</code> file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="tune2fs" name="tune2fs"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>tune2fs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Adjusts tunable file system parameters on an
<code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libcom_err" name=
"libcom_err"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">libcom_err</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The common error display routine
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libe2p" name="libe2p"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libe2p</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used by <span class=
"command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span>,
<span class=
"command"><strong>chattr</strong></span>, and
<span class=
"command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libext2fs" name="libext2fs"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">libext2fs</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains routines to enable user-level programs to
manipulate an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code>
file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libss" name="libss"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libss</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Used by <span class=
"command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-sysklogd" name=
"ch-system-sysklogd"></a>6.76.&nbsp;Sysklogd-1.5.1
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system
messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual
things happen.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.6 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.76.1. Installation of Sysklogd
</h3>
<p>
First, fix problems that causes a segmentation fault under
some conditions in klogd and fix an obsolete program
construct:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">sed -i '/Error loading kernel symbols/{n;n;d}' ksym_mod.c
sed -i 's/union wait/int/' syslogd.c</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make BINDIR=/sbin install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-sysklogd" name="conf-sysklogd"></a>6.76.2.
Configuring Sysklogd
</h3>
<p>
Create a new <code class="filename">/etc/syslog.conf</code>
file by running the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/syslog.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/syslog.conf
auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *
# End /etc/syslog.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-sysklogd" name=
"contents-sysklogd"></a>6.76.3. Contents of Sysklogd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">klogd and syslogd</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504923168032" name=
"idm46504923168032"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="klogd" name="klogd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>klogd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A system daemon for intercepting and logging kernel
messages
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="syslogd" name="syslogd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Logs the messages that system programs offer for
logging [Every logged message contains at least a
date stamp and a hostname, and normally the
program's name too, but that depends on how
trusting the logging daemon is told to be.]
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-sysvinit" name=
"ch-system-sysvinit"></a>6.77.&nbsp;Sysvinit-2.96
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the
startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">1.4 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.77.1. Installation of Sysvinit
</h3>
<p>
First, apply a patch that removes several programs installed
by other packages, clarifies a message, and fixes a compiler
warning:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">patch -Np1 -i ../sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This package does not come with a test suite.
</p>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-sysvinit" name=
"contents-sysvinit"></a>6.77.2. Contents of Sysvinit
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">bootlogd, fstab-decode, halt, init,
killall5, poweroff (link to halt), reboot (link to halt),
runlevel, shutdown, and telinit (link to init)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504923135168" name=
"idm46504923135168"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="bootlogd" name="bootlogd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>bootlogd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Logs boot messages to a log file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="fstab-decode" name=
"fstab-decode"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>fstab-decode</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Run a command with fstab-encoded arguments
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="halt-sysv" name="halt-sysv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Normally invokes <span class=
"command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the
<em class="parameter"><code>-h</code></em> option,
except when already in run-level 0, then it tells
the kernel to halt the system; it notes in the file
<code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> that
the system is being brought down
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="init-sysv" name="init-sysv"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The first process to be started when the kernel has
initialized the hardware which takes over the boot
process and starts all the proceses specified in
its configuration file
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="killall5" name="killall5"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>killall5</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sends a signal to all processes, except the
processes in its own session so it will not kill
its parent shell
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="poweroff-sysv" name=
"poweroff-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>poweroff</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off
the computer (see <span class=
"command"><strong>halt</strong></span>)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="reboot-sysv" name=
"reboot-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see
<span class="command"><strong>halt</strong></span>)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="runlevel-sysv" name=
"runlevel-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>runlevel</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reports the previous and the current run-level, as
noted in the last run-level record in <code class=
"filename">/var/run/utmp</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="shutdown-sysv" name=
"shutdown-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling
all processes and notifying all logged-in users
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="telinit-sysv" name=
"telinit-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class=
"command"><strong>telinit</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Tells <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span> which
run-level to change to
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-eudev" name=
"ch-system-eudev"></a>6.78.&nbsp;Eudev-3.2.9
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Eudev package contains programs for dynamic creation of
device nodes.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">83 MB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
6.78.1. Installation of Eudev
</h3>
<p>
Prepare Eudev for compilation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/sbin \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--libdir=/usr/lib \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--libexecdir=/lib \
--with-rootprefix= \
--with-rootlibdir=/lib \
--enable-manpages \
--disable-static</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Compile the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Create some directories now that are needed for tests, but
will also be used as a part of installation:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /lib/udev/rules.d
mkdir -pv /etc/udev/rules.d</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
To test the results, issue:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make check</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install some custom rules and support files useful in an LFS
environment:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">tar -xvf ../udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz
make -f udev-lfs-20171102/Makefile.lfs install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-eudev" name="conf-eudev"></a>6.78.2. Configuring
Eudev
</h3>
<p>
Information about hardware devices is maintained in the
<code class="filename">/etc/udev/hwdb.d</code> and
<code class="filename">/lib/udev/hwdb.d</code> directories.
<span class="application">Eudev</span> needs that information
to be compiled into a binary database <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/hwdb.bin</code>. Create the initial
database:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">udevadm hwdb --update</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This command needs to be run each time the hardware
information is updated.
</p>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-eudev" name="contents-eudev"></a>6.78.3.
Contents of Eudev
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
<span class="segbody">udevadm and udevd</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libudev.so</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/udev, /lib/udev, and
/usr/share/doc/udev-udev-lfs-20171102</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504923041920" name=
"idm46504923041920"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="udevadm" name="udevadm"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>udevadm</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Generic udev administration tool: controls the
udevd daemon, provides info from the Udev database,
monitors uevents, waits for uevents to finish,
tests Udev configuration, and triggers uevents for
a given device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="udevd" name="udevd"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>udevd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink
socket, creates devices and runs the configured
external programs in response to these uevents
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="libudev" name="libudev"></a><span class=
"term"><code class="filename">libudev</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A library interface to udev device information
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="etc-udev" name="etc-udev"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">/etc/udev</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains Udev configuration files, device
permissions, and rules for device naming
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-aboutdebug" name=
"ch-system-aboutdebug"></a>6.79.&nbsp;About Debugging
Symbols
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with
debugging symbols included (with <span class=
"command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s <em class=
"parameter"><code>-g</code></em> option). This means that when
debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging
information included, the debugger can provide not only memory
addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
</p>
<p>
However, the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a
program or library significantly. The following is an example
of the amount of space these symbols occupy:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
binary with debugging symbols: 1200 KB
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>
binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Glibc and GCC files (<code class="filename">/lib</code>
and <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code>) with
debugging symbols: 87 MB
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Sizes may vary depending on which compiler and C library were
used, but when comparing programs with and without debugging
symbols, the difference will usually be a factor between two
and five.
</p>
<p>
Because most users will never use a debugger on their system
software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these
symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging
symbols from the programs and libraries.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-strippingagain" name=
"ch-system-strippingagain"></a>6.80.&nbsp;Stripping Again
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This section is optional. If the intended user is not a
programmer and does not plan to do any debugging on the system
software, the system size can be decreased by about 90 MB by
removing the debugging symbols from binaries and libraries.
This causes no inconvenience other than not being able to debug
the software fully anymore.
</p>
<p>
Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not
experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a typo
and render the new system unusable, so before running the
<span class="command"><strong>strip</strong></span> commands,
it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its
current state.
</p>
<p>
First place the debugging symbols for selected libraries in
separate files. This debugging information is needed if running
regression tests that use <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//general/valgrind.html">
valgrind</a> or <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//general/gdb.html">
gdb</a> later in BLFS.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">save_lib="ld-2.31.so libc-2.31.so libpthread-2.31.so libthread_db-1.0.so"
cd /lib
for LIB in $save_lib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg
strip --strip-unneeded $LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB
done
save_usrlib="libquadmath.so.0.0.0 libstdc++.so.6.0.27
libitm.so.1.0.0 libatomic.so.1.2.0"
cd /usr/lib
for LIB in $save_usrlib; do
objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg
strip --strip-unneeded $LIB
objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB
done
unset LIB save_lib save_usrlib</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Before performing the stripping, take special care to ensure
that none of the binaries that are about to be stripped are
running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">exec /tools/bin/bash</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now the binaries and libraries can be safely stripped:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">/tools/bin/find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-debug {} ';'
/tools/bin/find /lib /usr/lib -type f \( -name \*.so* -a ! -name \*dbg \) \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-unneeded {} ';'
/tools/bin/find /{bin,sbin} /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f \
-exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-all {} ';'</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
A large number of files will be reported as having their file
format not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored.
These warnings indicate that those files are scripts instead of
binaries.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-system-revisedchroot" name=
"ch-system-revisedchroot"></a>6.81.&nbsp;Cleaning Up
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Finally, clean up some extra files left around from running
tests:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -rf /tmp/*</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now log out and reenter the chroot environment with an updated
chroot command. From now on, use this updated chroot command
any time you need to reenter the chroot environment after
exiting:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">logout
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \
HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" \
PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
/bin/bash --login</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The reason for this is that the programs in <code class=
"filename">/tools</code> are no longer needed. For this reason
you can delete the <code class="filename">/tools</code>
directory if so desired.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
Removing <code class="filename">/tools</code> will also
remove the temporary copies of Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU which
were used for running the toolchain tests. If you need these
programs later on, they will need to be recompiled and
re-installed. The BLFS book has instructions for this (see
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>).
</p>
</div>
<p>
If the virtual kernel file systems have been unmounted, either
manually or through a reboot, ensure that the virtual kernel
file systems are mounted when reentering the chroot. This
process was explained in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-system-bindmount" title=
"6.2.2.&nbsp;Mounting and Populating /dev">Section&nbsp;6.2.2,
&ldquo;Mounting and Populating /dev&rdquo;</a> and <a class=
"xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title=
"6.2.3.&nbsp;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section&nbsp;6.2.3,
&ldquo;Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
<p>
There were several static libraries that were not suppressed
earlier in the chapter in order to satisfy the regression tests
in several packages. These libraries are from binutils, bzip2,
e2fsprogs, flex, libtool, and zlib. If desired, remove them
now:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">rm -f /usr/lib/lib{bfd,opcodes}.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libbz2.a
rm -f /usr/lib/lib{com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss}.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libltdl.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libfl.a
rm -f /usr/lib/libz.a</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
There are also several files installed in the /usr/lib and
/usr/libexec directories with a file name extention of .la.
These are "libtool archive" files and generally unneeded on a
linux system. None of these are necessary at this point. To
remove them, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
For more information about libtool archive files, see the
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//introduction/la-files.html">
BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-config" name=
"chapter-config"></a>Chapter&nbsp;7.&nbsp;System
Configuration
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-introduction" name=
"ch-config-introduction"></a>7.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Booting a Linux system involves several tasks. The process must
mount both virtual and real file systems, initialize devices,
activate swap, check file systems for integrity, mount any swap
partitions or files, set the system clock, bring up networking,
start any daemons required by the system, and accomplish any
other custom tasks needed by the user. This process must be
organized to ensure the tasks are performed in the correct
order but, at the same time, be executed as fast as possible.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="sysv-desc" name="sysv-desc"></a>7.1.1. System V
</h3>
<p>
System V is the classic boot process that has been used in
Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux since about 1983. It
consists of a small program, <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span>, that sets up basic
programs such as <span class=
"command"><strong>login</strong></span> (via getty) and runs
a script. This script, usually named <span class=
"command"><strong>rc</strong></span>, controls the execution
of a set of additional scripts that perform the tasks
required to initialize the system.
</p>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>
program is controlled by the <code class=
"filename">/etc/inittab</code> file and is organized into run
levels that can be run by the user:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>
<br />
0&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;halt<br />
1&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;Single&nbsp;user&nbsp;mode<br />
2&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;Multiuser,&nbsp;without&nbsp;networking<br />
3&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;Full&nbsp;multiuser&nbsp;mode<br />
4&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;User&nbsp;definable<br />
5&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;Full&nbsp;multiuser&nbsp;mode&nbsp;with&nbsp;display&nbsp;manager<br />
6&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;reboot<br />
</p>
</div>
<p>
The usual default run level is 3 or 5.
</p>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504922964592" name=
"idm46504922964592"></a>Advantages
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Established, well understood system.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Easy to customize.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504922961904" name=
"idm46504922961904"></a>Disadvantages
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Slower to boot. A medium speed base LFS system takes
8-12 seconds where the boot time is measured from the
first kernel message to the login prompt. Network
connectivity is typically established about 2 seconds
after the login prompt.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Serial processing of boot tasks. This is related to the
previous point. A delay in any process such as a file
system check, will delay the entire boot process.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Does not directly support advanced features like
control groups (cgroups), and per-user fair share
scheduling.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Adding scripts requires manual, static sequencing
decisions.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-bootscripts" name=
"ch-config-bootscripts"></a>7.2.&nbsp;LFS-Bootscripts-20191031
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to
start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown. The
configuration files and procedures needed to customize the
boot process are described in the following sections.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">244 KB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.2.1. Installation of LFS-Bootscripts
</h3>
<p>
Install the package:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-bootscripts" name=
"contents-bootscripts"></a>7.2.2. Contents of LFS-Bootscripts
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed scripts:</strong>
<span class="segbody">checkfs, cleanfs, console,
functions, halt, ifdown, ifup, localnet, modules,
mountfs, mountvirtfs, network, rc, reboot, sendsignals,
setclock, ipv4-static, swap, sysctl, sysklogd, template,
udev, and udev_retry</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d (symbolic
link), /etc/sysconfig, /lib/services, /lib/lsb (symbolic
link)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504922934448" name=
"idm46504922934448"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="checkfs-bootscripts" name=
"checkfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>checkfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Checks the integrity of the file systems before
they are mounted (with the exception of journal and
network based file systems)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="cleanfs-bootscripts" name=
"cleanfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>cleanfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Removes files that should not be preserved between
reboots, such as those in <code class=
"filename">/var/run/</code> and <code class=
"filename">/var/lock/</code>; it re-creates
<code class="filename">/var/run/utmp</code> and
removes the possibly present <code class=
"filename">/etc/nologin</code>, <code class=
"filename">/fastboot</code>, and <code class=
"filename">/forcefsck</code> files
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="console-bootscripts" name=
"console-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>console</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads the correct keymap table for the desired
keyboard layout; it also sets the screen font
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="functions-bootscripts" name=
"functions-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>functions</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains common functions, such as error and status
checking, that are used by several bootscripts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="halt-bootscripts" name=
"halt-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Halts the system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifdown-bootscripts" name=
"ifdown-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Stops a network device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ifup-bootscripts" name=
"ifup-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ifup</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Initializes a network device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="localnet-bootscripts" name=
"localnet-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>localnet</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets up the system's hostname and local loopback
device
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="modules-bootscripts" name=
"modules-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>modules</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads kernel modules listed in <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code>, using
arguments that are also given there
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mountfs-bootscripts" name=
"mountfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Mounts all file systems, except ones that are
marked <span class=
"emphasis"><em>noauto</em></span> or are network
based
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="mountvirtfs-bootscripts" name=
"mountvirtfs-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>mountvirtfs</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Mounts virtual kernel file systems, such as
<code class="systemitem">proc</code>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="network-bootscripts" name=
"network-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>network</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Sets up network interfaces, such as network cards,
and sets up the default gateway (where applicable)
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="rc-bootscripts" name=
"rc-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class="command"><strong>rc</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The master run-level control script; it is
responsible for running all the other bootscripts
one-by-one, in a sequence determined by the name of
the symbolic links being processed
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="reboot-bootscripts" name=
"reboot-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Reboots the system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sendsignals-bootscripts" name=
"sendsignals-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Makes sure every process is terminated before the
system reboots or halts
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="setclock-bootscripts" name=
"setclock-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>setclock</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Resets the kernel clock to local time in case the
hardware clock is not set to UTC time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="ipv4-static-bootscripts" name=
"ipv4-static-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>ipv4-static</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Provides the functionality needed to assign a
static Internet Protocol (IP) address to a network
interface
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="swap-bootscripts" name=
"swap-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>swap</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Enables and disables swap files and partitions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sysctl-bootscripts" name=
"sysctl-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Loads system configuration values from <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysctl.conf</code>, if that file
exists, into the running kernel
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="sysklogd-bootscripts" name=
"sysklogd-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>sysklogd</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Starts and stops the system and kernel log daemons
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="template-bootscripts" name=
"template-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>template</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A template to create custom bootscripts for other
daemons
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="udev-bootscripts" name=
"udev-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>udev</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Prepares the <code class="filename">/dev</code>
directory and starts Udev
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="udev-retry-bootscripts" name=
"udev-retry-bootscripts"></a><span class=
"term"><span class=
"command"><strong>udev_retry</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Retries failed udev uevents, and copies generated
rules files from <code class=
"filename">/run/udev</code> to <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code> if required
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-udev" name=
"ch-config-udev"></a>7.3.&nbsp;Overview of Device and
Module Handling
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title=
"Chapter&nbsp;6.&nbsp;Installing Basic System Software">Chapter&nbsp;6</a>,
we installed the Udev package when <span class=
"phrase">eudev</span> was built. Before we go into the details
regarding how this works, a brief history of previous methods
of handling devices is in order.
</p>
<p>
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device
creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created
under <code class="filename">/dev</code> (sometimes literally
thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding
hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via
a <span class="command"><strong>MAKEDEV</strong></span> script,
which contains a number of calls to the <span class=
"command"><strong>mknod</strong></span> program with the
relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible
device that might exist in the world.
</p>
<p>
Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by
the kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these
device nodes will be created each time the system boots, they
will be stored on a <code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code>
file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in
system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the
memory that is used is negligible.
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.3.1. History
</h3>
<p>
In February 2000, a new filesystem called <code class=
"systemitem">devfs</code> was merged into the 2.3.46 kernel
and was made available during the 2.4 series of stable
kernels. Although it was present in the kernel source itself,
this method of creating devices dynamically never received
overwhelming support from the core kernel developers.
</p>
<p>
The main problem with the approach adopted by <code class=
"systemitem">devfs</code> was the way it handled device
detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of
device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is
generally accepted that if device names are allowed to be
configurable, then the device naming policy should be up to a
system administrator, not imposed on them by any particular
developer(s). The <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> file
system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent
in its design and could not be fixed without a substantial
revision to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a
long period &ndash; due to a lack of maintenance &ndash; and
was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
</p>
<p>
With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later
released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual
filesystem called <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> came
to be. The job of <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> is to
export a view of the system's hardware configuration to
userspace processes. With this userspace-visible
representation, the possibility of developing a userspace
replacement for <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> became
much more realistic.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.3.2. Udev Implementation
</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922798864" name=
"idm46504922798864"></a>7.3.2.1.&nbsp;Sysfs
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem was
mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <code class=
"systemitem">sysfs</code> knows about the devices present
on a system and what device numbers should be used for
them. Drivers that have been compiled into the kernel
directly register their objects with a <code class=
"systemitem">sysfs</code> (devtmpfs internally) as they are
detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules,
this registration will happen when the module is loaded.
Once the <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem
is mounted (on /sys), data which the drivers register with
<code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> are available to
userspace processes and to udevd for processing (including
modifications to device nodes).
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922792128" name=
"idm46504922792128"></a>7.3.2.2.&nbsp;Device Node
Creation
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Device files are created by the kernel by the <code class=
"systemitem">devtmpfs</code> filesystem. Any driver that
wishes to register a device node will go through the
<code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code> (via the driver
core) to do it. When a <code class=
"systemitem">devtmpfs</code> instance is mounted on
<code class="filename">/dev</code>, the device node will
initially be created with a fixed name, permissions, and
owner.
</p>
<p>
A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to
<span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>. Based
on the rules specified in the files within the <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code>, <code class=
"filename">/lib/udev/rules.d</code>, and <code class=
"filename">/run/udev/rules.d</code> directories,
<span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> will
create additional symlinks to the device node, or change
its permissions, owner, or group, or modify the internal
<span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>
database entry (name) for that object.
</p>
<p>
The rules in these three directories are numbered and all
three directories are merged together. If <span class=
"command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> can't find a rule
for the device it is creating, it will leave the
permissions and ownership at whatever <code class=
"systemitem">devtmpfs</code> used initially.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="module-loading" name=
"module-loading"></a>7.3.2.3.&nbsp;Module Loading
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built
into them. Aliases are visible in the output of the
<span class="command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span>
program and are usually related to the bus-specific
identifiers of devices supported by a module. For example,
the <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span> driver
supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID
0x0801, and has an alias of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</span>&rdquo;</span>.
For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the
driver that would handle the device via <code class=
"systemitem">sysfs</code>. E.g., the <code class=
"filename">/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</code>
file might contain the string <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</span>&rdquo;</span>.
The default rules provided with Udev will cause
<span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> to call
out to <span class=
"command"><strong>/sbin/modprobe</strong></span> with the
contents of the <code class="envar">MODALIAS</code> uevent
environment variable (which should be the same as the
contents of the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file
in sysfs), thus loading all modules whose aliases match
this string after wildcard expansion.
</p>
<p>
In this example, this means that, in addition to
<span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span>, the
obsolete (and unwanted) <span class=
"emphasis"><em>forte</em></span> driver will be loaded if
it is available. See below for ways in which the loading of
unwanted drivers can be prevented.
</p>
<p>
The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network
protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922767968" name=
"idm46504922767968"></a>7.3.2.4.&nbsp;Handling
Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus
(USB) MP3 player, the kernel recognizes that the device is
now connected and generates a uevent. This uevent is then
handled by <span class=
"command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> as described above.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.3.3. Problems with Loading Modules and Creating Devices
</h3>
<p>
There are a few possible problems when it comes to
automatically creating device nodes.
</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922764496" name=
"idm46504922764496"></a>7.3.3.1.&nbsp;A kernel module
is not loaded automatically
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias
and the bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases
to <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>. In other cases,
one should arrange module loading by other means. With
Linux-5.5.3, Udev is known to load properly-written drivers
for INPUT, IDE, PCI, USB, SCSI, SERIO, and FireWire
devices.
</p>
<p>
To determine if the device driver you require has the
necessary support for Udev, run <span class=
"command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span> with the module
name as the argument. Now try locating the device directory
under <code class="filename">/sys/bus</code> and check
whether there is a <code class="filename">modalias</code>
file there.
</p>
<p>
If the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file exists
in <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>, the driver
supports the device and can talk to it directly, but
doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the driver. Load the
driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue to
be fixed later.
</p>
<p>
If there is no <code class="filename">modalias</code> file
in the relevant directory under <code class=
"filename">/sys/bus</code>, this means that the kernel
developers have not yet added modalias support to this bus
type. With Linux-5.5.3, this is the case with ISA busses.
Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions.
</p>
<p>
Udev is not intended to load <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">wrapper</span>&rdquo;</span> drivers such as
<span class="emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> and
non-hardware drivers such as <span class=
"emphasis"><em>loop</em></span> at all.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922752416" name=
"idm46504922752416"></a>7.3.3.2.&nbsp;A kernel module
is not loaded automatically, and Udev is not intended
to load it
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
If the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">wrapper</span>&rdquo;</span> module only enhances
the functionality provided by some other module (e.g.,
<span class="emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> enhances
the functionality of <span class=
"emphasis"><em>snd-pcm</em></span> by making the sound
cards available to OSS applications), configure
<span class="command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to
load the wrapper after Udev loads the wrapped module. To do
this, add a <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">softdep</span>&rdquo;</span> line to the
corresponding <code class=
"filename">/etc/modprobe.d/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;filename&gt;</code></em>.conf</code>
file. For example:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">softdep snd-pcm post: snd-pcm-oss</code>
</pre>
<p>
Note that the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">softdep</span>&rdquo;</span> command also allows
<code class="literal">pre:</code> dependencies, or a
mixture of both <code class="literal">pre:</code> and
<code class="literal">post:</code>. See the <code class=
"filename">modprobe.d(5)</code> manual page for more
information on <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">softdep</span>&rdquo;</span> syntax and
capabilities.
</p>
<p>
If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by
itself, configure the <span class=
"command"><strong>modules</strong></span> bootscript to
load this module on system boot. To do this, add the module
name to the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code> file on a separate
line. This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal
in that case.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922739424" name=
"idm46504922739424"></a>7.3.3.3.&nbsp;Udev loads some
unwanted module
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a
<code class=
"filename">/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</code> file as
done with the <span class="emphasis"><em>forte</em></span>
module in the example below:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">blacklist forte</code>
</pre>
<p>
Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the
explicit <span class=
"command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> command.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922734368" name=
"idm46504922734368"></a>7.3.3.4.&nbsp;Udev creates a
device incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a
device. For example, a poorly-written rule can match both a
SCSI disk (as desired) and the corresponding SCSI generic
device (incorrectly) by vendor. Find the offending rule and
make it more specific, with the help of the <span class=
"command"><strong>udevadm info</strong></span> command.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922732096" name=
"idm46504922732096"></a>7.3.3.5.&nbsp;Udev rule works
unreliably
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This may be another manifestation of the previous problem.
If not, and your rule uses <code class=
"systemitem">sysfs</code> attributes, it may be a kernel
timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels. For now, you
can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the
used <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> attribute and
appending it to the <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules</code>
file (create this file if it does not exist). Please notify
the LFS Development list if you do so and it helps.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922727744" name=
"idm46504922727744"></a>7.3.3.6.&nbsp;Udev does not
create a device
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Further text assumes that the driver is built statically
into the kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you
have already checked that Udev doesn't create a misnamed
device.
</p>
<p>
Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a
kernel driver does not export its data to <code class=
"systemitem">sysfs</code>. This is most common with third
party drivers from outside the kernel tree. Create a static
device node in <code class=
"filename">/lib/udev/devices</code> with the appropriate
major/minor numbers (see the file <code class=
"filename">devices.txt</code> inside the kernel
documentation or the documentation provided by the third
party driver vendor). The static device node will be copied
to <code class="filename">/dev</code> by <span class=
"command"><strong>udev</strong></span>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922721424" name=
"idm46504922721424"></a>7.3.3.7.&nbsp;Device naming
order changes randomly after rebooting
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles
uevents and loads modules in parallel, and thus in an
unpredictable order. This will never be <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">fixed</span>&rdquo;</span>. You should not rely
upon the kernel device names being stable. Instead, create
your own rules that make symlinks with stable names based
on some stable attributes of the device, such as a serial
number or the output of various *_id utilities installed by
Udev. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-symlinks" title=
"7.4.&nbsp;Managing Devices">Section&nbsp;7.4,
&ldquo;Managing Devices&rdquo;</a> and <a class="xref"
href="#ch-config-network" title=
"7.5.&nbsp;General Network Configuration">Section&nbsp;7.5,
&ldquo;General Network Configuration&rdquo;</a> for
examples.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.3.4. Useful Reading
</h3>
<p>
Additional helpful documentation is available at the
following sites:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
A Userspace Implementation of <code class=
"systemitem">devfs</code> <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf">
http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf</a>
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> Filesystem
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf">
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-symlinks" name=
"ch-config-symlinks"></a>7.4.&nbsp;Managing Devices
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.4.1. Network Devices
</h3>
<p>
Udev, by default, names network devices according to
Firmware/BIOS data or physical characteristics like the bus,
slot, or MAC address. The purpose of this naming convention
is to ensure that network devices are named consistently and
not based on the time the network card was discovered. For
example, on a computer having two network cards made by Intel
and Realtek, the network card manufactured by Intel may
become eth0 and the Realtek card becomes eth1. In some cases,
after a reboot the cards get renumbered the other way around.
</p>
<p>
In the new naming scheme, typical network device names would
then be something like enp5s0 or wlp3s0. If this naming
convention is not desired, the traditional naming scheme or a
custom scheme can be implemented.
</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922706752" name=
"idm46504922706752"></a>7.4.1.1.&nbsp;Disabling
Persistent Naming on the Kernel Command Line
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The traditional naming scheme using eth0, eth1, etc can be
restored by adding <strong class=
"userinput"><code>net.ifnames=0</code></strong> on the
kernel command line. This is most appropriate for those
systems that have only one ethernet device of the same
type. Laptops often have multiple ethernet connections that
are named eth0 and wlan0 and are also candidates for this
method. The command line is passed in the GRUB
configuration file. See <a class="xref" href="#grub-cfg"
title=
"8.4.4.&nbsp;Creating the GRUB Configuration File">Section&nbsp;8.4.4,
&ldquo;Creating the GRUB Configuration File&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922703488" name=
"idm46504922703488"></a>7.4.1.2.&nbsp;Creating Custom
Udev Rules
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The naming scheme can be customized by creating custom Udev
rules. A script has been included that generates the
initial rules. Generate these rules by running:
</p>
<pre class="install">
<kbd class="command">bash /lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now, inspect the <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</code>
file, to find out which name was assigned to which network
device:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
In some cases such as when MAC addresses have been
assigned to a network card manually or in a virtual
environment such as Qemu or Xen, the network rules file
may not have been generated because addresses are not
consistently assigned. In these cases, this method cannot
be used.
</p>
</div>
<p>
The file begins with a comment block followed by two lines
for each NIC. The first line for each NIC is a commented
description showing its hardware IDs (e.g. its PCI vendor
and device IDs, if it's a PCI card), along with its driver
in parentheses, if the driver can be found. Neither the
hardware ID nor the driver is used to determine which name
to give an interface; this information is only for
reference. The second line is the Udev rule that matches
this NIC and actually assigns it a name.
</p>
<p>
All Udev rules are made up of several keys, separated by
commas and optional whitespace. This rule's keys and an
explanation of each of them are as follows:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">SUBSYSTEM=="net"</code> - This
tells Udev to ignore devices that are not network
cards.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">ACTION=="add"</code> - This
tells Udev to ignore this rule for a uevent that
isn't an add ("remove" and "change" uevents also
happen, but don't need to rename network interfaces).
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">DRIVERS=="?*"</code> - This
exists so that Udev will ignore VLAN or bridge
sub-interfaces (because these sub-interfaces do not
have drivers). These sub-interfaces are skipped
because the name that would be assigned would collide
with their parent devices.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">ATTR{address}</code> - The
value of this key is the NIC's MAC address.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">ATTR{type}=="1"</code> - This
ensures the rule only matches the primary interface
in the case of certain wireless drivers, which create
multiple virtual interfaces. The secondary interfaces
are skipped for the same reason that VLAN and bridge
sub-interfaces are skipped: there would be a name
collision otherwise.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<code class="literal">NAME</code> - The value of this
key is the name that Udev will assign to this
interface.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
The value of <code class="literal">NAME</code> is the
important part. Make sure you know which name has been
assigned to each of your network cards before proceeding,
and be sure to use that <code class="literal">NAME</code>
value when creating your configuration files below.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.4.2. CD-ROM symlinks
</h3>
<p>
Some software that you may want to install later (e.g.,
various media players) expect the <code class=
"filename">/dev/cdrom</code> and <code class=
"filename">/dev/dvd</code> symlinks to exist, and to point to
a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM device. Also, it may be convenient to put
references to those symlinks into <code class=
"filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Udev comes with a script that
will generate rules files to create these symlinks for you,
depending on the capabilities of each device, but you need to
decide which of two modes of operation you wish to have the
script use.
</p>
<p>
First, the script can operate in <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;</span> mode (used by default
for USB and FireWire devices), where the rules it creates
depend on the physical path to the CD or DVD device. Second,
it can operate in <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;</span> mode (default for IDE and
SCSI devices), where the rules it creates depend on
identification strings stored in the CD or DVD device itself.
The path is determined by Udev's <span class=
"command"><strong>path_id</strong></span> script, and the
identification strings are read from the hardware by its
<span class="command"><strong>ata_id</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>scsi_id</strong></span>
programs, depending on which type of device you have.
</p>
<p>
There are advantages to each approach; the correct approach
to use will depend on what kinds of device changes may
happen. If you expect the physical path to the device (that
is, the ports and/or slots that it plugs into) to change, for
example because you plan on moving the drive to a different
IDE port or a different USB connector, then you should use
the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;</span> mode. On the other hand,
if you expect the device's identification to change, for
example because it may die, and you would replace it with a
different device with the same capabilities and which is
plugged into the same connectors, then you should use the
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;</span> mode.
</p>
<p>
If either type of change is possible with your drive, then
choose a mode based on the type of change you expect to
happen more often.
</p>
<div class="admon important">
<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
External devices (for example, a USB-connected CD drive)
should not use by-path persistence, because each time the
device is plugged into a new external port, its physical
path will change. All externally-connected devices will
have this problem if you write Udev rules to recognize them
by their physical path; the problem is not limited to CD
and DVD drives.
</p>
</div>
<p>
If you wish to see the values that the Udev scripts will use,
then for the appropriate CD-ROM device, find the
corresponding directory under <code class=
"filename">/sys</code> (e.g., this can be <code class=
"filename">/sys/block/hdd</code>) and run a command similar
to the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">udevadm test /sys/block/hdd</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Look at the lines containing the output of various *_id
programs. The <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;</span> mode will use the
ID_SERIAL value if it exists and is not empty, otherwise it
will use a combination of ID_MODEL and ID_REVISION. The
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;</span> mode will use the
ID_PATH value.
</p>
<p>
If the default mode is not suitable for your situation, then
the following modification can be made to the <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</code>
file, as follows (where <em class=
"replaceable"><code>mode</code></em> is one of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">by-id</span>&rdquo;</span>
or <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">by-path</span>&rdquo;</span>):
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">sed -i -e 's/"write_cd_rules"/"write_cd_rules <em class=
"replaceable"><code>mode</code></em>"/' \
/etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Note that it is not necessary to create the rules files or
symlinks at this time, because you have bind-mounted the
host's <code class="filename">/dev</code> directory into the
LFS system, and we assume the symlinks exist on the host. The
rules and symlinks will be created the first time you boot
your LFS system.
</p>
<p>
However, if you have multiple CD-ROM devices, then the
symlinks generated at that time may point to different
devices than they point to on your host, because devices are
not discovered in a predictable order. The assignments
created when you first boot the LFS system will be stable, so
this is only an issue if you need the symlinks on both
systems to point to the same device. If you need that, then
inspect (and possibly edit) the generated <code class=
"filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules</code>
file after booting, to make sure the assigned symlinks match
what you need.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.4.3. Dealing with duplicate devices
</h3>
<p>
As explained in <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-udev" title=
"7.3.&nbsp;Overview of Device and Module Handling">Section&nbsp;7.3,
&ldquo;Overview of Device and Module Handling&rdquo;</a>, the
order in which devices with the same function appear in
<code class="filename">/dev</code> is essentially random.
E.g., if you have a USB web camera and a TV tuner, sometimes
<code class="filename">/dev/video0</code> refers to the
camera and <code class="filename">/dev/video1</code> refers
to the tuner, and sometimes after a reboot the order changes
to the opposite one. For all classes of hardware except sound
cards and network cards, this is fixable by creating Udev
rules for custom persistent symlinks. The case of network
cards is covered separately in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-config-network" title=
"7.5.&nbsp;General Network Configuration">Section&nbsp;7.5,
&ldquo;General Network Configuration&rdquo;</a>, and sound
card configuration can be found in <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/devices.html">
BLFS</a>.
</p>
<p>
For each of your devices that is likely to have this problem
(even if the problem doesn't exist in your current Linux
distribution), find the corresponding directory under
<code class="filename">/sys/class</code> or <code class=
"filename">/sys/block</code>. For video devices, this may be
<code class="filename">/sys/class/video4linux/video<em class=
"replaceable"><code>X</code></em></code>. Figure out the
attributes that identify the device uniquely (usually, vendor
and product IDs and/or serial numbers work):
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/video4linux/video0</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Then write rules that create the symlinks, e.g.:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cat &gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/83-duplicate_devs.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">
# Persistent symlinks for webcam and tuner
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1910", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0d81", \
SYMLINK+="webcam"
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{device}=="0x036f", ATTRS{vendor}=="0x109e", \
SYMLINK+="tvtuner"
</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The result is that <code class="filename">/dev/video0</code>
and <code class="filename">/dev/video1</code> devices still
refer randomly to the tuner and the web camera (and thus
should never be used directly), but there are symlinks
<code class="filename">/dev/tvtuner</code> and <code class=
"filename">/dev/webcam</code> that always point to the
correct device.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-network" name=
"ch-config-network"></a>7.5.&nbsp;General Network
Configuration
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.5.1. Creating Network Interface Configuration Files
</h3>
<p>
Which interfaces are brought up and down by the network
script usually depends on the files in <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code>. This directory should
contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as
<code class="filename">ifconfig.xyz</code>, where
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">xyz</span>&rdquo;</span> should describe the network
card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate.
Inside this file are attributes to this interface, such as
its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. It is
necessary that the stem of the filename be <span class=
"emphasis"><em>ifconfig</em></span>.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If the procedure in the previous section was not used, Udev
will assign network card interface names based on system
physical characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are not
sure what your interface name is, you can always run
<span class="command"><strong>ip link</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>ls
/sys/class/net</strong></span> after you have booted your
system.
</p>
</div>
<p>
The following command creates a sample file for the
<span class="emphasis"><em>eth0</em></span> device with a
static IP address:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /etc/sysconfig/
cat &gt; ifconfig.<em class=
"replaceable"><code>eth0</code></em> &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal">ONBOOT=<em class="replaceable"><code>yes</code></em>
IFACE=<em class="replaceable"><code>eth0</code></em>
SERVICE=<em class="replaceable"><code>ipv4-static</code></em>
IP=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.2</code></em>
GATEWAY=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.1</code></em>
PREFIX=<em class="replaceable"><code>24</code></em>
BROADCAST=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.255</code></em></code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The values in italics must be changed in every file to match
the proper setup.
</p>
<p>
If the <code class="envar">ONBOOT</code> variable is set to
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">yes</span>&rdquo;</span> the System V network script
will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during booting
of the system. If set to anything but <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">yes</span>&rdquo;</span>
the NIC will be ignored by the network script and not be
automatically brought up. The interface can be manually
started or stopped with the <span class=
"command"><strong>ifup</strong></span> and <span class=
"command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span> commands.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">IFACE</code> variable defines the
interface name, for example, eth0. It is required for all
network device configuration files. The filename extension
must match this value.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">SERVICE</code> variable defines the
method used for obtaining the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts
package has a modular IP assignment format, and creating
additional files in the <code class=
"filename">/lib/services/</code> directory allows other IP
assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS
book.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">GATEWAY</code> variable should
contain the default gateway IP address, if one is present. If
not, then comment out the variable entirely.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="envar">PREFIX</code> variable contains the
number of bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP
address is 8 bits. If the subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0,
then it is using the first three octets (24 bits) to specify
the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240, it
would be using the first 28 bits. Prefixes longer than 24
bits are commonly used by DSL and cable-based Internet
Service Providers (ISPs). In this example (PREFIX=24), the
netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the <code class=
"envar">PREFIX</code> variable according to your specific
subnet. If omitted, the PREFIX defaults to 24.
</p>
<p>
For more information see the <span class=
"command"><strong>ifup</strong></span> man page.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="resolv.conf" name="resolv.conf"></a>7.5.2. Creating
the /etc/resolv.conf File
</h3>
<p>
The system will need some means of obtaining Domain Name
Service (DNS) name resolution to resolve Internet domain
names to IP addresses, and vice versa. This is best achieved
by placing the IP address of the DNS server, available from
the ISP or network administrator, into <code class=
"filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. Create the file by
running the following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/resolv.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/resolv.conf
domain <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;Your Domain Name&gt;</code></em>
nameserver <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of your primary nameserver&gt;</code></em>
nameserver <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of your secondary nameserver&gt;</code></em>
# End /etc/resolv.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="varname">domain</code> statement can be
omitted or replaced with a <code class=
"varname">search</code> statement. See the man page for
resolv.conf for more details.
</p>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;IP address of the
nameserver&gt;</code></em> with the IP address of the DNS
most appropriate for the setup. There will often be more than
one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for fallback
capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove
the second <span class="emphasis"><em>nameserver</em></span>
line from the file. The IP address may also be a router on
the local network.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are 8.8.8.8 and
8.8.4.4.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-hostname" name=
"ch-config-hostname"></a>7.5.3. Configuring the system
hostname
</h3>
<p>
During the boot process, the file <code class=
"filename">/etc/hostname</code> is used for establishing the
system's hostname.
</p>
<p>
Create the <code class="filename">/etc/hostname</code> file
and enter a hostname by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo "<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;lfs&gt;</code></em>" &gt; /etc/hostname</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;lfs&gt;</code></em> needs
to be replaced with the name given to the computer. Do not
enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) here. That
information is put in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/hosts</code> file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-hosts" name="ch-config-hosts"></a>7.5.4.
Customizing the /etc/hosts File
</h3>
<p>
Decide on the IP address, fully-qualified domain name (FQDN),
and possible aliases for use in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/hosts</code> file. The syntax is:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</code>
</pre>
<p>
Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e.,
there is a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP
addresses&mdash;most users do not have this), make sure that
the IP address is in the private network IP address range.
Valid ranges are:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">Private Network Address Range Normal Prefix
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 8
172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254 16
192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254 24</code>
</pre>
<p>
x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number
in the range 0-255.
</p>
<p>
A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN
for this IP could be lfs.example.org.
</p>
<p>
Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still
required. This is necessary for certain programs to operate
correctly.
</p>
<p>
Create the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file by
running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/hosts &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
127.0.1.1 <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;FQDN&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;192.168.1.1&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;FQDN&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</code></em> <em class=
"replaceable"><code>[alias1] [alias2 ...]</code></em>
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
# End /etc/hosts</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;192.168.1.1&gt;</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;FQDN&gt;</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;HOSTNAME&gt;</code></em>
values need to be changed for specific uses or requirements
(if assigned an IP address by a network/system administrator
and the machine will be connected to an existing network).
The optional alias name(s) can be omitted.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-usage" name=
"ch-config-usage"></a>7.6.&nbsp;System V Bootscript Usage
and Configuration
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.6.1. How Do the System V Bootscripts Work?
</h3>
<p>
Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is
based on a concept of <span class=
"emphasis"><em>run-levels</em></span>. It can be quite
different from one system to another, so it cannot be assumed
that because things worked in one particular Linux
distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS has
its own way of doing things, but it respects generally
accepted standards.
</p>
<p>
SysVinit (which will be referred to as <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">init</span>&rdquo;</span>
from now on) works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven
(numbered 0 to 6) run-levels (actually, there are more
run-levels, but they are for special cases and are generally
not used. See <code class="filename">init(8)</code> for more
details), and each one of those corresponds to the actions
the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up. The
default run-level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the
different run-levels as they are implemented:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>
0:&nbsp;halt&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer<br />
1:&nbsp;single-user&nbsp;mode<br />
2:&nbsp;multi-user&nbsp;mode&nbsp;without&nbsp;networking<br />
3:&nbsp;multi-user&nbsp;mode&nbsp;with&nbsp;networking<br />
4:&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;for&nbsp;customization,&nbsp;otherwise&nbsp;does&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;as&nbsp;3<br />
5:&nbsp;same&nbsp;as&nbsp;4,&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;usually&nbsp;used&nbsp;for&nbsp;GUI&nbsp;login&nbsp;(like&nbsp;X's&nbsp;<span class="command"><strong>xdm</strong></span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;KDE's&nbsp;<span class="command"><strong>kdm</strong></span>)<br />
6:&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-sysvinit" name="conf-sysvinit"></a>7.6.2.
Configuring Sysvinit
</h3>
<p>
During the kernel initialization, the first program that is
run is either specified on the command line or, by default
<span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>. This
program reads the initialization file <code class=
"filename">/etc/inittab</code>. Create this file with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inittab
id:3:initdefault:
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
# End /etc/inittab</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page
for <span class="emphasis"><em>inittab</em></span>. For LFS,
the key command that is run is <span class=
"command"><strong>rc</strong></span>. The initialization file
above will instruct <span class=
"command"><strong>rc</strong></span> to run all the scripts
starting with an S in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</code> directory followed by all
the scripts starting with an S in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</code> directory where the
question mark is specified by the initdefault value.
</p>
<p>
As a convenience, the <span class=
"command"><strong>rc</strong></span> script reads a library
of functions in <code class=
"filename">/lib/lsb/init-functions</code>. This library also
reads an optional configuration file, <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>. Any of the system
configuration file parameters described in subsequent
sections can be alternatively placed in this file allowing
consolidation of all system parameters in this one file.
</p>
<p>
As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs
all output to <code class="filename">/run/var/bootlog</code>.
Since the <code class="filename">/run</code> directory is a
tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots, however it
is appended to the more permanent file <code class=
"filename">/var/log/boot.log</code> at the end of the boot
process.
</p>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="init-levels" name=
"init-levels"></a>7.6.2.1.&nbsp;Changing Run Levels
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Changing run-levels is done with <span class=
"command"><strong>init <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;runlevel&gt;</code></em></strong></span>,
where <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;runlevel&gt;</code></em> is the
target run-level. For example, to reboot the computer, a
user could issue the <span class="command"><strong>init
6</strong></span> command, which is an alias for the
<span class="command"><strong>reboot</strong></span>
command. Likewise, <span class="command"><strong>init
0</strong></span> is an alias for the <span class=
"command"><strong>halt</strong></span> command.
</p>
<p>
There are a number of directories under <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d</code> that look like <code class=
"filename">rc?.d</code> (where ? is the number of the
run-level) and <code class="filename">rcsysinit.d</code>,
all containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with
a <span class="emphasis"><em>K</em></span>, the others
begin with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>, and
all of them have two numbers following the initial letter.
The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to
start a service. The numbers determine the order in which
the scripts are run, from 00 to 99&mdash;the lower the
number the earlier it gets executed. When <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span> switches to another
run-level, the appropriate services are either started or
stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen.
</p>
<p>
The real scripts are in <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. They do the actual
work, and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S
links point to the same script in <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. This is because the
scripts can be called with different parameters like
<em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em>, <em class=
"parameter"><code>stop</code></em>, <em class=
"parameter"><code>restart</code></em>, <em class=
"parameter"><code>reload</code></em>, and <em class=
"parameter"><code>status</code></em>. When a K link is
encountered, the appropriate script is run with the
<em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> argument. When
an S link is encountered, the appropriate script is run
with the <em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em>
argument.
</p>
<p>
There is one exception to this explanation. Links that
start with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span> in
the <code class="filename">rc0.d</code> and <code class=
"filename">rc6.d</code> directories will not cause anything
to be started. They will be called with the parameter
<em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> to stop
something. The logic behind this is that when a user is
going to reboot or halt the system, nothing needs to be
started. The system only needs to be stopped.
</p>
<p>
These are descriptions of what the arguments make the
scripts do:
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>start</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The service is started.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>stop</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The service is stopped.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>restart</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The service is stopped and then started again.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>reload</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The configuration of the service is updated. This is
used after the configuration file of a service was
modified, when the service does not need to be
restarted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>status</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after
all, it is your own LFS system). The files given here are
an example of how it can be done.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
7.6.3. Udev Bootscripts
</h3>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</code>
initscript starts <span class=
"command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>, triggers any
"coldplug" devices that have already been created by the
kernel and waits for any rules to complete. The script also
unsets the uevent handler from the default of <code class=
"filename">/sbin/hotplug</code> . This is done because the
kernel no longer needs to call out to an external binary.
Instead <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>
will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel
raises.
</p>
<p>
The <span class=
"command"><strong>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</strong></span>
initscript takes care of re-triggering events for subsystems
whose rules may rely on filesystems that are not mounted
until the <span class=
"command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script is run (in
particular, <code class="filename">/usr</code> and
<code class="filename">/var</code> may cause this). This
script runs after the <span class=
"command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script, so those
rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time
around. It is configured from the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</code> file; any words
in this file other than comments are considered subsystem
names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a
device, use <span class="command"><strong>udevadm info
--attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</strong></span> where
&lt;device&gt; is an absolute path in /dev or /sys such as
/dev/sr0 or /sys/class/rtc.
</p>
<p>
For information on kernel module loading and udev, see
<a class="xref" href="#module-loading" title=
"7.3.2.3.&nbsp;Module Loading">Section&nbsp;7.3.2.3,
&ldquo;Module Loading&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-clock" name="ch-config-clock"></a>7.6.4.
Configuring the System Clock
</h3>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span>
script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as
the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this
script will convert the hardware clock's time to the local
time using the <code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code>
file (which tells the <span class=
"command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> program which
timezone the user is in). There is no way to detect whether
or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this needs to be
configured manually.
</p>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span> is
run via <span class="application">udev</span> when the kernel
detects the hardware capability upon boot. It can also be run
manually with the stop parameter to store the system time to
the CMOS clock.
</p>
<p>
If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is
set to UTC, find out by running the <strong class=
"userinput"><code>hwclock --localtime --show</code></strong>
command. This will display what the current time is according
to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your
watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If
the output from <span class=
"command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> is not local time,
chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or
subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to
the time shown by <span class=
"command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span>. For example, if
you are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as
GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
</p>
<p>
Change the value of the <code class="envar">UTC</code>
variable below to a value of <em class=
"parameter"><code>0</code></em> (zero) if the hardware clock
is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> set to UTC
time.
</p>
<p>
Create a new file <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/clock</code> by running the
following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/clock &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
UTC=1
# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=
# End /etc/sysconfig/clock</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is
available at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt</a>.
It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, and the
<code class="envar">TZ</code> environment variable.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC paramaters may be alternatively set
in the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>
file.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-console" name="ch-config-console"></a>7.6.5.
Configuring the Linux Console
</h3>
<p>
This section discusses how to configure the <span class=
"command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript that
sets up the keyboard map, console font and console kernel log
level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the
British pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the
keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped.
Without the configuration file, (or equivalent settings in
<code class="filename">rc.site</code>), the <span class=
"command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript will do
nothing.
</p>
<p>
The <span class="command"><strong>console</strong></span>
script reads the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file for
configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen
font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also
help with this, see <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html</a>.
If still in doubt, look in the <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/keymaps</code> and <code class=
"filename">/usr/share/consolefonts</code> directories for
valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read <code class=
"filename">loadkeys(1)</code> and <code class=
"filename">setfont(8)</code> manual pages to determine the
correct arguments for these programs.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file
should contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The
following variables are recognized:
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term">LOGLEVEL</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This variable specifies the log level for kernel
messages sent to the console as set by <span class=
"command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span>. Valid levels
are from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is
"7".
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">KEYMAP</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This variable specifies the arguments for the
<span class="command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span>
program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g.,
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">it</span>&rdquo;</span>. If this variable is
not set, the bootscript will not run the <span class=
"command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program, and
the default kernel keymap will be used. Note that a few
keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz
and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/
and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these
cases the parent directory should also be specified
(e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for
the second call to the <span class=
"command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program.
This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely
satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made.
E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that
normally doesn't have it, set this variable to
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">euro2</span>&rdquo;</span>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">FONT</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This variable specifies the arguments for the
<span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span>
program. Typically, this includes the font name,
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">-m</span>&rdquo;</span>, and the name of the
application character map to load. E.g., in order to
load the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">lat1-16</span>&rdquo;</span> font together with
the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">8859-1</span>&rdquo;</span> application
character map (as it is appropriate in the USA), set
this variable to <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">lat1-16 -m
8859-1</span>&rdquo;</span>. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel
uses the application character map for conversion of
composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and
thus the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set
to the encoding of the composed key codes in the
keymap.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">UNICODE</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Set this variable to <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">1</span>&rdquo;</span>, <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">yes</span>&rdquo;</span> or <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">true</span>&rdquo;</span> in order to put the
console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based
locales and harmful otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term">LEGACY_CHARSET</span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode
keymap in the Kbd package. The <span class=
"command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript
will convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if
this variable is set to the encoding of the available
non-UTF-8 keymap.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Some examples:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT
variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish
setup, one would use:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
KEYMAP="pl2"
FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust
a stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the
Euro symbol to the German keymap:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"
UNICODE="1"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The following is a Unicode-enabled example for
Bulgarian, where a stock UTF-8 keymap exists:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in
the previous example, bright colors are no longer
available on the Linux console unless a framebuffer is
used. If one wants to have bright colors without
framebuffer and can live without characters not
belonging to his language, it is still possible to use
a language-specific 256-glyph font, as illustrated
below:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="cyr-sun16"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion
from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in
Unicode mode:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't
produce a character by themselves, but put an accent on
the character produced by the next key) or define
composition rules (such as: <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">press Ctrl+. A E to
get <20></span>&rdquo;</span> in the default keymap).
Linux-5.5.3 interprets dead keys and composition rules
in the keymap correctly only when the source characters
to be composed together are not multibyte. This
deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for European
languages, because there accents are added to
unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters
are composed together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a
problem, e.g., for the Greek language, where one
sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">alpha</span>&rdquo;</span>. The solution is
either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to install the X
window system that doesn't have this limitation in its
input handling.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
For Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other languages,
the Linux console cannot be configured to display the
needed characters. Users who need such languages should
install the X Window System, fonts that cover the
necessary character ranges, and the proper input method
(e.g., SCIM, it supports a wide variety of languages).
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code>
file only controls the Linux text console localization. It
has nothing to do with setting the proper keyboard layout
and terminal fonts in the X Window System, with ssh
sessions or with a serial console. In such situations,
limitations mentioned in the last two list items above do
not apply.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-createfiles" name=
"ch-config-createfiles"></a>7.6.6. Creating Files at Boot
</h3>
<p>
At times, it is desired to create files at boot time. For
instance, the <code class="filename">/tmp/.ICE-unix</code>
directory may be desired. This can be done by creating an
entry in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</code> configuration
script. The format of this file is embedded in the comments
of the default configuration file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-sysklogd" name=
"ch-config-sysklogd"></a>7.6.7. Configuring the sysklogd
Script
</h3>
<p>
The <code class="filename">sysklogd</code> script invokes the
<span class="command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> program
as a part of System V initialization. The <em class=
"parameter"><code>-m 0</code></em> option turns off the
periodic timestamp mark that <span class=
"command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> writes to the log
files every 20 minutes by default. If you want to turn on
this periodic timestamp mark, edit <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> and define the
variable SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value. For instance,
to remove all parameters, set the variable to a null value:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
SYSKLOGD_PARMS=
</pre>
<p>
See <strong class="userinput"><code>man
syslogd</code></strong> for more options.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="ch-config-site" name="ch-config-site"></a>7.6.8. The
rc.site File
</h3>
<p>
The optional <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file contains
settings that are automatically set for each SystemV boot
script. It can alternatively set the values specified in the
<code class="filename">hostname</code>, <code class=
"filename">console</code>, and <code class=
"filename">clock</code> files in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code> directory. If the
associated variables are present in both these separate files
and <code class="filename">rc.site</code>, the values in the
script specific files have precedence.
</p>
<p>
<code class="filename">rc.site</code> also contains
parameters that can customize other aspects of the boot
process. Setting the IPROMPT variable will enable selective
running of bootscripts. Other options are described in the
file comments. The default version of the file is as follows:
</p>
<pre class="auto">
# rc.site
# Optional parameters for boot scripts.
# Distro Information
# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#DISTRO="Linux From Scratch" # The distro name
#DISTRO_CONTACT="lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org" # Bug report address
#DISTRO_MINI="LFS" # Short name used in filenames for distro config
# Define custom colors used in messages printed to the screen
# Please consult `man console_codes` for more information
# under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section
#
# Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font,
# the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to
# the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does
# not affect framebuffer consoles
# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Blue
#FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Red
#INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Cyan
#NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Grey
#SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Green
#WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Yellow
# Use a colored prefix
# These values, if specified here, override the defaults
#BMPREFIX=" "
#SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} "
#FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} "
#WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} "
# Manually seet the right edge of message output (characters)
# Useful when resetting console font during boot to override
# automatic screen width detection
#COLUMNS=120
# Interactive startup
#IPROMPT="yes" # Whether to display the interactive boot prompt
#itime="3" # The amount of time (in seconds) to display the prompt
# The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes
#wlen=$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )
#welcome_message="Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"
# The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes
#ilen=$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )
#i_message="Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"
# Set scripts to skip the file system check on reboot
#FASTBOOT=yes
# Skip reading from the console
#HEADLESS=yes
# Write out fsck progress if yes
#VERBOSE_FSCK=no
# Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev
#OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y
# Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev_retry
#OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=yes
# Skip cleaning /tmp if yes
#SKIPTMPCLEAN=no
# For setclock
#UTC=1
#CLOCKPARAMS=
# For consolelog (Note that the default, 7=debug, is noisy)
#LOGLEVEL=7
# For network
#HOSTNAME=mylfs
# Delay between TERM and KILL signals at shutdown
#KILLDELAY=3
# Optional sysklogd parameters
#SYSKLOGD_PARMS="-m 0"
# Console parameters
#UNICODE=1
#KEYMAP="de-latin1"
#KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
#FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"
#LEGACY_CHARSET=
</pre>
<div class="sect3">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h4 class="title">
<a id="idm46504922378304" name=
"idm46504922378304"></a>7.6.8.1.&nbsp;Customizing the
Boot and Shutdown Scripts
</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a
fairly efficient manner, but there are a few tweaks that
you can make in the rc.site file to improve speed even more
and to adjust messages according to your preferences. To do
this, adjust the settings in the <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file above.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
During the boot script <code class=
"filename">udev</code>, there is a call to
<span class="command"><strong>udev
settle</strong></span> that requires some time to
complete. This time may or may not be required
depending on devices present in the system. If you
only have simple partitions and a single ethernet
card, the boot process will probably not need to wait
for this command. To skip it, set the variable
OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The boot script <code class=
"filename">udev_retry</code> also runs <span class=
"command"><strong>udev settle</strong></span> by
default. This command is only needed by default if
the <code class="filename">/var</code> directory is
separately mounted. This is because the clock needs
the file <code class=
"filename">/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</code>. Other
customizations may also need to wait for udev to
complete, but in many installations it is not needed.
Skip the command by setting the variable
OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
By default, the file system checks are silent. This
can appear to be a delay during the bootup process.
To turn on the <span class=
"command"><strong>fsck</strong></span> output, set
the variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem
check, <span class=
"command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>, completely.
To do this, either create the file <code class=
"filename">/fastboot</code> or reboot the system with
the command <span class=
"command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -f -r
now</strong></span>. On the other hand, you can force
all file systems to be checked by creating
<code class="filename">/forcefsck</code> or running
<span class=
"command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the
<em class="parameter"><code>-F</code></em> parameter
instead of <em class=
"parameter"><code>-f</code></em>.
</p>
<p>
Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable
<span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>
during the boot process until it is removed. This is
not recommended on a permanent basis.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Normally, all files in the <code class=
"filename">/tmp</code> directory are deleted at boot
time. Depending on the number of files or directories
present, this can cause a noticeable delay in the
boot process. To skip removing these files set the
variable SKIPTMPCLEAN=y.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
During shutdown, the <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span> program sends
a TERM signal to each program it has started (e.g.
agetty), waits for a set time (default 3 seconds),
and sends each process a KILL signal and waits again.
This process is repeated in the <span class=
"command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script
for any processes that are not shut down by their own
scripts. The delay for <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span> can be set by
passing a parameter. For example to remove the delay
in <span class=
"command"><strong>init</strong></span>, pass the -t0
parameter when shutting down or rebooting (e.g.
<span class="command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -t0 -r
now</strong></span>). The delay for the <span class=
"command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script
can be skipped by setting the parameter KILLDELAY=0.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-profile" name=
"ch-config-profile"></a>7.7.&nbsp;The Bash Shell Startup
Files
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The shell program <span class=
"command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span> (hereafter referred
to as <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">the
shell</span>&rdquo;</span>) uses a collection of startup files
to help create an environment to run in. Each file has a
specific use and may affect login and interactive environments
differently. The files in the <code class=
"filename">/etc</code> directory provide global settings. If an
equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override
the global settings.
</p>
<p>
An interactive login shell is started after a successful login,
using <span class="command"><strong>/bin/login</strong></span>,
by reading the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file.
An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line
(e.g., <code class="prompt">[prompt]$</code><span class=
"command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span>). A non-interactive
shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is
non-interactive because it is processing a script and not
waiting for user input between commands.
</p>
<p>
For more information, see <span class="command"><strong>info
bash</strong></span> under the <span class="emphasis"><em>Bash
Startup Files and Interactive Shells</em></span> section.
</p>
<p>
The files <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> and
<code class="filename">~/.bash_profile</code> are read when the
shell is invoked as an interactive login shell.
</p>
<p>
The base <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> below sets
some environment variables necessary for native language
support. Setting them properly results in:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The output of programs translated into the native
language
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Correct classification of characters into letters, digits
and other classes. This is necessary for <span class=
"command"><strong>bash</strong></span> to properly accept
non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English
locales
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Appropriate default paper size
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;ll&gt;</code></em>
below with the two-letter code for the desired language (e.g.,
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">en</span>&rdquo;</span>) and <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;CC&gt;</code></em> with the two-letter
code for the appropriate country (e.g., <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">GB</span>&rdquo;</span>).
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;charmap&gt;</code></em>
should be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen
locale. Optional modifiers such as <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">@euro</span>&rdquo;</span>
may also be present.
</p>
<p>
The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by
running the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">locale -a</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">ISO-8859-1</span>&rdquo;</span> is also referred to as
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">iso8859-1</span>&rdquo;</span> and <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">iso88591</span>&rdquo;</span>. Some applications cannot
handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require that
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">UTF-8</span>&rdquo;</span> is written as <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">UTF-8</span>&rdquo;</span>,
not <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">utf8</span>&rdquo;</span>), so it is safest in most
cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To
determine the canonical name, run the following command, where
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;locale name&gt;</code></em>
is the output given by <span class="command"><strong>locale
-a</strong></span> for your preferred locale (<span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>&rdquo;</span> in our example).
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">LC_ALL=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;locale name&gt;</code></em> locale charmap</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
For the <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>&rdquo;</span> locale, the above
command will print:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">ISO-8859-1</code>
</pre>
<p>
This results in a final locale setting of <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">en_GB.ISO-8859-1</span>&rdquo;</span>. It is important
that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior
to it being added to the Bash startup files:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale language
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale charmap
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_curr_symbol
LC_ALL=&lt;locale name&gt; locale int_prefix</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The above commands should print the language name, the
character encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and
the prefix to dial before the telephone number in order to get
into the country. If any of the commands above fail with a
message similar to the one shown below, this means that your
locale was either not installed in Chapter&nbsp;6 or is not
supported by the default installation of Glibc.
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</code>
</pre>
<p>
If this happens, you should either install the desired locale
using the <span class=
"command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command, or
consider choosing a different locale. Further instructions
assume that there are no such error messages from Glibc.
</p>
<p>
Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen
locale. One example is the X library (part of the X Window
System), which outputs the following error message if the
locale does not exactly match one of the character map names in
its internal files:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"computeroutput">Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</code>
</pre>
<p>
In several cases Xlib expects that the character map will be
listed in uppercase notation with canonical dashes. For
instance, "ISO-8859-1" rather than "iso88591". It is also
possible to find an appropriate specification by removing the
charmap part of the locale specification. This can be checked
by running the <span class="command"><strong>locale
charmap</strong></span> command in both locales. For example,
one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to
"de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.
</p>
<p>
Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not
necessarily display any error messages) if the locale name does
not meet their expectations. In those cases, investigating how
other Linux distributions support your locale might provide
some useful information.
</p>
<p>
Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create
the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> file:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/profile
export LANG=<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;ll&gt;_&lt;CC&gt;.&lt;charmap&gt;&lt;@modifiers&gt;</code></em>
# End /etc/profile</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">C</span>&rdquo;</span> (default) and <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">en_US</span>&rdquo;</span>
(the recommended one for United States English users) locales
are different. <span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">C</span>&rdquo;</span> uses the US-ASCII 7-bit
character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set as
invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <span class=
"command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command substitutes them
with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send
mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in
non-RFC-conforming messages being sent (the charset in the
outgoing mail is indicated as <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">unknown
8-bit</span>&rdquo;</span>). So you can use the <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">C</span>&rdquo;</span>
locale only if you are sure that you will never need 8-bit
characters.
</p>
<p>
UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by some programs.
Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such
problems, see <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/introduction/locale-issues.html">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/introduction/locale-issues.html</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-inputrc" name=
"ch-config-inputrc"></a>7.8.&nbsp;Creating the
/etc/inputrc File
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="filename">inputrc</code> file is the
configuration file for the Readline library, which provides
editing capabilities while the user is entering a line from the
terminal. It works by translating keyboard inputs into specific
actions. Readline is used by Bash and most other shells as well
as many other applications.
</p>
<p>
Most people do not need user-specific functionality so the
command below creates a global <code class=
"filename">/etc/inputrc</code> used by everyone who logs in. If
you later decide you need to override the defaults on a
per-user basis, you can create a <code class=
"filename">.inputrc</code> file in the user's home directory
with the modified mappings.
</p>
<p>
For more information on how to edit the <code class=
"filename">inputrc</code> file, see <span class=
"command"><strong>info bash</strong></span> under the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Readline Init File</em></span>
section. <span class="command"><strong>info
readline</strong></span> is also a good source of information.
</p>
<p>
Below is a generic global <code class="filename">inputrc</code>
along with comments to explain what the various options do.
Note that comments cannot be on the same line as commands.
Create the file using the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/inputrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn &lt;roryo@roryo.dynup.net&gt;
# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On
# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off
# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On
# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none
# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
# End /etc/inputrc</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-config-shells" name=
"ch-config-shells"></a>7.9.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/shells
File
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="filename">shells</code> file contains a list
of login shells on the system. Applications use this file to
determine whether a shell is valid. For each shell a single
line should be present, consisting of the shell's path,
relative to the root of the directory structure (/).
</p>
<p>
For example, this file is consulted by <span class=
"command"><strong>chsh</strong></span> to determine whether an
unprivileged user may change the login shell for her own
account. If the command name is not listed, the user will be
denied of change.
</p>
<p>
It is a requirement for applications such as <span class=
"application">GDM</span> which does not populate the face
browser if it can't find <code class=
"filename">/etc/shells</code>, or FTP daemons which
traditionally disallow access to users with shells not included
in this file.
</p>
<pre class="root">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/shells &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
# End /etc/shells</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-bootable" name=
"chapter-bootable"></a>Chapter&nbsp;8.&nbsp;Making the LFS
System Bootable
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-bootable-introduction" name=
"ch-bootable-introduction"></a>8.1.&nbsp;Introduction
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
It is time to make the LFS system bootable. This chapter
discusses creating an <code class="filename">fstab</code> file,
building a kernel for the new LFS system, and installing the
GRUB boot loader so that the LFS system can be selected for
booting at startup.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-bootable-fstab" name=
"ch-bootable-fstab"></a>8.2.&nbsp;Creating the /etc/fstab
File
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code> file is used by
some programs to determine where file systems are to be mounted
by default, in which order, and which must be checked (for
integrity errors) prior to mounting. Create a new file systems
table like this:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/fstab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/fstab
# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order
/dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em> / <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;fff&gt;</code></em> defaults 1 1
/dev/<em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em> swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0
# End /etc/fstab</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Replace <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;xxx&gt;</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;yyy&gt;</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;fff&gt;</code></em> with the
values appropriate for the system, for example, <code class=
"filename">sda2</code>, <code class="filename">sda5</code>, and
<code class="systemitem">ext4</code>. For details on the six
fields in this file, see <span class="command"><strong>man 5
fstab</strong></span>.
</p>
<p>
Filesystems with MS-DOS or Windows origin (i.e. vfat, ntfs,
smbfs, cifs, iso9660, udf) need a special option, utf8, in
order for non-ASCII characters in file names to be interpreted
properly. For non-UTF-8 locales, the value of <code class=
"option">iocharset</code> should be set to be the same as the
character set of the locale, adjusted in such a way that the
kernel understands it. This works if the relevant character set
definition (found under File systems -&gt; Native Language
Support when configuring the kernel) has been compiled into the
kernel or built as a module. However, if the character set of
the locale is UTF-8, the corresponding option <code class=
"option">iocharset=utf8</code> would make the file system case
sensitive. To fix this, use the special option <code class=
"option">utf8</code> instead of <code class=
"option">iocharset=utf8</code>, for UTF-8 locales. The
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">codepage</span>&rdquo;</span> option is also needed for
vfat and smbfs filesystems. It should be set to the codepage
number used under MS-DOS in your country. For example, in order
to mount USB flash drives, a ru_RU.KOI8-R user would need the
following in the options portion of its mount line in
<code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class=
"literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8r</code>
</pre>
<p>
The corresponding options fragment for ru_RU.UTF-8 users is:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
<code class="literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,utf8</code>
</pre>
<p>
Note that using <code class="option">iocharset</code> is the
default for <code class="literal">iso8859-1</code> (which keeps
the file system case insensitive), and the <code class=
"option">utf8</code> option tells the kernel to convert the
file names using UTF-8 so they can be interpreted in the UTF-8
locale.
</p>
<p>
It is also possible to specify default codepage and iocharset
values for some filesystems during kernel configuration. The
relevant parameters are named <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Default NLS
Option</span>&rdquo;</span> (<code class=
"option">CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT)</code>, <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Default Remote NLS
Option</span>&rdquo;</span> (<code class=
"option">CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT</code>), <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Default codepage for
FAT</span>&rdquo;</span> (<code class=
"option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE</code>), and <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">Default iocharset for
FAT</span>&rdquo;</span> (<code class=
"option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET</code>). There is no way
to specify these settings for the ntfs filesystem at kernel
compilation time.
</p>
<p>
It is possible to make the ext3 filesystem reliable across
power failures for some hard disk types. To do this, add the
<code class="option">barrier=1</code> mount option to the
appropriate entry in <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>.
To check if the disk drive supports this option, run <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/hdparm.html">
hdparm</a> on the applicable disk drive. For example, if:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">hdparm -I /dev/sda | grep NCQ</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
returns non-empty output, the option is supported.
</p>
<p>
Note: Logical Volume Management (LVM) based partitions cannot
use the <code class="option">barrier</code> option.
</p>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-bootable-kernel" name=
"ch-bootable-kernel"></a>8.3.&nbsp;Linux-5.5.3
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<p>
The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.
</p>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
<span class="segbody">4.4 - 66.0 SBU (typically about 6
SBU)</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
<span class="segbody">960 - 4250 MB (typically about 1100
MB)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
8.3.1. Installation of the kernel
</h3>
<p>
Building the kernel involves a few steps&mdash;configuration,
compilation, and installation. Read the <code class=
"filename">README</code> file in the kernel source tree for
alternative methods to the way this book configures the
kernel.
</p>
<p>
Prepare for compilation by running the following command:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The
kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to
each kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being
clean after un-tarring.
</p>
<p>
Configure the kernel via a menu-driven interface. For general
information on kernel configuration see <a class="ulink"
href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt</a>.
BLFS has some information regarding particular kernel
configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index</a>.
Additional information about configuring and building the
kernel can be found at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.kroah.com/lkn/">http://www.kroah.com/lkn/</a>
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
A good starting place for setting up the kernel
configuration is to run <span class="command"><strong>make
defconfig</strong></span>. This will set the base
configuration to a good state that takes your current
system architecture into account.
</p>
<p>
Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the
system might not work correctly or boot at all:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
Device Drivers ---&gt;
Generic Driver Options ---&gt;
[ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]
[*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]
Kernel hacking ---&gt;
Choose kernel unwinder (Frame pointer unwinder) ---&gt; [CONFIG_UNWINDER_FRAME_POINTER]
</pre>
</div>
<p>
There are several other options that may be desired depending
on the requirements for the system. For a list of options
needed for BLFS packages, see the <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index">
BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</a>
(http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index).
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If your host hardware is using UEFI, then the 'make
defconfig' above should automatically add in some
EFI-related kernel options.
</p>
<p>
In order to allow your LFS kernel to be booted from within
your host's UEFI boot environment, your kernel must have
this option selected:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
Processor type and features ---&gt;
[*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB]
</pre>
<p>
A fuller description of managing UEFI environments from
within LFS is covered by the lfs-uefi.txt hint at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt">
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The rationale for the above configuration
items:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>Support
for uevent helper</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Having this option set may interfere with device
management when using Udev/Eudev.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>Maintain a
devtmpfs</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This will create automated device nodes which are
populated by the kernel, even without Udev running.
Udev then runs on top of this, managing permissions and
adding symlinks. This configuration item is required
for all users of Udev/Eudev.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make menuconfig</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title">
<strong>The meaning of optional make environment
variables:</strong>
</p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt>
<span class="term"><em class=
"parameter"><code>LANG=&lt;host_LANG_value&gt;
LC_ALL=</code></em></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This establishes the locale setting to the one used on
the host. This may be needed for a proper menuconfig
ncurses interface line drawing on a UTF-8 linux text
console.
</p>
<p>
If used, be sure to replace <em class=
"replaceable"><code>&lt;host_LANG_value&gt;</code></em>
by the value of the <code class="envar">$LANG</code>
variable from your host. You can alternatively use
instead the host's value of <code class=
"envar">$LC_ALL</code> or <code class=
"envar">$LC_CTYPE</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Alternatively, <span class="command"><strong>make
oldconfig</strong></span> may be more appropriate in some
situations. See the <code class="filename">README</code> file
for more information.
</p>
<p>
If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel
config file, <code class="filename">.config</code>, from the
host system (assuming it is available) to the unpacked
<code class="filename">linux-5.5.3</code> directory. However,
we do not recommend this option. It is often better to
explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel
configuration from scratch.
</p>
<p>
Compile the kernel image and modules:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If using kernel modules, module configuration in <code class=
"filename">/etc/modprobe.d</code> may be required.
Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
located in <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-udev" title=
"7.3.&nbsp;Overview of Device and Module Handling">Section&nbsp;7.3,
&ldquo;Overview of Device and Module Handling&rdquo;</a> and
in the kernel documentation in the <code class=
"filename">linux-5.5.3/Documentation</code> directory. Also,
<code class="filename">modprobe.d(5)</code> may be of
interest.
</p>
<p>
Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel
configuration, install the modules with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">make modules_install</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are
required to complete the installation. Some files need to be
copied to the <code class="filename">/boot</code> directory.
</p>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
If the host system has a separate /boot partition, the
files copied below should go there. The easiest way to do
that is to bind /boot on the host (outside chroot) to
/mnt/lfs/boot before proceeding. As the root user in the
<span class="emphasis"><em>host system</em></span>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the
platform being used. The filename below can be changed to
suit your taste, but the stem of the filename should be
<span class="emphasis"><em>vmlinuz</em></span> to be
compatible with the automatic setup of the boot process
described in the next section. The following command assumes
an x86 architecture:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class=
"command">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="filename">System.map</code> is a symbol file for
the kernel. It maps the function entry points of every
function in the kernel API, as well as the addresses of the
kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is used as
a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the
following command to install the map file:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-5.5.3</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The kernel configuration file <code class=
"filename">.config</code> produced by the <span class=
"command"><strong>make menuconfig</strong></span> step above
contains all the configuration selections for the kernel that
was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for
future reference:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cp -iv .config /boot/config-5.5.3</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3
cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
It is important to note that the files in the kernel source
directory are not owned by <span class=
"emphasis"><em>root</em></span>. Whenever a package is
unpacked as user <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>
(like we did inside chroot), the files have the user and
group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer.
This is usually not a problem for any other package to be
installed because the source tree is removed after the
installation. However, the Linux source tree is often
retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance
that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to
somebody on the machine. That person would then have write
access to the kernel source.
</p>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to
be updated for packages that will be installed later in
BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is not necessary to remove
the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel is
installed.
</p>
<p>
If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run
<span class="command"><strong>chown -R 0:0</strong></span>
on the <code class="filename">linux-5.5.3</code> directory
to ensure all files are owned by user <span class=
"emphasis"><em>root</em></span>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink
from <code class="filename">/usr/src/linux</code> pointing
to the kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels
prior to the 2.6 series and <span class="emphasis"><em>must
not</em></span> be created on an LFS system as it can cause
problems for packages you may wish to build once your base
LFS system is complete.
</p>
</div>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
The headers in the system's <code class=
"filename">include</code> directory (<code class=
"filename">/usr/include</code>) should <span class=
"emphasis"><em>always</em></span> be the ones against which
Glibc was compiled, that is, the sanitised headers
installed in <a class="xref" href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers" title=
"6.7.&nbsp;Linux-5.5.3 API Headers">Section&nbsp;6.7,
&ldquo;Linux-5.5.3 API Headers&rdquo;</a>. Therefore, they
should <span class="emphasis"><em>never</em></span> be
replaced by either the raw kernel headers or any other
kernel sanitized headers.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="conf-modprobe" name="conf-modprobe"></a>8.3.2.
Configuring Linux Module Load Order
</h3>
<p>
Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but
sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that
loads modules, <span class=
"command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> or <span class=
"command"><strong>insmod</strong></span>, uses <code class=
"filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> for this purpose.
This file needs to be created so that if the USB drivers
(ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have been built as modules,
they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd needs to
be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a
warning being output at boot time.
</p>
<p>
Create a new file <code class=
"filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> by running the
following:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d
cat &gt; /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true
install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true
# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="contents-kernel" name="contents-kernel"></a>8.3.3.
Contents of Linux
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong>
<span class="segbody">config-5.5.3, <span class=
"phrase">vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1,</span> and
System.map-5.5.3</span>
</div>
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong>
<span class="segbody">/lib/modules,
/usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<h4>
<a id="idm46504922141632" name=
"idm46504922141632"></a>Short Descriptions
</h4>
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="config" name="config"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">config-5.5.3</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Contains all the configuration selections for the
kernel
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="lfskernel" name="lfskernel"></a><span class=
"term"><code class=
"filename">vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the
computer, the kernel is the first part of the
operating system that gets loaded. It detects and
initializes all components of the computer's
hardware, then makes these components available as
a tree of files to the software and turns a single
CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running
scores of programs seemingly at the same time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<a id="System.map" name=
"System.map"></a><span class="term"><code class=
"filename">System.map-5.5.3</code></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry
points and addresses of all the functions and data
structures in the kernel
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-bootable-grub" name=
"ch-bootable-grub"></a>8.4.&nbsp;Using GRUB to Set Up the
Boot Process
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
8.4.1. Introduction
</h3>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
Configuring GRUB incorrectly can render your system
inoperable without an alternate boot device such as a
CD-ROM. This section is not required to boot your LFS
system. You may just want to modify your current boot
loader, e.g. Grub-Legacy, GRUB2, or LILO.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <span class=
"quote">&ldquo;<span class=
"quote">rescue</span>&rdquo;</span> the computer if the
computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not
already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for
the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS
and install <strong class=
"userinput"><code>xorriso</code></strong> from the <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/multimedia/libisoburn.html">
libisoburn</a> package.
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cd /tmp
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
To boot LFS on host systems that have UEFI enabled, the
kernel needs to have been built with the CONFIG_EFI_STUB
capabality described in the previous section. However, LFS
can be booted using GRUB2 without such an addition. To do
this, the UEFI Mode and Secure Boot capabilities in the
host system's BIOS need to be turned off. For details, see
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt">
the lfs-uefi.txt hint</a> at
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
8.4.2. GRUB Naming Conventions
</h3>
<p>
GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions
in the form of <span class=
"emphasis"><em>(hdn,m)</em></span>, where <span class=
"emphasis"><em>n</em></span> is the hard drive number and
<span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span> is the partition
number. The hard drive number starts from zero, but the
partition number starts from one for normal partitions and
five for extended partitions. Note that this is different
from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero.
For example, partition <code class="filename">sda1</code> is
<span class="emphasis"><em>(hd0,1)</em></span> to GRUB and
<code class="filename">sdb3</code> is <span class=
"emphasis"><em>(hd1,3)</em></span>. In contrast to Linux,
GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For
example, if using a CD on <code class="filename">hdb</code>
and a second hard drive on <code class="filename">hdc</code>,
that second hard drive would still be <span class=
"emphasis"><em>(hd1)</em></span>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
8.4.3. Setting Up the Configuration
</h3>
<p>
GRUB works by writing data to the first physical track of the
hard disk. This area is not part of any file system. The
programs there access GRUB modules in the boot partition. The
default location is /boot/grub/.
</p>
<p>
The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user
that affects the configuration. One recommendation is to have
a separate small (suggested size is 100 MB) partition just
for boot information. That way each build, whether LFS or
some commercial distro, can access the same boot files and
access can be made from any booted system. If you choose to
do this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move
all files in the current <code class="filename">/boot</code>
directory (e.g. the linux kernel you just built in the
previous section) to the new partition. You will then need to
unmount the partition and remount it as <code class=
"filename">/boot</code>. If you do this, be sure to update
<code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>.
</p>
<p>
Using the current lfs partition will also work, but
configuration for multiple systems is more difficult.
</p>
<p>
Using the above information, determine the appropriate
designator for the root partition (or boot partition, if a
separate one is used). For the following example, it is
assumed that the root (or separate boot) partition is
<code class="filename">sda2</code>.
</p>
<p>
Install the GRUB files into <code class=
"filename">/boot/grub</code> and set up the boot track:
</p>
<div class="admon warning">
<h3>
Warning
</h3>
<p>
The following command will overwrite the current boot
loader. Do not run the command if this is not desired, for
example, if using a third party boot manager to manage the
Master Boot Record (MBR).
</p>
</div>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">grub-install /dev/sda</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
If the system has been booted using UEFI, <span class=
"command"><strong>grub-install</strong></span> will try to
install files for the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>x86_64-efi</em></span> target, but those
files have not been installed in chapter 6. If this is the
case, add <code class="option">--target i386-pc</code> to
the command above.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<h3 class="sect2">
<a id="grub-cfg" name="grub-cfg"></a>8.4.4. Creating the GRUB
Configuration File
</h3>
<p>
Generate <code class="filename">/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /boot/grub/grub.cfg &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<code class="literal"># Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set default=0
set timeout=5
insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,2)
menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux 5.5.3-lfs-9.1" {
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1 root=/dev/sda2 ro
}</code>
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<div class="admon note">
<h3>
Note
</h3>
<p>
From <span class="application">GRUB</span>'s perspective,
the kernel files are relative to the partition used. If you
used a separate /boot partition, remove /boot from the
above <span class="emphasis"><em>linux</em></span> line.
You will also need to change the <span class=
"emphasis"><em>set root</em></span> line to point to the
boot partition.
</p>
</div>
<p>
GRUB is an extremely powerful program and it provides a
tremendous number of options for booting from a wide variety
of devices, operating systems, and partition types. There are
also many options for customization such as graphical splash
screens, playing sounds, mouse input, etc. The details of
these options are beyond the scope of this introduction.
</p>
<div class="admon caution">
<h3>
Caution
</h3>
<p>
There is a command, <span class=
"application">grub-mkconfig</span>, that can write a
configuration file automatically. It uses a set of scripts
in /etc/grub.d/ and will destroy any customizations that
you make. These scripts are designed primarily for
non-source distributions and are not recommended for LFS.
If you install a commercial Linux distribution, there is a
good chance that this program will be run. Be sure to back
up your grub.cfg file.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="chapter-finalizing" name=
"chapter-finalizing"></a>Chapter&nbsp;9.&nbsp;The End
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-finish-theend" name=
"ch-finish-theend"></a>9.1.&nbsp;The End
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much
success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
</p>
<p>
It may be a good idea to create an <code class=
"filename">/etc/lfs-release</code> file. By having this file,
it is very easy for you (and for us if you need to ask for help
at some point) to find out which LFS version is installed on
the system. Create this file by running:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">echo 9.1 &gt; /etc/lfs-release</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Two files describing the installed system may be used by
packages that will be installed on the system, either in binary
form or by building them.
</p>
<p>
The first one shows the status of your new system with respect
to the Linux Standards Base (LSB). To create this file, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/lsb-release &lt;&lt; "EOF"
DISTRIB_ID="Linux From Scratch"
DISTRIB_RELEASE="9.1"
DISTRIB_CODENAME="&lt;your name here&gt;"
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Linux From Scratch"
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
The second one contains roughly the same information, and is
used by systemd and some graphical desktop environments. To
create this file, run:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">cat &gt; /etc/os-release &lt;&lt; "EOF"
NAME="Linux From Scratch"
VERSION="9.1"
ID=lfs
PRETTY_NAME="Linux From Scratch 9.1"
VERSION_CODENAME="&lt;your name here&gt;"
EOF</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Be sure to put some sort of customization for the fields
'DISTRIB_CODENAME' and 'VERSION_CODENAME' to make the system
uniquely yours.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-finish-getcounted" name=
"ch-finish-getcounted"></a>9.2.&nbsp;Get Counted
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Now that you have finished the book, do you want to be counted
as an LFS user? Head over to <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php</a>
and register as an LFS user by entering your name and the first
LFS version you have used.
</p>
<p>
Let's reboot into LFS now.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-finish-reboot" name=
"ch-finish-reboot"></a>9.3.&nbsp;Rebooting the System
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Now that all of the software has been installed, it is time to
reboot your computer. However, you should be aware of a few
things. The system you have created in this book is quite
minimal, and most likely will not have the functionality you
would need to be able to continue forward. By installing a few
extra packages from the BLFS book while still in our current
chroot environment, you can leave yourself in a much better
position to continue on once you reboot into your new LFS
installation. Here are some suggestions:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
A text mode browser such as <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/lynx.html">
Lynx</a> will allow you to easily view the BLFS book in
one virtual terminal, while building packages in another.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/gpm.html">
GPM</a> package will allow you to perform copy/paste
actions in your virtual terminals.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
If you are in a situation where static IP configuration
does not meet your networking requirements, installing a
package such as <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/dhcpcd.html">
dhcpcd</a> or the client portion of <a class="ulink"
href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/dhcp.html">
dhcp</a> may be useful.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Installing <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/sudo.html">
sudo</a> may be useful for building packages as a
non-root user and easily installing the resulting
packages in your new system.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
If you want to access your new system from a remote
system within a comfortable GUI environment, install
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/openssh.html">
openssh</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
To make fetching files over the internet easier, install
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/wget.html">
wget</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
If one or more of your disk drives have a GUID partition
table (GPT), either <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/gptfdisk.html">
gptfdisk</a> or <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/parted.html">
parted</a> will be useful.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Finally, a review of the following configuration files is
also appropriate at this point.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/bashrc
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/dircolors
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/fstab
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/hosts
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/inputrc
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/profile
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/resolv.conf
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/vimrc
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/root/.bash_profile
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/root/.bashrc
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
Now that we have said that, let's move on to booting our shiny
new LFS installation for the first time! First exit from the
chroot environment:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">logout</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Then unmount the virtual file systems:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/dev/pts
umount -v $LFS/dev
umount -v $LFS/run
umount -v $LFS/proc
umount -v $LFS/sys</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Unmount the LFS file system itself:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
If multiple partitions were created, unmount the other
partitions before unmounting the main one, like this:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/usr
umount -v $LFS/home
umount -v $LFS</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Now, reboot the system with:
</p>
<pre class="userinput">
<kbd class="command">shutdown -r now</kbd>
</pre>
<p>
Assuming the GRUB boot loader was set up as outlined earlier,
the menu is set to boot <span class="emphasis"><em>LFS
9.1</em></span> automatically.
</p>
<p>
When the reboot is complete, the LFS system is ready for use
and more software may be added to suit your needs.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ch-finish-whatnow" name=
"ch-finish-whatnow"></a>9.4.&nbsp;What Now?
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Thank you for reading this LFS book. We hope that you have
found this book helpful and have learned more about the system
creation process.
</p>
<p>
Now that the LFS system is installed, you may be wondering
<span class="quote">&ldquo;<span class="quote">What
next?</span>&rdquo;</span> To answer that question, we have
compiled a list of resources for you.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Maintenance
</p>
<p>
Bugs and security notices are reported regularly for all
software. Since an LFS system is compiled from source, it
is up to you to keep abreast of such reports. There are
several online resources that track such reports, some of
which are shown below:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.cert.org/">CERT</a> (Computer Emergency
Response Team)
</p>
<p>
CERT has a mailing list that publishes security
alerts concerning various operating systems and
applications. Subscription information is available
at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html">http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Bugtraq
</p>
<p>
Bugtraq is a full-disclosure computer security
mailing list. It publishes newly discovered
security issues, and occasionally potential fixes
for them. Subscription information is available at
<a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.securityfocus.com/archive">http://www.securityfocus.com/archive</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Beyond Linux From Scratch
</p>
<p>
The Beyond Linux From Scratch book covers installation
procedures for a wide range of software beyond the scope
of the LFS Book. The BLFS project is located at <a class=
"ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
LFS Hints
</p>
<p>
The LFS Hints are a collection of educational documents
submitted by volunteers in the LFS community. The hints
are available at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Mailing lists
</p>
<p>
There are several LFS mailing lists you may subscribe to
if you are in need of help, want to stay current with the
latest developments, want to contribute to the project,
and more. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-intro-maillists"
title="1.4.2.&nbsp;Mailing Lists">Chapter&nbsp;1 -
Mailing Lists</a> for more information.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
The Linux Documentation Project
</p>
<p>
The goal of The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) is to
collaborate on all of the issues of Linux documentation.
The TLDP features a large collection of HOWTOs, guides,
and man pages. It is located at <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.tldp.org/">http://www.tldp.org/</a>.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="part">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="part4" name="part4"></a>Part&nbsp;IV.&nbsp;Appendices
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="appendixa" name=
"appendixa"></a>Appendix&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Acronyms and Terms
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="variablelist">
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top" />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ABI</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Application Binary Interface
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ALFS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Automated Linux From Scratch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>API</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Application Programming Interface
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ASCII</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>BIOS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Basic Input/Output System
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>BLFS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Beyond Linux From Scratch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>BSD</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Berkeley Software Distribution
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
change root
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>CMOS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>COS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Class Of Service
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>CPU</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Central Processing Unit
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>CRC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Cyclic Redundancy Check
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>CVS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Concurrent Versions System
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>DHCP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>DNS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Domain Name Service
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>EGA</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Enhanced Graphics Adapter
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ELF</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Executable and Linkable Format
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>EOF</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
End of File
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>EQN</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
equation
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ext2</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
second extended file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ext3</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
third extended file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ext4</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
fourth extended file system
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>FAQ</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Frequently Asked Questions
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>FHS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>FIFO</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
First-In, First Out
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>FQDN</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Fully Qualified Domain Name
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>FTP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
File Transfer Protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>GB</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Gigabytes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>GCC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
GNU Compiler Collection
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>GID</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Group Identifier
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>GMT</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Greenwich Mean Time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>HTML</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Hypertext Markup Language
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IDE</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Integrated Drive Electronics
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IEEE</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IO</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Input/Output
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Internet Protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IPC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Inter-Process Communication
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>IRC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Internet Relay Chat
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ISO</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
International Organization for Standardization
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>ISP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Internet Service Provider
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>KB</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Kilobytes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>LED</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Light Emitting Diode
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>LFS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Linux From Scratch
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>LSB</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Linux Standard Base
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>MB</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Megabytes
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>MBR</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Master Boot Record
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>MD5</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Message Digest 5
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>NIC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Network Interface Card
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>NLS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Native Language Support
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>NNTP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Network News Transport Protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>NPTL</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Native POSIX Threading Library
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>OSS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Open Sound System
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>PCH</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Pre-Compiled Headers
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>PCRE</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Perl Compatible Regular Expression
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>PID</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Process Identifier
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>PTY</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
pseudo terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>QOS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Quality Of Service
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>RAM</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Random Access Memory
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>RPC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Remote Procedure Call
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>RTC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Real Time Clock
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>SBU</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Standard Build Unit
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>SCO</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Santa Cruz Operation
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>SHA1</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Secure-Hash Algorithm 1
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>TLDP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The Linux Documentation Project
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>TFTP</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>TLS</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Thread-Local Storage
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>UID</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
User Identifier
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>umask</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
user file-creation mask
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>USB</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Universal Serial Bus
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>UTC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Coordinated Universal Time
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>UUID</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Universally Unique Identifier
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>VC</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Virtual Console
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>VGA</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Video Graphics Array
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
<span class="term"><span class=
"bold"><strong>VT</strong></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Virtual Terminal
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="appendixb" name=
"appendixb"></a>Appendix&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Acknowledgments
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for
their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#103;&#101;&#114;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Gerard Beekmans</a>
&lt;gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Creator
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#98;&#100;&#117;&#98;&#98;&#115;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Bruce Dubbs</a>
&lt;bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Managing
Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#105;&#109;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jim
Gifford</a> &lt;jim AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; CLFS
Project Co-Leader
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#112;&#105;&#101;&#114;&#114;&#101;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Pierre Labastie</a>
&lt;pierre AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS Editor and
ALFS Lead
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#100;&#106;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">DJ
Lucas</a> &lt;dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS and
BLFS Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#107;&#101;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Ken
Moffat</a> &lt;ken AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS
Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Countless other people on the various LFS and BLFS mailing
lists who helped make this book possible by giving their
suggestions, testing the book, and submitting bug reports,
instructions, and their experiences with installing various
packages.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="idm46504921844912" name=
"idm46504921844912"></a>Translators
</h3>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#109;&#97;&#99;&#97;&#110;&#97;&#64;&#109;&#97;&#99;&#97;&#110;&#97;&#45;&#101;&#115;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Manuel
Canales Esparcia</a> &lt;macana AT macana-es D0T com&gt; &ndash;
Spanish LFS translation project
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#111;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Johan Lenglet</a>
&lt;johan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; French LFS
translation project until 2008
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#109;&#101;&#110;&#103;&#117;&#97;&#108;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jean-Philippe
Mengual</a> &lt;jmengual AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
French LFS translation project 2008-2016
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#108;&#101;&#112;&#105;&#108;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Julien Lepiller</a>
&lt;jlepiller AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; French LFS
translation project 2017-present
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#108;&#105;&#122;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Anderson Lizardo</a>
&lt;lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Portuguese LFS
translation project
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#116;&#114;&#64;&#101;&#114;&#100;&#102;&#117;&#110;&#107;&#115;&#116;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#101;&#46;&#100;&#101;">Thomas
Reitelbach</a> &lt;tr AT erdfunkstelle D0T de&gt; &ndash; German
LFS translation project
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;&#46;&#114;&#117;">Anton Maisak</a>
&lt;info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru&gt; &ndash; Russian LFS
translation project
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#104;&#101;&#108;&#101;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;&#46;&#114;&#117;">Elena Shevcova</a>
&lt;helen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru&gt; &ndash; Russian LFS
translation project
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="idm46504921831408" name="idm46504921831408"></a>Mirror
Maintainers
</h3>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504921830720" name="idm46504921830720"></a>North
American Mirrors
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#99;&#111;&#116;&#116;&#64;&#111;&#115;&#117;&#111;&#115;&#108;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Scott
Kveton</a> &lt;scott AT osuosl D0T org&gt; &ndash;
lfs.oregonstate.edu mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#108;&#111;&#115;&#116;&#64;&#108;&#45;&#119;&#46;&#110;&#101;&#116;">William
Astle</a> &lt;lost AT l-w D0T net&gt; &ndash;
ca.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#101;&#117;&#106;&#111;&#110;&#46;&#115;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#115;&#64;&#103;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Eujon Sellers</a>
&lt;jpolen@rackspace.com&gt; &ndash; lfs.introspeed.com
mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#117;&#115;&#116;&#105;&#110;&#64;&#107;&#110;&#105;&#101;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Justin
Knierim</a> &lt;tim@idge.net&gt; &ndash; lfs-matrix.net
mirror
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504921823968" name="idm46504921823968"></a>South
American Mirrors
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#109;&#97;&#110;&#117;&#101;&#108;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Manuel Canales
Esparcia</a> &lt;manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
lfsmirror.lfs-es.info mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#108;&#102;&#97;&#108;&#99;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#116;&#104;&#121;&#109;&#98;&#114;&#97;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Luis
Falcon</a> &lt;Luis Falcon&gt; &ndash; torredehanoi.org
mirror
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504921819888" name="idm46504921819888"></a>European
Mirrors
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#117;&#105;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#112;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#108;&#97;&#121;&#46;&#110;&#101;&#116;">Guido
Passet</a> &lt;guido AT primerelay D0T net&gt; &ndash;
nl.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#98;&#97;&#97;&#102;&#105;&#101;&#64;&#112;&#108;&#97;&#110;&#101;&#116;&#46;&#110;&#108;">Bastiaan
Jacques</a> &lt;baafie AT planet D0T nl&gt; &ndash;
lfs.pagefault.net mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#118;&#101;&#110;&#46;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#110;&#115;&#104;&#111;&#102;&#102;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#101;&#111;&#46;&#98;&#101;">Sven
Cranshoff</a> &lt;sven D0T cranshoff AT lineo D0T be&gt; &ndash;
lfs.lineo.be mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Scarlet Belgium &ndash; lfs.scarlet.be mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#97;&#108;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#115;&#111;&#102;&#116;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Sebastian
Faulborn</a> &lt;info AT aliensoft D0T org&gt; &ndash;
lfs.aliensoft.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#116;&#117;&#97;&#114;&#116;&#64;&#100;&#111;&#110;&#116;&#117;&#115;&#101;&#46;&#109;&#115;">Stuart
Fox</a> &lt;stuart AT dontuse D0T ms&gt; &ndash; lfs.dontuse.ms
mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#97;&#100;&#109;&#105;&#110;&#64;&#114;&#101;&#97;&#108;&#104;&#111;&#115;&#116;&#46;&#100;&#101;">Ralf
Uhlemann</a> &lt;admin AT realhost D0T de&gt; &ndash;
lfs.oss-mirror.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#65;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#110;&#105;&#110;&#46;&#83;&#112;&#114;&#105;&#110;&#122;&#108;&#64;&#116;&#117;&#119;&#105;&#101;&#110;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#97;&#116;">Antonin Sprinzl</a>
&lt;Antonin D0T Sprinzl AT tuwien D0T ac D0T at&gt; &ndash;
at.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#102;&#114;&#101;&#100;&#97;&#110;&#45;&#108;&#102;&#115;&#64;&#102;&#114;&#101;&#100;&#97;&#110;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Fredrik Danerklint</a>
&lt;fredan-lfs AT fredan D0T org&gt; &ndash;
se.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#102;&#114;&#97;&#110;&#99;&#107;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#112;&#111;&#117;&#114;&#116;&#111;&#117;&#115;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Franck</a>
&lt;franck AT linuxpourtous D0T com&gt; &ndash;
lfs.linuxpourtous.com mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#98;&#97;&#113;&#117;&#101;&#64;&#99;&#105;&#99;&#116;&#46;&#102;&#114;">Philippe
Baque</a> &lt;baque AT cict D0T fr&gt; &ndash; lfs.cict.fr mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#121;&#111;&#117;&#106;&#97;&#64;&#112;&#105;&#108;&#103;&#114;&#105;&#109;&#115;&#46;&#114;&#117;">Vitaly
Chekasin</a> &lt;gyouja AT pilgrims D0T ru&gt; &ndash;
lfs.pilgrims.ru mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#107;&#111;&#110;&#116;&#97;&#107;&#116;&#64;&#119;&#97;&#110;&#107;&#111;&#111;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Benjamin
Heil</a> &lt;kontakt AT wankoo D0T org&gt; &ndash; lfs.wankoo.org
mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;&#46;&#114;&#117;">Anton Maisak</a>
&lt;info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru&gt; &ndash;
linuxfromscratch.org.ru mirror
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504921799104" name="idm46504921799104"></a>Asian
Mirrors
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#115;&#97;&#116;&#105;&#116;&#64;&#119;&#98;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#97;&#99;&#46;&#116;&#104;">Satit
Phermsawang</a> &lt;satit AT wbac D0T ac D0T th&gt; &ndash;
lfs.phayoune.org mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#105;&#110;&#102;&#111;&#64;&#115;&#104;&#105;&#122;&#117;&#45;&#110;&#101;&#116;&#46;&#106;&#112;">Shizunet
Co.,Ltd.</a> &lt;info AT shizu-net D0T jp&gt; &ndash;
lfs.mirror.shizu-net.jp mirror
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.initworld.com/">Init
World</a> &lt;http://www.initworld.com/&gt; &ndash;
lfs.initworld.com mirror
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h4>
<a id="idm46504921793760" name="idm46504921793760"></a>Australian
Mirrors
</h4>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#106;&#97;&#115;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#100;&#115;&#116;&#99;&#46;&#101;&#100;&#117;&#46;&#97;&#117;">Jason
Andrade</a> &lt;jason AT dstc D0T edu D0T au&gt; &ndash;
au.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="idm46504921791264" name="idm46504921791264"></a>Former
Project Team Members
</h3>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#116;&#104;&#101;&#108;&#97;&#100;&#121;&#115;&#107;&#121;&#101;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Christine
Barczak</a> &lt;theladyskye AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt;
&ndash; LFS Book Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Archaic &lt;archaic@linuxfromscratch.org&gt; &ndash; LFS
Technical Writer/Editor, HLFS Project Leader, BLFS Editor,
Hints and Patches Project Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#109;&#97;&#116;&#116;&#104;&#101;&#119;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Matthew Burgess</a>
&lt;matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Project
Leader, LFS Technical Writer/Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#110;&#97;&#116;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Nathan Coulson</a>
&lt;nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS-Bootscripts
Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Timothy Bauscher
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Robert Briggs
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Ian Chilton
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#101;&#114;&#111;&#101;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeroen Coumans</a>
&lt;jeroen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Website
Developer, FAQ Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#109;&#97;&#110;&#117;&#101;&#108;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Manuel Canales
Esparcia</a> &lt;manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
LFS/BLFS/HLFS XML and XSL Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Alex Groenewoud &ndash; LFS Technical Writer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Marc Heerdink
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#104;&#117;&#110;&#116;&#119;&#111;&#114;&#107;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeremy Huntwork</a>
&lt;jhuntwork AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS
Technical Writer, LFS LiveCD Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#98;&#114;&#121;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Bryan Kadzban</a>
&lt;bryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Technical
Writer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Mark Hymers
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Seth W. Klein &ndash; FAQ maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#110;&#105;&#99;&#104;&#111;&#108;&#97;&#115;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Nicholas Leippe</a>
&lt;nicholas AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Wiki
Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#108;&#105;&#122;&#97;&#114;&#100;&#111;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Anderson Lizardo</a>
&lt;lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Website
Backend-Scripts Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#114;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#121;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Randy McMurchy</a>
&lt;randy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS Project
Leader, LFS Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#100;&#110;&#105;&#99;&#104;&#111;&#108;&#115;&#111;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Dan Nicholson</a>
&lt;dnicholson AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS and
BLFS Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#97;&#108;&#101;&#120;&#97;&#110;&#100;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Alexander E.
Patrakov</a> &lt;alexander AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash;
LFS Technical Writer, LFS Internationalization Editor, LFS
Live CD Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Simon Perreault
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#115;&#99;&#111;&#116;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Scot Mc Pherson</a>
&lt;scot AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS NNTP Gateway
Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#114;&#101;&#110;&#111;&#100;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Douglas R. Reno</a>
&lt;renodr AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Systemd Editor
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#114;&#121;&#97;&#110;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Ryan Oliver</a>
&lt;ryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; CLFS Project
Co-Leader
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#103;&#115;&#99;&#104;&#97;&#102;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#122;&#105;&#112;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;&#46;&#97;&#117;">Greg
Schafer</a> &lt;gschafer AT zip D0T com D0T au&gt; &ndash; LFS
Technical Writer and Architect of the Next Generation
64-bit-enabling Build Method
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Jesse Tie-Ten-Quee &ndash; LFS Technical Writer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#119;&#114;&#111;&#98;&#101;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">James Robertson</a>
&lt;jwrober AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; Bugzilla
Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#116;&#117;&#115;&#104;&#97;&#114;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Tushar Teredesai</a>
&lt;tushar AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; BLFS Book
Editor, Hints and Patches Project Leader
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href=
"mailto:&#106;&#101;&#114;&#101;&#109;&#121;&#64;&#108;&#105;&#110;&#117;&#120;&#102;&#114;&#111;&#109;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#97;&#116;&#99;&#104;&#46;&#111;&#114;&#103;">Jeremy Utley</a>
&lt;jeremy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org&gt; &ndash; LFS Technical
Writer, Bugzilla Maintainer, LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
<a class="ulink" href="mailto:&#122;&#119;&#105;&#110;&#107;&#108;&#101;&#115;&#64;&#103;&#109;&#97;&#105;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;">Zack
Winkles</a> &lt;zwinkles AT gmail D0T com&gt; &ndash; LFS
Technical Writer
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="appendixc" name=
"appendixc"></a>Appendix&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Dependencies
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Every package built in LFS relies on one or more other packages
in order to build and install properly. Some packages even
participate in circular dependencies, that is, the first package
depends on the second which in turn depends on the first. Because
of these dependencies, the order in which packages are built in
LFS is very important. The purpose of this page is to document
the dependencies of each package built in LFS.
</p>
<p>
For each package we build, we have listed three, and sometimes
four, types of dependencies. The first lists what other packages
need to be available in order to compile and install the package
in question. The second lists what packages, in addition to those
on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test
suites. The third list of dependencies are packages that require
this package to be built and installed in its final location
before they are built and installed. In most cases, this is
because these packages will hard code paths to binaries within
their scripts. If not built in a certain order, this could result
in paths of /tools/bin/[binary] being placed inside scripts
installed to the final system. This is obviously not desirable.
</p>
<p>
The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not
addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages
may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their
own. For these dependencies, the recommended practice is to
install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back
and rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, re-installation is
addressed in BLFS.
</p>
<h3>
<a id="acl-dep" name="acl-dep"></a>Acl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, and
Libtool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Coreutils, Sed, Tar, and Vim</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="attr-dep" name="attr-dep"></a>Attr
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, and
Libtool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Acl and Libcap</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="autoconf-dep" name="autoconf-dep"></a>Autoconf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Grep, M4, Make, Perl,
Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, GCC,
and Libtool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Automake</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Emacs</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="automake-dep" name="automake-dep"></a>Automake
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Autoconf, Bash, Coreutils, Gettext,
Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Bison, Bzip2, DejaGNU,
Diffutils, Expect, Findutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Gzip,
Libtool, and Tar</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="bash-dep" name="bash-dep"></a>Bash
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch,
Readline, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Shadow</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Xorg</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="bc-dep" name="bc-dep"></a>Bc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, and Readline</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Gawk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Linux Kernel</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="binutils-dep" name="binutils-dep"></a>Binutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
File, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, Sed, Texinfo and
Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">DejaGNU and Expect</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="bison-dep" name="bison-dep"></a>Bison
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils, Findutils, and Flex</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Kbd and Tar</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Doxygen (test suite)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="bzip2-dep" name="bzip2-dep"></a>Bzip2
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Glibc, Make, and Patch</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">File</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="check-dep" name="check-dep"></a>Check
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">GCC, Grep, Make, Sed, and
Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="coreutils-dep" name="coreutils-dep"></a>Coreutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, Libcap, Make, Patch, Perl, Sed,
and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils, E2fsprogs, Findutils,
Shadow, and Util-linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Diffutils, Eudev, Findutils, and
Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl Expect and IO:Tty modules (for
test suite)</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="dejagnu-dep" name="dejagnu-dep"></a>DejaGNU
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Grep,
Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="diffutils-dep" name="diffutils-dep"></a>Diffutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="e2fsprogs-dep" name="e2fsprogs-dep"></a>E2fsprogs
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Make, Sed, Texinfo, and
Util-linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Procps-ng and Psmisc</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="eudev-dep" name="eudev-dep"></a>Eudev
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Gperf, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="expat-dep" name="expat-dep"></a>Expat
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">XML::Parser</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="expect-dep" name="expect-dep"></a>Expect
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Tcl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="file-dep" name="file-dep"></a>File
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bzip2, Coreutils,
Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, Xz, and
Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="findutils-dep" name="findutils-dep"></a>Findutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">DejaGNU, Diffutils, and Expect</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="flex-dep" name="flex-dep"></a>Flex
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Patch, Sed, and
Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bison and Gawk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">IPRoute2, Kbd, and Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gawk-dep" name="gawk-dep"></a>Gawk
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, Make, MPFR, Patch, Readline, Sed,
and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gcc-dep" name="gcc-dep"></a>Gcc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, M4, Make,
MPC, MPFR, Patch, Perl, Sed, Tar, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">DejaGNU, Expect, and Shadow</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody"><a class="ulink" href=
"http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GNAT">GNAT</a> and <a class="ulink"
href="https://repo.or.cz/isl.git">ISL</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gdbm" name="gdbm"></a>GDBM
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gettext-dep" name="gettext-dep"></a>Gettext
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils, Perl, and Tcl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Automake</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="glibc-dep" name="glibc-dep"></a>Glibc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Grep, Gzip, Linux API Headers, Make,
Perl, Python, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">File</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gmp-dep" name="gmp-dep"></a>GMP
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">MPFR and GCC</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gperf-dep" name="gperf-dep"></a>Gperf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils and Expect</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="grep-dep" name="grep-dep"></a>Grep
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and
Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Gawk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Pcre</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="groff-dep" name="groff-dep"></a>Groff
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Gawk,
GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Man-DB and Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Ghostscript</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="grub-dep" name="grub-dep"></a>GRUB
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Sed,
Texinfo, and Xz</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="gzip-dep" name="gzip-dep"></a>Gzip
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils and Less</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="iana-etc-dep" name="iana-etc-dep"></a>Iana-Etc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Coreutils, Gawk, and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="inetutils-dep" name="inetutils-dep"></a>Inetutils
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, Texinfo, and Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Tar</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="intltool-dep" name="intltool-dep"></a>Intltool
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Gawk, Glibc, Make, Perl, Sed, and
XML::Parser</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="iproute2-dep" name="iproute2-dep"></a>IProute2
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Bison, Coreutils, Flex, GCC,
Glibc, Make, and Linux API Headers</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="kbd-dep" name="kbd-dep"></a>Kbd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Check,
Coreutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Patch, and
Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="kmod-dep" name="kmod-dep"></a>Kmod
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Flex,
GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Pkg-config, Sed, Xz-Utils,
and Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Eudev</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="less-dep" name="less-dep"></a>Less
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Gzip</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Pcre</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="libcap-dep" name="libcap-dep"></a>Libcap
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Glibc, Perl, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Linux-PAM</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="libelf-dep" name="libelf-dep"></a>Libelf
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Linux Kernel</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="libffi-dep" name="libffi-dep"></a>Libffi
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">DejaGnu</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Python</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="libpipeline-dep" name="libpipeline-dep"></a>Libpipeline
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Check</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="libtool-dep" name="libtool-dep"></a>Libtool
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Autoconf, Automake, and
Findutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="linux-dep" name="linux-dep"></a>Linux Kernel
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Bc, Binutils, Coreutils,
Diffutils, Findutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Kmod, Libelf,
Make, Ncurses, OpenSSL, Perl, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="m4-dep" name="m4-dep"></a>M4
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Autoconf and Bison</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">libsigsegv</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="make-dep" name="make-dep"></a>Make
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl and Procps-ng</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="man-db-dep" name="man-db-dep"></a>Man-DB
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bzip2, Coreutils, Flex,
GCC, GDBM, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Gzip, Less,
Libpipeline, Make, Sed, and Xz</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Util-linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="man-pages-dep" name="man-pages-dep"></a>Man-Pages
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="meson-dep" name="meson-dep"></a>Meson
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Ninja and Python</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Systemd</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="mpc-dep" name="mpc-dep"></a>MPC
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, MPFR, Sed, and
Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">GCC</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="mpfr-dep" name="mpfr-dep"></a>MPFR
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Gawk and GCC</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="ncurses-dep" name="ncurses-dep"></a>Ncurses
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, GRUB, Inetutils, Less, Procps-ng,
Psmisc, Readline, Texinfo, Util-linux, and Vim</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="ninja-dep" name="ninja-dep"></a>Ninja
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, Gcc, and
Python</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Meson</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Asciidoc, Doxygen, Emacs, and
re2c</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="openssl-dep" name="openssl-dep"></a>Openssl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, Gcc, Make, and
Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="patch-dep" name="patch-dep"></a>Patch
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Ed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="perl-dep" name="perl-dep"></a>Perl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
GDBM, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Make, Sed, and Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Iana-Etc and Procps-ng</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Autoconf</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="pkgconfig-dep" name="pkgconfig-dep"></a>Pkg-config
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Make, Popt, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Kmod</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="popt-dep" name="popt-dep"></a>Popt
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Pkg-config</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="procps-dep" name="procps-dep"></a>Procps-ng
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Make, and Ncurses</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">DejaGNU</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="psmisc-dep" name="psmisc-dep"></a>Psmisc
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="python-dep" name="python-dep"></a>Python
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gdbm,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Libffi, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">GDB and Valgrind</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Ninja</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Berkeley DB, OpenSSL, SQLite, and
Tk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="readline-dep" name="readline-dep"></a>Readline
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC,
Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash and Gawk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="sed-dep" name="sed-dep"></a>Sed
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Diffutils and Gawk</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">E2fsprogs, File, Libtool, and
Shadow</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="shadow-dep" name="shadow-dep"></a>Shadow
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils,
Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make,
and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Coreutils</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Cracklib, and PAM</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="sysklogd-dep" name="sysklogd-dep"></a>Sysklogd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make,
and Patch</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="systemd-dep" name="systemd-dep"></a>Systemd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils,
Diffutils, Expat, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Gperf, Grep, Intltool,
Libcap, Meson, Sed, and Util-linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Many, see <a class="ulink" href=
"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/general/systemd.html">
BLFS systemd page</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="sysvinit-dep" name="sysvinit-dep"></a>Sysvinit
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make,
and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">No test suite available</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="tar-dep" name="tar-dep"></a>Tar
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Bison,
Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Inetutils, Make, Sed,
and Texinfo</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Autoconf, Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk,
and Gzip</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="tcl-dep" name="tcl-dep"></a>Tcl
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="texinfo-dep" name="texinfo-dep"></a>Texinfo
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC,
Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="util-linux-dep" name="util-linux-dep"></a>Util-linux
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
Eudev, Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make,
Ncurses, Sed, and Zlib</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody"><a class="ulink" href=
"https://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/libcap-ng/">Libcap-ng</a></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="vim-dep" name="vim-dep"></a>Vim
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils,
Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Xorg, GTK+2, LessTif, Python, Tcl,
Ruby, and GPM</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="xml-parser-dep" name="xml-parser-dep"></a>XML::Parser
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Expat, GCC,
Glibc, Make, and Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Perl</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Intltool</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="xz-dep" name="xz-dep"></a>Xz
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
GCC, Glibc, and Make</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Eudev, File, GRUB, Kmod, and
Man-DB</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="zlib-dep" name="zlib-dep"></a>Zlib
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc,
Make, and Sed</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">File, Kmod, Perl, and Util-linux</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<a id="zstd-dep" name="zstd-dep"></a>Zstd
</h3>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Gzip,
Make, and Xz</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="segmentedlist">
<div class="seglistitem">
<div class="seg">
<strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong>
<span class="segbody">None</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="scripts" name=
"scripts"></a>Appendix&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Boot and sysconfig
scripts version-20191031
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The scripts in this appendix are listed by the directory where
they normally reside. The order is <code class=
"filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig</code>, <code class=
"filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices</code>, and
<code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices/services</code>.
Within each section, the files are listed in the order they are
normally called.
</p>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="rc" name="rc"></a>D.1.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The <code class="systemitem">rc</code> script is the first
script called by <span class="application">init</span> and
initiates the boot process.
</p>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/bash
########################################################################
# Begin rc
#
# Description : Main Run Level Control Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
print_error_msg()
{
log_failure_msg
# $i is set when called
MSG="FAILURE:\n\nYou should not be reading this error message.\n\n"
MSG="${MSG}It means that an unforeseen error took place in\n"
MSG="${MSG}${i},\n"
MSG="${MSG}which exited with a return value of ${error_value}.\n"
MSG="${MSG}If you're able to track this error down to a bug in one of\n"
MSG="${MSG}the files provided by the ${DISTRO_MINI} book,\n"
MSG="${MSG}please be so kind to inform us at ${DISTRO_CONTACT}.\n"
log_failure_msg "${MSG}"
log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
wait_for_user
}
check_script_status()
{
# $i is set when called
if [ ! -f ${i} ]; then
log_warning_msg "${i} is not a valid symlink."
SCRIPT_STAT="1"
fi
if [ ! -x ${i} ]; then
log_warning_msg "${i} is not executable, skipping."
SCRIPT_STAT="1"
fi
}
run()
{
if [ -z $interactive ]; then
${1} ${2}
return $?
fi
while true; do
read -p "Run ${1} ${2} (Yes/no/continue)? " -n 1 runit
echo
case ${runit} in
c | C)
interactive=""
${i} ${2}
ret=${?}
break;
;;
n | N)
return 0
;;
y | Y)
${i} ${2}
ret=${?}
break
;;
esac
done
return $ret
}
# Read any local settings/overrides
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] &amp;&amp; source /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
DISTRO=${DISTRO:-"Linux From Scratch"}
DISTRO_CONTACT=${DISTRO_CONTACT:-"lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org (Registration required)"}
DISTRO_MINI=${DISTRO_MINI:-"LFS"}
IPROMPT=${IPROMPT:-"no"}
# These 3 signals will not cause our script to exit
trap "" INT QUIT TSTP
[ "${1}" != "" ] &amp;&amp; runlevel=${1}
if [ "${runlevel}" == "" ]; then
echo "Usage: ${0} &lt;runlevel&gt;" &gt;&amp;2
exit 1
fi
previous=${PREVLEVEL}
[ "${previous}" == "" ] &amp;&amp; previous=N
if [ ! -d /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d ]; then
log_info_msg "/etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d does not exist.\n"
exit 1
fi
if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -o "$runlevel" == "0" ]; then IPROMPT="no"; fi
# Note: In ${LOGLEVEL:-7}, it is ':' 'dash' '7', not minus 7
if [ "$runlevel" == "S" ]; then
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] &amp;&amp; source /etc/sysconfig/console
dmesg -n "${LOGLEVEL:-7}"
fi
if [ "${IPROMPT}" == "yes" -a "${runlevel}" == "S" ]; then
# The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes
wlen=${wlen:-$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )}
welcome_message=${welcome_message:-"Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"}
# The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes
ilen=${ilen:-$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )}
i_message=${i_message:-"Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"}
# dcol and icol are spaces before the message to center the message
# on screen. itime is the amount of wait time for the user to press a key
wcol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${wlen} ) / 2 ))
icol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${ilen} ) / 2 ))
itime=${itime:-"3"}
echo -e "\n\n"
echo -e "\\033[${wcol}G${welcome_message}"
echo -e "\\033[${icol}G${i_message}${NORMAL}"
echo ""
read -t "${itime}" -n 1 interactive 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; /dev/null
fi
# Make lower case
[ "${interactive}" == "I" ] &amp;&amp; interactive="i"
[ "${interactive}" != "i" ] &amp;&amp; interactive=""
# Read the state file if it exists from runlevel S
[ -r /var/run/interactive ] &amp;&amp; source /var/run/interactive
# Attempt to stop all services started by the previous runlevel,
# and killed in this runlevel
if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then
for i in $(ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/K* 2&gt; /dev/null)
do
check_script_status
if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then
SCRIPT_STAT="0"
continue
fi
suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]}
prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix
sysinit_start=/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix
if [ "${runlevel}" != "0" -a "${runlevel}" != "6" ]; then
if [ ! -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${sysinit_start} ]; then
MSG="WARNING:\n\n${i} can't be "
MSG="${MSG}executed because it was not "
MSG="${MSG}not started in the previous "
MSG="${MSG}runlevel (${previous})."
log_warning_msg "$MSG"
continue
fi
fi
run ${i} stop
error_value=${?}
if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi
done
fi
if [ "${previous}" == "N" ]; then export IN_BOOT=1; fi
if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -a -n "${FASTBOOT}" ]; then
touch /fastboot
fi
# Start all functions in this runlevel
for i in $( ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/S* 2&gt; /dev/null)
do
if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then
suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/S[0-9][0-9]}
stop=/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]$suffix
prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix
[ -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${stop} ] &amp;&amp; continue
fi
check_script_status
if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then
SCRIPT_STAT="0"
continue
fi
case ${runlevel} in
0|6)
run ${i} stop
;;
*)
run ${i} start
;;
esac
error_value=${?}
if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi
done
# Store interactive variable on switch from runlevel S and remove if not
if [ "${runlevel}" == "S" -a "${interactive}" == "i" ]; then
echo "interactive=\"i\"" &gt; /var/run/interactive
else
rm -f /var/run/interactive 2&gt; /dev/null
fi
# Copy the boot log on initial boot only
if [ "${previous}" == "N" -a "${runlevel}" != "S" ]; then
cat $BOOTLOG &gt;&gt; /var/log/boot.log
# Mark the end of boot
echo "--------" &gt;&gt; /var/log/boot.log
# Remove the temporary file
rm -f $BOOTLOG 2&gt; /dev/null
fi
# End rc
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="init-functions" name=
"init-functions"></a>D.2.&nbsp;/lib/lsb/init-functions
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
#
# Begin /lib/lsb/init-funtions
#
# Description : Run Level Control Functions
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
# Notes : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb
# http://winterdrache.de/linux/newboot/index.html
#
# The file should be located in /lib/lsb
#
########################################################################
## Environmental setup
# Setup default values for environment
umask 022
export PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin"
## Set color commands, used via echo
# Please consult `man console_codes for more information
# under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section
#
# Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font,
# the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to
# the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does
# not affect framebuffer consoles
NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Standard console grey
SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Success is green
WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Warnings are yellow
FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Failures are red
INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Information is light cyan
BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Brackets are blue
# Use a colored prefix
BMPREFIX=" "
SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} "
FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} "
WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} "
SKIP_PREFIX="${INFO} S ${NORMAL}"
SUCCESS_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${SUCCESS} OK ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
FAILURE_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
WARNING_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${WARNING} WARN ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
SKIP_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${INFO} SKIP ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}"
BOOTLOG=/run/bootlog
KILLDELAY=3
SCRIPT_STAT="0"
# Set any user specified environment variables e.g. HEADLESS
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
## Screen Dimensions
# Find current screen size
if [ -z "${COLUMNS}" ]; then
COLUMNS=$(stty size)
COLUMNS=${COLUMNS##* }
fi
# When using remote connections, such as a serial port, stty size returns 0
if [ "${COLUMNS}" = "0" ]; then
COLUMNS=80
fi
## Measurements for positioning result messages
COL=$((${COLUMNS} - 8))
WCOL=$((${COL} - 2))
## Set Cursor Position Commands, used via echo
SET_COL="\\033[${COL}G" # at the $COL char
SET_WCOL="\\033[${WCOL}G" # at the $WCOL char
CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G" # Up one line, at the 0'th char
CURS_ZERO="\\033[0G"
################################################################################
# start_daemon() #
# Usage: start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...] #
# #
# Purpose: This runs the specified program as a daemon #
# #
# Inputs: -f: (force) run the program even if it is already running. #
# -n nicelevel: specify a nice level. See 'man nice(1)'. #
# -p pidfile: use the specified file to determine PIDs. #
# pathname: the complete path to the specified program #
# args: additional arguments passed to the program (pathname) #
# #
# Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): #
# 0 - program is running or service is OK #
# 1 - generic or unspecified error #
# 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) #
# 5 - program is not installed #
################################################################################
start_daemon()
{
local force=""
local nice="0"
local pidfile=""
local pidlist=""
local retval=""
# Process arguments
while true
do
case "${1}" in
-f)
force="1"
shift 1
;;
-n)
nice="${2}"
shift 2
;;
-p)
pidfile="${2}"
shift 2
;;
-*)
return 2
;;
*)
program="${1}"
break
;;
esac
done
# Check for a valid program
if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi
# Execute
if [ -z "${force}" ]; then
if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
# Determine the pid by discovery
pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"`
retval="${?}"
else
# The PID file contains the needed PIDs
# Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc,
# however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard.
pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"`
retval="${?}"
fi
# Return a value ONLY
# It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty
# to log messages!
case "${retval}" in
0)
# Program is already running correctly, this is a
# successful start.
return 0
;;
1)
# Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists
# remove the pid file and continue
rm -f "${pidfile}"
;;
3)
# Program is not running and no pidfile exists
# do nothing here, let start_deamon continue.
;;
*)
# Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted
# and returned as an unspecified error.
return 1
;;
esac
fi
# Do the start!
nice -n "${nice}" "${@}"
}
################################################################################
# killproc() #
# Usage: killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal] #
# #
# Purpose: Send control signals to running processes #
# #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile #
# pathname, pathname to the specified program #
# signal, send this signal to pathname #
# #
# Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): #
# 0 - program (pathname) has stopped/is already stopped or a #
# running program has been sent specified signal and stopped #
# successfully #
# 1 - generic or unspecified error #
# 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) #
# 5 - program is not installed #
# 7 - program is not running and a signal was supplied #
################################################################################
killproc()
{
local pidfile
local program
local prefix
local progname
local signal="-TERM"
local fallback="-KILL"
local nosig
local pidlist
local retval
local pid
local delay="30"
local piddead
local dtime
# Process arguments
while true; do
case "${1}" in
-p)
pidfile="${2}"
shift 2
;;
*)
program="${1}"
if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
signal="${2}"
fallback=""
else
nosig=1
fi
# Error on additional arguments
if [ -n "${3}" ]; then
return 2
else
break
fi
;;
esac
done
# Check for a valid program
if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi
# Check for a valid signal
check_signal "${signal}"
if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 2; fi
# Get a list of pids
if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
# determine the pid by discovery
pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"`
retval="${?}"
else
# The PID file contains the needed PIDs
# Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc,
# however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard.
pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"`
retval="${?}"
fi
# Return a value ONLY
# It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty
# to log messages!
case "${retval}" in
0)
# Program is running correctly
# Do nothing here, let killproc continue.
;;
1)
# Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists
# Remove the pid file.
rm -f "${pidfile}"
# This is only a success if no signal was passed.
if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then
return 0
else
return 7
fi
;;
3)
# Program is not running and no pidfile exists
# This is only a success if no signal was passed.
if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then
return 0
else
return 7
fi
;;
*)
# Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted
# and returned as an unspecified error.
return 1
;;
esac
# Perform different actions for exit signals and control signals
check_sig_type "${signal}"
if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then # Signal is used to terminate the program
# Account for empty pidlist (pid file still exists and no
# signal was given)
if [ "${pidlist}" != "" ]; then
# Kill the list of pids
for pid in ${pidlist}; do
kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null
if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then
# Process is dead, continue to next and assume all is well
continue
else
kill "${signal}" "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null
# Wait up to ${delay}/10 seconds to for "${pid}" to
# terminate in 10ths of a second
while [ "${delay}" -ne "0" ]; do
kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null || piddead="1"
if [ "${piddead}" = "1" ]; then break; fi
sleep 0.1
delay="$(( ${delay} - 1 ))"
done
# If a fallback is set, and program is still running, then
# use the fallback
if [ -n "${fallback}" -a "${piddead}" != "1" ]; then
kill "${fallback}" "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null
sleep 1
# Check again, and fail if still running
kill -0 "${pid}" 2&gt; /dev/null &amp;&amp; return 1
fi
fi
done
fi
# Check for and remove stale PID files.
if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
# Find the basename of $program
prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'`
progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"`
if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then
rm -f "/var/run/${progname}.pid" 2&gt; /dev/null
fi
else
if [ -e "${pidfile}" ]; then rm -f "${pidfile}" 2&gt; /dev/null; fi
fi
# For signals that do not expect a program to exit, simply
# let kill do its job, and evaluate kill's return for value
else # check_sig_type - signal is not used to terminate program
for pid in ${pidlist}; do
kill "${signal}" "${pid}"
if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 1; fi
done
fi
}
################################################################################
# pidofproc() #
# Usage: pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname #
# #
# Purpose: This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon #
# #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof #
# pathname, path to the specified program #
# #
# Return values (as defined by LSB status codes): #
# 0 - Success (PIDs to stdout) #
# 1 - Program is dead, PID file still exists (remaining PIDs output) #
# 3 - Program is not running (no output) #
################################################################################
pidofproc()
{
local pidfile
local program
local prefix
local progname
local pidlist
local lpids
local exitstatus="0"
# Process arguments
while true; do
case "${1}" in
-p)
pidfile="${2}"
shift 2
;;
*)
program="${1}"
if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
# Too many arguments
# Since this is status, return unknown
return 4
else
break
fi
;;
esac
done
# If a PID file is not specified, try and find one.
if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then
# Get the program's basename
prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'`
if [ -z "${prefix}" ]; then
progname="${program}"
else
progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"`
fi
# If a PID file exists with that name, assume that is it.
if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then
pidfile="/var/run/${progname}.pid"
fi
fi
# If a PID file is set and exists, use it.
if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then
# Use the value in the first line of the pidfile
pidlist=`/bin/head -n1 "${pidfile}"`
# This can optionally be written as 'sed 1q' to repalce 'head -n1'
# should LFS move /bin/head to /usr/bin/head
else
# Use pidof
pidlist=`pidof "${program}"`
fi
# Figure out if all listed PIDs are running.
for pid in ${pidlist}; do
kill -0 ${pid} 2&gt; /dev/null
if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
lpids="${lpids}${pid} "
else
exitstatus="1"
fi
done
if [ -z "${lpids}" -a ! -f "${pidfile}" ]; then
return 3
else
echo "${lpids}"
return "${exitstatus}"
fi
}
################################################################################
# statusproc() #
# Usage: statusproc [-p pidfile] pathname #
# #
# Purpose: This function prints the status of a particular daemon to stdout #
# #
# Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof #
# pathname, path to the specified program #
# #
# Return values: #
# 0 - Status printed #
# 1 - Input error. The daemon to check was not specified. #
################################################################################
statusproc()
{
local pidfile
local pidlist
if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then
echo "Usage: statusproc [-p pidfle] {program}"
exit 1
fi
# Process arguments
while true; do
case "${1}" in
-p)
pidfile="${2}"
shift 2
;;
*)
if [ -n "${2}" ]; then
echo "Too many arguments"
return 1
else
break
fi
;;
esac
done
if [ -n "${pidfile}" ]; then
pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" $@`
else
pidlist=`pidofproc $@`
fi
# Trim trailing blanks
pidlist=`echo "${pidlist}" | sed -r 's/ +$//'`
base="${1##*/}"
if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then
/bin/echo -e "${INFO}${base} is running with Process" \
"ID(s) ${pidlist}.${NORMAL}"
else
if [ -n "${base}" -a -e "/var/run/${base}.pid" ]; then
/bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running but" \
"/var/run/${base}.pid exists.${NORMAL}"
else
if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then
/bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running" \
"but ${pidfile} exists.${NORMAL}"
else
/bin/echo -e "${INFO}${1} is not running.${NORMAL}"
fi
fi
fi
}
################################################################################
# timespec() #
# #
# Purpose: An internal utility function to format a timestamp #
# a boot log file. Sets the STAMP variable. #
# #
# Return value: Not used #
################################################################################
timespec()
{
STAMP="$(echo `date +"%b %d %T %:z"` `hostname`) "
return 0
}
################################################################################
# log_success_msg() #
# Usage: log_success_msg ["message"] #
# #
# Purpose: Print a successful status message to the screen and #
# a boot log file. #
# #
# Inputs: $@ - Message #
# #
# Return values: Not used #
################################################################################
log_success_msg()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
timespec
/bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} OK" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
log_success_msg2()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}"
echo " OK" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
################################################################################
# log_failure_msg() #
# Usage: log_failure_msg ["message"] #
# #
# Purpose: Print a failure status message to the screen and #
# a boot log file. #
# #
# Inputs: $@ - Message #
# #
# Return values: Not used #
################################################################################
log_failure_msg()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
timespec
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
/bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} FAIL" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
log_failure_msg2()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}"
echo "FAIL" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
################################################################################
# log_warning_msg() #
# Usage: log_warning_msg ["message"] #
# #
# Purpose: Print a warning status message to the screen and #
# a boot log file. #
# #
# Return values: Not used #
################################################################################
log_warning_msg()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${WARNING_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${WARNING_SUFFIX}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
timespec
/bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} WARN" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
log_skip_msg()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
/bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SKIP_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SKIP_SUFFIX}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
/bin/echo "SKIP" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
################################################################################
# log_info_msg() #
# Usage: log_info_msg message #
# #
# Purpose: Print an information message to the screen and #
# a boot log file. Does not print a trailing newline character. #
# #
# Return values: Not used #
################################################################################
log_info_msg()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
timespec
/bin/echo -n -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage}" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
log_info_msg2()
{
/bin/echo -n -e "${@}"
# Strip non-printable characters from log file
logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'`
/bin/echo -n -e "${logmessage}" &gt;&gt; ${BOOTLOG}
return 0
}
################################################################################
# evaluate_retval() #
# Usage: Evaluate a return value and print success or failyure as appropriate #
# #
# Purpose: Convenience function to terminate an info message #
# #
# Return values: Not used #
################################################################################
evaluate_retval()
{
local error_value="${?}"
if [ ${error_value} = 0 ]; then
log_success_msg2
else
log_failure_msg2
fi
}
################################################################################
# check_signal() #
# Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ] #
# #
# Purpose: Check for a valid signal. This is not defined by any LSB draft, #
# however, it is required to check the signals to determine if the #
# signals chosen are invalid arguments to the other functions. #
# #
# Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal} #
# #
# Return values: #
# 0 - Success (signal is valid #
# 1 - Signal is not valid #
################################################################################
check_signal()
{
local valsig
# Add error handling for invalid signals
valsig="-ALRM -HUP -INT -KILL -PIPE -POLL -PROF -TERM -USR1 -USR2"
valsig="${valsig} -VTALRM -STKFLT -PWR -WINCH -CHLD -URG -TSTP -TTIN"
valsig="${valsig} -TTOU -STOP -CONT -ABRT -FPE -ILL -QUIT -SEGV -TRAP"
valsig="${valsig} -SYS -EMT -BUS -XCPU -XFSZ -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9"
valsig="${valsig} -11 -13 -14 -15"
echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " &gt; /dev/null
if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
################################################################################
# check_sig_type() #
# Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ] #
# #
# Purpose: Check if signal is a program termination signal or a control signal #
# This is not defined by any LSB draft, however, it is required to #
# check the signals to determine if they are intended to end a #
# program or simply to control it. #
# #
# Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal} #
# #
# Return values: #
# 0 - Signal is used for program termination #
# 1 - Signal is used for program control #
################################################################################
check_sig_type()
{
local valsig
# The list of termination signals (limited to generally used items)
valsig="-ALRM -INT -KILL -TERM -PWR -STOP -ABRT -QUIT -2 -3 -6 -9 -14 -15"
echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " &gt; /dev/null
if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
################################################################################
# wait_for_user() #
# #
# Purpose: Wait for the user to respond if not a headless system #
# #
################################################################################
wait_for_user()
{
# Wait for the user by default
[ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] &amp;&amp; read ENTER
return 0
}
################################################################################
# is_true() #
# #
# Purpose: Utility to test if a variable is true | yes | 1 #
# #
################################################################################
is_true()
{
[ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] || [ "$1" = "y" ] ||
[ "$1" = "t" ]
}
# End /lib/lsb/init-functions
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="mountvirtfs" name=
"mountvirtfs"></a>D.3.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin mountvirtfs
#
# Description : Mount proc, sysfs, and run
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: mountvirtfs
# Required-Start: $first
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems.
# Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs).
# Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems.
# Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs).
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
# Make sure /run is available before logging any messages
if ! mountpoint /run &gt;/dev/null; then
mount /run || failed=1
fi
mkdir -p /run/lock /run/shm
chmod 1777 /run/shm /run/lock
log_info_msg "Mounting virtual file systems: ${INFO}/run"
if ! mountpoint /proc &gt;/dev/null; then
log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/proc"
mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /proc || failed=1
fi
if ! mountpoint /sys &gt;/dev/null; then
log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/sys"
mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /sys || failed=1
fi
if ! mountpoint /dev &gt;/dev/null; then
log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/dev"
mount -o mode=0755,nosuid /dev || failed=1
fi
ln -sfn /run/shm /dev/shm
(exit ${failed})
evaluate_retval
exit $failed
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End mountvirtfs
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="modules" name=
"modules"></a>D.4.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/modules
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin modules
#
# Description : Module auto-loading script
#
# Authors : Zack Winkles
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: modules
# Required-Start: mountvirtfs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Loads required modules.
# Description: Loads modules listed in /etc/sysconfig/modules.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
# Assure that the kernel has module support.
[ -e /proc/modules ] || exit 0
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
# Exit if there's no modules file or there are no
# valid entries
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/modules ] || exit 0
egrep -qv '^($|#)' /etc/sysconfig/modules || exit 0
log_info_msg "Loading modules:"
# Only try to load modules if the user has actually given us
# some modules to load.
while read module args; do
# Ignore comments and blank lines.
case "$module" in
""|"#"*) continue ;;
esac
# Attempt to load the module, passing any arguments provided.
modprobe ${module} ${args} &gt;/dev/null
# Print the module name if successful, otherwise take note.
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
log_info_msg2 " ${module}"
else
failedmod="${failedmod} ${module}"
fi
done &lt; /etc/sysconfig/modules
# Print a message about successfully loaded modules on the correct line.
log_success_msg2
# Print a failure message with a list of any modules that
# may have failed to load.
if [ -n "${failedmod}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "Failed to load modules:${failedmod}"
exit 1
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End modules
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="udev" name=
"udev"></a>D.5.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin udev
#
# Description : Udev cold-plugging script
#
# Authors : Zack Winkles, Alexander E. Patrakov
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: udev $time
# Required-Start: localnet
# Should-Start: modules
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Populates /dev with device nodes.
# Description: Mounts a tempfs on /dev and starts the udevd daemon.
# Device nodes are created as defined by udev.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Populating /dev with device nodes... "
if ! grep -q '[[:space:]]sysfs' /proc/mounts; then
log_failure_msg2
msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnable to create "
msg="${msg}devices without a SysFS filesystem\n\n"
msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system "
msg="${msg}will be halted and powered off.\n\n"
log_info_msg "$msg"
log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
wait_for_user
/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
fi
# Start the udev daemon to continually watch for, and act on,
# uevents
/sbin/udevd --daemon
# Now traverse /sys in order to "coldplug" devices that have
# already been discovered
/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=subsystems
/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=devices
/sbin/udevadm trigger --action=change --type=devices
# Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered
if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE"; then
/sbin/udevadm settle
fi
# If any LVM based partitions are on the system, ensure they
# are activated so they can be used.
if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -a y &gt;/dev/null; fi
log_success_msg2
;;
*)
echo "Usage ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End udev
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="swap" name=
"swap"></a>D.6.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/swap
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin swap
#
# Description : Swap Control Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: swap
# Required-Start: udev
# Should-Start: modules
# Required-Stop: localnet $local_fs
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop: 0 6
# Short-Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions.
# Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions defined in
# /etc/fstab.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Activating all swap files/partitions..."
swapon -a
evaluate_retval
;;
stop)
log_info_msg "Deactivating all swap files/partitions..."
swapoff -a
evaluate_retval
;;
restart)
${0} stop
sleep 1
${0} start
;;
status)
log_success_msg "Retrieving swap status."
swapon -s
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End swap
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="setclock" name=
"setclock"></a>D.7.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin setclock
#
# Description : Setting Linux Clock
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start: modules
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop: $syslog
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Stores and restores time from the hardware clock
# Description: On boot, system time is obtained from hwclock. The
# hardware clock can also be set on shutdown.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/clock ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/clock
case "${UTC}" in
yes|true|1)
CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --utc"
;;
no|false|0)
CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --localtime"
;;
esac
case ${1} in
start)
hwclock --hctosys ${CLOCKPARAMS} &gt;/dev/null
;;
stop)
log_info_msg "Setting hardware clock..."
hwclock --systohc ${CLOCKPARAMS} &gt;/dev/null
evaluate_retval
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="checkfs" name=
"checkfs"></a>D.8.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin checkfs
#
# Description : File System Check
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# A. Luebke - luebke@users.sourceforge.net
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
# Based on checkfs script from LFS-3.1 and earlier.
#
# From man fsck
# 0 - No errors
# 1 - File system errors corrected
# 2 - System should be rebooted
# 4 - File system errors left uncorrected
# 8 - Operational error
# 16 - Usage or syntax error
# 32 - Fsck canceled by user request
# 128 - Shared library error
#
#########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: checkfs
# Required-Start: udev
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Checks local filesystems before mounting.
# Description: Checks local filesystmes before mounting.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
if [ -f /fastboot ]; then
msg="/fastboot found, will omit "
msg="${msg} file system checks as requested.\n"
log_info_msg "${msg}"
exit 0
fi
log_info_msg "Mounting root file system in read-only mode... "
mount -n -o remount,ro / &gt;/dev/null
if [ ${?} != 0 ]; then
log_failure_msg2
msg="\n\nCannot check root "
msg="${msg}filesystem because it could not be mounted "
msg="${msg}in read-only mode.\n\n"
msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be "
msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n"
log_failure_msg "${msg}"
log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
wait_for_user
/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
else
log_success_msg2
fi
if [ -f /forcefsck ]; then
msg="/forcefsck found, forcing file"
msg="${msg} system checks as requested."
log_success_msg "$msg"
options="-f"
else
options=""
fi
log_info_msg "Checking file systems..."
# Note: -a option used to be -p; but this fails e.g. on fsck.minix
if is_true "$VERBOSE_FSCK"; then
fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T
else
fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T &gt;/dev/null
fi
error_value=${?}
if [ "${error_value}" = 0 ]; then
log_success_msg2
fi
if [ "${error_value}" = 1 ]; then
msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors "
msg="${msg}were found and have been corrected.\n"
msg="${msg} You may want to double-check that "
msg="${msg}everything was fixed properly."
log_warning_msg "$msg"
fi
if [ "${error_value}" = 2 -o "${error_value}" = 3 ]; then
msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors "
msg="${msg}were found and have been been "
msg="${msg}corrected, but the nature of the "
msg="${msg}errors require this system to be rebooted.\n\n"
msg="${msg}After you press enter, "
msg="${msg}this system will be rebooted\n\n"
log_failure_msg "$msg"
log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
wait_for_user
reboot -f
fi
if [ "${error_value}" -gt 3 -a "${error_value}" -lt 16 ]; then
msg="\nFAILURE:\n\nFile system errors "
msg="${msg}were encountered that could not be "
msg="${msg}fixed automatically.\nThis system "
msg="${msg}cannot continue to boot and will "
msg="${msg}therefore be halted until those "
msg="${msg}errors are fixed manually by a "
msg="${msg}System Administrator.\n\n"
msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be "
msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n"
log_failure_msg "$msg"
log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..."
wait_for_user
/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop
fi
if [ "${error_value}" -ge 16 ]; then
msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnexpected failure "
msg="${msg}running fsck. Exited with error "
msg="${msg} code: ${error_value}.\n"
log_info_msg $msg
exit ${error_value}
fi
exit 0
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End checkfs
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="mountfs" name=
"mountfs"></a>D.9.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin mountfs
#
# Description : File System Mount Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: $local_fs
# Required-Start: udev checkfs
# Should-Start: modules
# Required-Stop: localnet
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop: 0 6
# Short-Description: Mounts/unmounts local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab.
# Description: Remounts root filesystem read/write and mounts all
# remaining local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab on
# start. Remounts root filesystem read-only and unmounts
# remaining filesystems on stop.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Remounting root file system in read-write mode..."
mount --options remount,rw / &gt;/dev/null
evaluate_retval
# Remove fsck-related file system watermarks.
rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck
# Make sure /dev/pts exists
mkdir -p /dev/pts
# This will mount all filesystems that do not have _netdev in
# their option list. _netdev denotes a network filesystem.
log_info_msg "Mounting remaining file systems..."
mount --all --test-opts no_netdev &gt;/dev/null
evaluate_retval
exit $failed
;;
stop)
# Don't unmount virtual file systems like /run
log_info_msg "Unmounting all other currently mounted file systems..."
# Ensure any loop devies are removed
losetup -D
umount --all --detach-loop --read-only \
--types notmpfs,nosysfs,nodevtmpfs,noproc,nodevpts &gt;/dev/null
evaluate_retval
# Make sure / is mounted read only (umount bug)
mount --options remount,ro /
# Make all LVM volume groups unavailable, if appropriate
# This fails if swap or / are on an LVM partition
#if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -an &gt; /dev/null; fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End mountfs
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="udev_retry" name=
"udev_retry"></a>D.10.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin udev_retry
#
# Description : Udev cold-plugging script (retry)
#
# Authors : Alexander E. Patrakov
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Bryan Kadzban -
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: udev_retry
# Required-Start: udev
# Should-Start: $local_fs cleanfs
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Replays failed uevents and creates additional devices.
# Description: Replays any failed uevents that were skipped due to
# slow hardware initialization, and creates those needed
# device nodes
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Retrying failed uevents, if any..."
# As of udev-186, the --run option is no longer valid
#rundir=$(/sbin/udevadm info --run)
rundir=/run/udev
# From Debian: "copy the rules generated before / was mounted
# read-write":
for file in ${rundir}/tmp-rules--*; do
dest=${file##*tmp-rules--}
[ "$dest" = '*' ] &amp;&amp; break
cat $file &gt;&gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/$dest
rm -f $file
done
# Re-trigger the uevents that may have failed,
# in hope they will succeed now
/bin/sed -e 's/#.*$//' /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry | /bin/grep -v '^$' | \
while read line ; do
for subsystem in $line ; do
/sbin/udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=$subsystem --action=add
done
done
# Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered
if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE"; then
/sbin/udevadm settle
fi
evaluate_retval
;;
*)
echo "Usage ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End udev_retry
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="cleanfs" name=
"cleanfs"></a>D.11.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin cleanfs
#
# Description : Clean file system
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: cleanfs
# Required-Start: $local_fs
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Cleans temporary directories early in the boot process.
# Description: Cleans temporary directories /var/run, /var/lock, and
# optionally, /tmp. cleanfs also creates /var/run/utmp
# and any files defined in /etc/sysconfig/createfiles.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
# Function to create files/directory on boot.
create_files()
{
# Input to file descriptor 9 and output to stdin (redirection)
exec 9&gt;&amp;0 &lt; /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
while read name type perm usr grp dtype maj min junk
do
# Ignore comments and blank lines.
case "${name}" in
""|\#*) continue ;;
esac
# Ignore existing files.
if [ ! -e "${name}" ]; then
# Create stuff based on its type.
case "${type}" in
dir)
mkdir "${name}"
;;
file)
:&gt; "${name}"
;;
dev)
case "${dtype}" in
char)
mknod "${name}" c ${maj} ${min}
;;
block)
mknod "${name}" b ${maj} ${min}
;;
pipe)
mknod "${name}" p
;;
*)
log_warning_msg "\nUnknown device type: ${dtype}"
;;
esac
;;
*)
log_warning_msg "\nUnknown type: ${type}"
continue
;;
esac
# Set up the permissions, too.
chown ${usr}:${grp} "${name}"
chmod ${perm} "${name}"
fi
done
# Close file descriptor 9 (end redirection)
exec 0&gt;&amp;9 9&gt;&amp;-
return 0
}
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Cleaning file systems:"
if [ "${SKIPTMPCLEAN}" = "" ]; then
log_info_msg2 " /tmp"
cd /tmp &amp;&amp;
find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete || failed=1
fi
&gt; /var/run/utmp
if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group ; then
chmod 664 /var/run/utmp
chgrp utmp /var/run/utmp
fi
(exit ${failed})
evaluate_retval
if egrep -qv '^(#|$)' /etc/sysconfig/createfiles 2&gt;/dev/null; then
log_info_msg "Creating files and directories... "
create_files # Always returns 0
evaluate_retval
fi
exit $failed
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End cleanfs
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="console" name=
"console"></a>D.12.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/console
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin console
#
# Description : Sets keymap and screen font
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Alexander E. Patrakov
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: console
# Required-Start: $local_fs
# Should-Start: udev_retry
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Sets up a localised console.
# Description: Sets up fonts and language settings for the user's
# local as defined by /etc/sysconfig/console.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
# Native English speakers probably don't have /etc/sysconfig/console at all
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/console
is_true()
{
[ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ]
}
failed=0
case "${1}" in
start)
# See if we need to do anything
if [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] &amp;&amp; [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] &amp;&amp;
[ -z "${FONT}" ] &amp;&amp; [ -z "${LEGACY_CHARSET}" ] &amp;&amp;
! is_true "${UNICODE}"; then
exit 0
fi
# There should be no bogus failures below this line!
log_info_msg "Setting up Linux console..."
# Figure out if a framebuffer console is used
[ -d /sys/class/graphics/fb0 ] &amp;&amp; use_fb=1 || use_fb=0
# Figure out the command to set the console into the
# desired mode
is_true "${UNICODE}" &amp;&amp;
MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%G' &amp;&amp; kbd_mode -u" ||
MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%@\033(K' &amp;&amp; kbd_mode -a"
# On framebuffer consoles, font has to be set for each vt in
# UTF-8 mode. This doesn't hurt in non-UTF-8 mode also.
! is_true "${use_fb}" || [ -z "${FONT}" ] ||
MODE_COMMAND="${MODE_COMMAND} &amp;&amp; setfont ${FONT}"
# Apply that command to all consoles mentioned in
# /etc/inittab. Important: in the UTF-8 mode this should
# happen before setfont, otherwise a kernel bug will
# show up and the unicode map of the font will not be
# used.
for TTY in `grep '^[^#].*respawn:/sbin/agetty' /etc/inittab |
grep -o '\btty[[:digit:]]*\b'`
do
openvt -f -w -c ${TTY#tty} -- \
/bin/sh -c "${MODE_COMMAND}" || failed=1
done
# Set the font (if not already set above) and the keymap
[ "${use_fb}" == "1" ] || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || setfont $FONT || failed=1
[ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] ||
loadkeys ${KEYMAP} &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
failed=1
[ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] ||
loadkeys ${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS} &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
failed=1
# Convert the keymap from $LEGACY_CHARSET to UTF-8
[ -z "$LEGACY_CHARSET" ] ||
dumpkeys -c "$LEGACY_CHARSET" | loadkeys -u &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 ||
failed=1
# If any of the commands above failed, the trap at the
# top would set $failed to 1
( exit $failed )
evaluate_retval
exit $failed
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End console
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="localnet" name=
"localnet"></a>D.13.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin localnet
#
# Description : Loopback device
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: localnet
# Required-Start: mountvirtfs
# Should-Start: modules
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop: 0 6
# Short-Description: Starts the local network.
# Description: Sets the hostname of the machine and starts the
# loopback interface.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
[ -r /etc/sysconfig/network ] &amp;&amp; . /etc/sysconfig/network
[ -r /etc/hostname ] &amp;&amp; HOSTNAME=`cat /etc/hostname`
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Bringing up the loopback interface..."
ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo
ip link set lo up
evaluate_retval
log_info_msg "Setting hostname to ${HOSTNAME}..."
hostname ${HOSTNAME}
evaluate_retval
;;
stop)
log_info_msg "Bringing down the loopback interface..."
ip link set lo down
evaluate_retval
;;
restart)
${0} stop
sleep 1
${0} start
;;
status)
echo "Hostname is: $(hostname)"
ip link show lo
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End localnet
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="sysctlscript" name=
"sysctlscript"></a>D.14.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sysctl
#
# Description : File uses /etc/sysctl.conf to set kernel runtime
# parameters
#
# Authors : Nathan Coulson (nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org)
# Matthew Burgress (matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org)
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: sysctl
# Required-Start: mountvirtfs
# Should-Start: console
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem
# Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem as defined in
# /etc/sysctl.conf. See 'man sysctl(8)'.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
if [ -f "/etc/sysctl.conf" ]; then
log_info_msg "Setting kernel runtime parameters..."
sysctl -q -p
evaluate_retval
fi
;;
status)
sysctl -a
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|status}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End sysctl
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="sysklogd" name=
"sysklogd"></a>D.15.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sysklogd
#
# Description : Sysklogd loader
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: $syslog
# Required-Start: $first localnet
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop: $local_fs
# Should-Stop: sendsignals
# Default-Start: 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6
# Short-Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons.
# Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons.
# /etc/fstab.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
# Note: sysklogd is not started in runlevel 2 due to possible
# remote logging configurations
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Starting system log daemon..."
parms=${SYSKLOGD_PARMS-'-m 0'}
start_daemon /sbin/syslogd $parms
evaluate_retval
log_info_msg "Starting kernel log daemon..."
start_daemon /sbin/klogd
evaluate_retval
;;
stop)
log_info_msg "Stopping kernel log daemon..."
killproc /sbin/klogd
evaluate_retval
log_info_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
killproc /sbin/syslogd
evaluate_retval
;;
reload)
log_info_msg "Reloading system log daemon config file..."
pid=`pidofproc syslogd`
kill -HUP "${pid}"
evaluate_retval
;;
restart)
${0} stop
sleep 1
${0} start
;;
status)
statusproc /sbin/syslogd
statusproc klogd
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|reload|restart|status}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End sysklogd
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="network" name=
"network"></a>D.16.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/network
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin network
#
# Description : Network Control Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: $network
# Required-Start: $local_fs $syslog localnet swap
# Should-Start: firewalld iptables nftables
# Required-Stop: $local_fs $syslog localnet swap
# Should-Stop: firewalld iptables nftables
# Default-Start: 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6
# Short-Description: Starts and configures network interfaces.
# Description: Starts and configures network interfaces.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
case "${1}" in
start)
# Start all network interfaces
for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.*
do
interface=${file##*/ifconfig.}
# Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found)
if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]
then
continue
fi
/sbin/ifup ${interface}
done
;;
stop)
# Unmount any network mounted file systems
umount --all --force --types nfs,cifs,nfs4
# Reverse list
net_files=""
for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.*
do
net_files="${file} ${net_files}"
done
# Stop all network interfaces
for file in ${net_files}
do
interface=${file##*/ifconfig.}
# Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found)
if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]
then
continue
fi
/sbin/ifdown ${interface}
done
;;
restart)
${0} stop
sleep 1
${0} start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End network
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="sendsignals" name=
"sendsignals"></a>D.17.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin sendsignals
#
# Description : Sendsignals Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: sendsignals
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop: $local_fs swap localnet
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:
# Default-Stop: 0 6
# Short-Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes.
# Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
stop)
log_info_msg "Sending all processes the TERM signal..."
killall5 -15
error_value=${?}
sleep ${KILLDELAY}
if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then
log_success_msg
else
log_failure_msg
fi
log_info_msg "Sending all processes the KILL signal..."
killall5 -9
error_value=${?}
sleep ${KILLDELAY}
if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then
log_success_msg
else
log_failure_msg
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End sendsignals
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="rebootscript" name=
"rebootscript"></a>D.18.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin reboot
#
# Description : Reboot Scripts
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: reboot
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: 6
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Reboots the system.
# Description: Reboots the System.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
stop)
log_info_msg "Restarting system..."
reboot -d -f -i
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End reboot
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="haltscript" name=
"haltscript"></a>D.19.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin halt
#
# Description : Halt Script
#
# Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: halt
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start: 0
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: Halts the system.
# Description: Halts the System.
# X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS
### END INIT INFO
case "${1}" in
stop)
halt -d -f -i -p
;;
*)
echo "Usage: {stop}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End halt
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="template" name=
"template"></a>D.20.&nbsp;/etc/rc.d/init.d/template
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin scriptname
#
# Description :
#
# Authors :
#
# Version : LFS x.x
#
# Notes :
#
########################################################################
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: template
# Required-Start:
# Should-Start:
# Required-Stop:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description:
# Description:
# X-LFS-Provided-By:
### END INIT INFO
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
case "${1}" in
start)
log_info_msg "Starting..."
start_daemon fully_qualified_path
;;
stop)
log_info_msg "Stopping..."
killproc fully_qualified_path
;;
restart)
${0} stop
sleep 1
${0} start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
# End scriptname
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="modulessys" name=
"modulessys"></a>D.21.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/modules
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/modules
#
# Description : Module auto-loading configuration
#
# Authors :
#
# Version : 00.00
#
# Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows:
# &lt;module&gt; [&lt;arg1&gt; &lt;arg2&gt; ...]
#
# Each module should be on its own line, and any options that you want
# passed to the module should follow it. The line deliminator is either
# a space or a tab.
########################################################################
# End /etc/sysconfig/modules
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="createfiles" name=
"createfiles"></a>D.22.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/createfiles
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
#
# Description : Createfiles script config file
#
# Authors :
#
# Version : 00.00
#
# Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows:
# if type is equal to "file" or "dir"
# &lt;filename&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;permissions&gt; &lt;user&gt; &lt;group&gt;
# if type is equal to "dev"
# &lt;filename&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;permissions&gt; &lt;user&gt; &lt;group&gt; &lt;devtype&gt;
# &lt;major&gt; &lt;minor&gt;
#
# &lt;filename&gt; is the name of the file which is to be created
# &lt;type&gt; is either file, dir, or dev.
# file creates a new file
# dir creates a new directory
# dev creates a new device
# &lt;devtype&gt; is either block, char or pipe
# block creates a block device
# char creates a character deivce
# pipe creates a pipe, this will ignore the &lt;major&gt; and
# &lt;minor&gt; fields
# &lt;major&gt; and &lt;minor&gt; are the major and minor numbers used for
# the device.
########################################################################
# End /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="config-udev-retry" name=
"config-udev-retry"></a>D.23.&nbsp;/etc/sysconfig/udev-retry
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
########################################################################
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
#
# Description : udev_retry script configuration
#
# Authors :
#
# Version : 00.00
#
# Notes : Each subsystem that may need to be re-triggered after mountfs
# runs should be listed in this file. Probable subsystems to be
# listed here are rtc (due to /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime) and sound
# (due to both /var/lib/alsa/asound.state and /usr/sbin/alsactl).
# Entries are whitespace-separated.
########################################################################
rtc
# End /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ifup" name="ifup"></a>D.24.&nbsp;/sbin/ifup
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /sbin/ifup
#
# Description : Interface Up
#
# Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.7
#
# Notes : The IFCONFIG variable is passed to the SERVICE script
# in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the
# service should source to get interface specifications.
#
########################################################################
up()
{
log_info_msg "Bringing up the ${1} interface..."
if ip link show $1 &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then
link_status=`ip link show $1`
if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then
if ! echo "${link_status}" | grep -q UP; then
ip link set $1 up
fi
fi
else
log_failure_msg "Interface ${IFACE} doesn't exist."
exit 1
fi
evaluate_retval
}
RELEASE="7.7"
USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface"
VERSTR="LFS ifup, version ${RELEASE}"
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "$1" in
--help | -h) help="y"; break ;;
--version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;;
-*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" &gt;&amp;2
echo "${USAGE}" &gt;&amp; 2
exit 2 ;;
*) break ;;
esac
done
if [ -n "$help" ]; then
echo "${VERSTR}"
echo "${USAGE}"
echo
cat &lt;&lt; HERE_EOF
ifup is used to bring up a network interface. The interface
parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the
interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2.
HERE_EOF
exit 0
fi
file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1}
# Skip backup files
[ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} is missing or cannot be accessed."
exit 1
fi
. $file
if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then
log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]."
exit 1
fi
# Do not process this service if started by boot, and ONBOOT
# is not set to yes
if [ "${IN_BOOT}" = "1" -a "${ONBOOT}" != "yes" ]; then
exit 0
fi
# Bring up the interface
if [ "$VIRTINT" != "yes" ]; then
up ${IFACE}
fi
for S in ${SERVICE}; do
if [ ! -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then
MSG="\nUnable to process ${file}. Either "
MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE '${S} was not present "
MSG="${MSG}or cannot be executed."
log_failure_msg "$MSG"
exit 1
fi
done
if [ "${SERVICE}" = "wpa" ]; then log_success_msg; fi
# Create/configure the interface
for S in ${SERVICE}; do
IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} up
done
# Set link up virtual interfaces
if [ "${VIRTINT}" == "yes" ]; then
up ${IFACE}
fi
# Bring up any additional interface components
for I in $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do up $I; done
# Set MTU if requested. Check if MTU has a "good" value.
if test -n "${MTU}"; then
if [[ ${MTU} =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] &amp;&amp; [[ $MTU -ge 68 ]] ; then
for I in $IFACE $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do
ip link set dev $I mtu $MTU;
done
else
log_info_msg2 "Invalid MTU $MTU"
fi
fi
# Set the route default gateway if requested
if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
if ip route | grep -q default; then
log_warning_msg "Gateway already setup; skipping."
else
log_info_msg "Adding default gateway ${GATEWAY} to the ${IFACE} interface..."
ip route add default via ${GATEWAY} dev ${IFACE}
evaluate_retval
fi
fi
# End /sbin/ifup
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ifdown" name="ifdown"></a>D.25.&nbsp;/sbin/ifdown
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/bash
########################################################################
# Begin /sbin/ifdown
#
# Description : Interface Down
#
# Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
# Notes : the IFCONFIG variable is passed to the scripts found
# in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the
# service should source to get interface specifications.
#
########################################################################
RELEASE="7.0"
USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface"
VERSTR="LFS ifdown, version ${RELEASE}"
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "$1" in
--help | -h) help="y"; break ;;
--version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;;
-*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" &gt;&amp;2
echo "${USAGE}" &gt;&amp; 2
exit 2 ;;
*) break ;;
esac
done
if [ -n "$help" ]; then
echo "${VERSTR}"
echo "${USAGE}"
echo
cat &lt;&lt; HERE_EOF
ifdown is used to bring down a network interface. The interface
parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the
interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2.
HERE_EOF
exit 0
fi
file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1}
# Skip backup files
[ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then
log_warning_msg "${file} is missing or cannot be accessed."
exit 1
fi
. ${file}
if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then
log_failure_msg "${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]."
exit 1
fi
# We only need to first service to bring down the interface
S=`echo ${SERVICE} | cut -f1 -d" "`
if ip link show ${IFACE} &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1; then
if [ -n "${S}" -a -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then
IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} down
else
MSG="Unable to process ${file}. Either "
MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE variable was not set "
MSG="${MSG}or the specified service cannot be executed."
log_failure_msg "$MSG"
exit 1
fi
else
log_warning_msg "Interface ${1} doesn't exist."
fi
# Leave the interface up if there are additional interfaces in the device
link_status=`ip link show ${IFACE} 2&gt;/dev/null`
if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then
if [ "$(echo "${link_status}" | grep UP)" != "" ]; then
if [ "$(ip addr show ${IFACE} | grep 'inet ')" == "" ]; then
log_info_msg "Bringing down the ${IFACE} interface..."
ip link set ${IFACE} down
evaluate_retval
fi
fi
fi
# End /sbin/ifdown
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ipv4static" name=
"ipv4static"></a>D.26.&nbsp;/lib/services/ipv4-static
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static
#
# Description : IPV4 Static Boot Script
#
# Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
. ${IFCONFIG}
if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "\nIP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
fi
if [ -z "${PREFIX}" -a -z "${PEER}" ]; then
log_warning_msg "\nPREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, assuming 24."
PREFIX=24
args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"
elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" -a -n "${PEER}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "\nPREFIX and PEER both specified in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" ]; then
args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"
elif [ -n "${PEER}" ]; then
args="${args} ${IP} peer ${PEER}"
fi
if [ -n "${LABEL}" ]; then
args="${args} label ${LABEL}"
fi
if [ -n "${BROADCAST}" ]; then
args="${args} broadcast ${BROADCAST}"
fi
case "${2}" in
up)
if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" = "" ]; then
log_info_msg "Adding IPv4 address ${IP} to the ${1} interface..."
ip addr add ${args} dev ${1}
evaluate_retval
else
log_warning_msg "Cannot add IPv4 address ${IP} to ${1}. Already present."
fi
;;
down)
if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" != "" ]; then
log_info_msg "Removing IPv4 address ${IP} from the ${1} interface..."
ip addr del ${args} dev ${1}
evaluate_retval
fi
if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
# Only remove the gateway if there are no remaining ipv4 addresses
if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2&gt;/dev/null | grep 'inet ')" != "" ]; then
log_info_msg "Removing default gateway..."
ip route del default
evaluate_retval
fi
fi
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End /lib/services/ipv4-static
</pre>
</div>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="ipv4route" name=
"ipv4route"></a>D.27.&nbsp;/lib/services/ipv4-static-route
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
#!/bin/sh
########################################################################
# Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
#
# Description : IPV4 Static Route Script
#
# Authors : Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org
# DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
# Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
#
# Version : LFS 7.0
#
########################################################################
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
. ${IFCONFIG}
case "${TYPE}" in
("" | "network")
need_ip=1
need_gateway=1
;;
("default")
need_gateway=1
args="${args} default"
desc="default"
;;
("host")
need_ip=1
;;
("unreachable")
need_ip=1
args="${args} unreachable"
desc="unreachable "
;;
(*)
log_failure_msg "Unknown route type (${TYPE}) in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
;;
esac
if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then
MSG="The GATEWAY variable cannot be set in ${IFCONFIG} for static routes.\n"
log_failure_msg "$MSG Use STATIC_GATEWAY only, cannot continue"
exit 1
fi
if [ -n "${need_ip}" ]; then
if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "IP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
fi
if [ -z "${PREFIX}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "PREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
fi
args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}"
desc="${desc}${IP}/${PREFIX}"
fi
if [ -n "${need_gateway}" ]; then
if [ -z "${STATIC_GATEWAY}" ]; then
log_failure_msg "STATIC_GATEWAY variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue."
exit 1
fi
args="${args} via ${STATIC_GATEWAY}"
fi
if [ -n "${SOURCE}" ]; then
args="${args} src ${SOURCE}"
fi
case "${2}" in
up)
log_info_msg "Adding '${desc}' route to the ${1} interface..."
ip route add ${args} dev ${1}
evaluate_retval
;;
down)
log_info_msg "Removing '${desc}' route from the ${1} interface..."
ip route del ${args} dev ${1}
evaluate_retval
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}"
exit 1
;;
esac
# End /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="rules" name="rules"></a>Appendix&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Udev
configuration rules
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The rules in this appendix are listed for convenience.
Installation is normally done via instructions in <a class="xref"
href="#ch-system-eudev" title=
"6.78.&nbsp;Eudev-3.2.9">Section&nbsp;6.78,
&ldquo;Eudev-3.2.9&rdquo;</a>.
</p>
<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="lfsrules" name=
"lfsrules"></a>E.1.&nbsp;55-lfs.rules
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<pre class="screen">
# /etc/udev/rules.d/55-lfs.rules: Rule definitions for LFS.
# Core kernel devices
# This causes the system clock to be set as soon as /dev/rtc becomes available.
SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start"
KERNEL=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start"
# Comms devices
KERNEL=="ippp[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="isdn[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="isdnctrl[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
KERNEL=="dcbri[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="appendix">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="Licenses" name=
"Licenses"></a>Appendix&nbsp;F.&nbsp;LFS Licenses
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
This book is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 License.
</p>
<p>
Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the
MIT License.
</p>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="CC" name="CC"></a>F.1.&nbsp;Creative Commons
License
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="title">
Creative Commons Legal Code
</p>
<p class="title">
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0
</p>
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<h3>
Important
</h3>
<p>
CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT
PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT
CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS
PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE
COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION
PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM
ITS USE.
</p>
</div>
<p class="title">
License
</p>
<p>
THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS
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<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="MIT" name="MIT"></a>F.2.&nbsp;The MIT License
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
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HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="index">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h1 class="title">
<a id="idm46504920870448" name="idm46504920870448"></a>Index
</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="index">
<h2>
<a id="package-index" name="package-index"></a>Packages
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="item">Acl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Attr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Autoconf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Automake:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Bash:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-5.0</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Bc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Binutils:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.34 - Pass
1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.34 - Pass
2</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Bison:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Bootscripts:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-usage">System V Bootscript
Usage and Configuration</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Bzip2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Check:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Coreutils:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">DejaGNU:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Diffutils:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">E2fsprogs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Eudev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-eudev">Configuring
Eudev</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Expat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Expect:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">File:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.38</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Findutils:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Flex:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Gawk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">GCC:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, libstdc++:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-libstdcpp">Libstdc++ from GCC-9.2.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">GDBM:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Gettext:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Glibc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">GMP:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Gperf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Grep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-3.4</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Groff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">GRUB:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Gzip:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Iana-Etc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Inetutils:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Intltool:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">IPRoute2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Kbd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Kmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Less:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Libcap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Libelf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libelf">Libelf from
Elfutils-0.178</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libffi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Libpipeline:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Libtool:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Linux:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">API headers:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3
API Headers</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools, API headers:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API
Headers</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">M4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.18</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Make:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-4.3</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Man-DB:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Man-pages:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Meson:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">MPC:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.1.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">MPFR:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-4.0.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Ncurses:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Ninja:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">OpenSSL:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Patch:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Perl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Pkgconfig:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.29.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Procps-ng:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Psmisc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Python:</strong>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">python:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rc.site:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-site">The rc.site
File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Readline:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Sed:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.8</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.8</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Shadow:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-shadow">Configuring
Shadow</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Sysklogd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring
Sysklogd</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Sysvinit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring
Sysvinit</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Tar:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.32</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Tcl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Texinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Udev:</strong>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-udev">Overview of Device and
Module Handling</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Util-linux:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Vim:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">XML::Parser:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Xz:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">Zlib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zstd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a id="program-index" name="program-index"></a>Programs
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="item">2to3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">accessdb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#accessdb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">aclocal:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> --
<a href="#aclocal">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">aclocal-1.16:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> --
<a href="#aclocalversion">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">addftinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#addftinfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">addpart:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#addpart">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">addr2line:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#addr2line">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">afmtodit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#afmtodit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">agetty:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#agetty">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">apropos:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#apropos">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ar:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#ar">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">as:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#as">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">attr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> --
<a href="#attr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autoconf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autoconf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autoheader:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autoheader">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autom4te:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autom4te">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">automake:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> --
<a href="#automake">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">automake-1.16:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> --
<a href="#automake-version">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autopoint:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#autopoint">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autoreconf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autoreconf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autoscan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autoscan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">autoupdate:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#autoupdate">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">awk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href=
"#awk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">b2sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#b2sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">badblocks:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#badblocks">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">base64:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#base64">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">basename:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#basename">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">basenc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#basenc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bash:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href=
"#bash">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bashbug:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href=
"#bashbug">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a> -- <a href=
"#bc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bison:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> --
<a href="#bison">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">blkdiscard:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#blkdiscard">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">blkid:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#blkid">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">blkzone:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#blkzone">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">blockdev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#blockdev">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bootlogd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#bootlogd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bridge:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#bridge">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bunzip2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bunzip2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzcat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzcat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzcmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzegrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzip2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzip2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzip2recover:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzip2recover">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">bzmore:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#bzmore">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">c++:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#c">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">c++filt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#c-filt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cal:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#cal">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">capsh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#capsh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">captoinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#captoinfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#cat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">catchsegv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#catchsegv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">catman:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#catman">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#cc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cfdisk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#cfdisk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chacl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href=
"#chacl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#chage">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chattr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#chattr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chcon:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#chcon">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chcpu:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#chcpu">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">checkmk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a> --
<a href="#checkmk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chem:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#chem">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chfn:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#chfn">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chgpasswd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#chgpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chgrp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#chgrp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chmem:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#chmem">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#chmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">choom:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#choom">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chown:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#chown">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chpasswd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#chpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chroot:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#chroot">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chrt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#chrt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chsh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#chsh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">chvt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#chvt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cksum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#cksum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">clear:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#clear">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> --
<a href="#cmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">col:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#col">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">colcrt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#colcrt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">colrm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#colrm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">column:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#column">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">comm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#comm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">compile_et:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#compile_et">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">corelist:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#corelist">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#cp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cpan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#cpan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cpp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#cpp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">csplit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#csplit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ctrlaltdel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ctrlaltdel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ctstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ctstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cut:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#cut">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">c_rehash:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> --
<a href="#c_rehash">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">date:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#date">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a> -- <a href=
"#dc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#dd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">deallocvt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#deallocvt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">debugfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#debugfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">delpart:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#delpart">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">depmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#depmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">df:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#df">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">diff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> --
<a href="#diff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">diff3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> --
<a href="#diff3">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dir:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#dir">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dircolors:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#dircolors">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dirname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#dirname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dmesg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#dmesg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dnsdomainname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#dnsdomainname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">du:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#du">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dumpe2fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#dumpe2fs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dumpkeys:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#dumpkeys">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2freefrag:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2freefrag">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2fsck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2fsck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2image:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2image">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2label:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2label">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2mmpstatus:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2mmpstatus">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2scrub:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2scrub">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2scrub_all:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2scrub_all">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e2undo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e2undo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e4crypt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e4crypt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">e4defrag:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#e4defrag">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">echo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#echo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">egrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href=
"#egrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">eject:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#eject">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">elfedit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#elfedit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">enc2xs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#enc2xs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">encguess:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#encguess">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">env:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#env">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">envsubst:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#envsubst">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">eqn:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#eqn">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">eqn2graph:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#eqn2graph">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ex:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#ex">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">expand:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#expand">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">expect:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a> --
<a href="#expect">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">expiry:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#expiry">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">expr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#expr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">factor:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#factor">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">faillog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#faillog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fallocate:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fallocate">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">false:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#false">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fdformat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fdformat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fdisk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fdisk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fgconsole:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#fgconsole">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href=
"#fgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">file:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a> -- <a href=
"#file">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">filefrag:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#filefrag">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fincore:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fincore">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">find:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
-- <a href="#find">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">findfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#findfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">findmnt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#findmnt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">flex:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href=
"#flex">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">flex++:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href=
"#flexpp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">flock:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#flock">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fmt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#fmt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fold:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#fold">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">free:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#free">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fsck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck.cramfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fsck.cramfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck.ext2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#fsck.ext2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck.ext3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#fsck.ext3">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck.ext4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#fsck.ext4">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsck.minix:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fsck.minix">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fsfreeze:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fsfreeze">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fstab-decode:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#fstab-decode">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fstrim:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#fstrim">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ftp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#ftp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">fuser:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#fuser">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">g++:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#g">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gawk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href=
"#gawk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gawk-5.0.1:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href=
"#gawk-version">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gcc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gc-ar:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcc-ar">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gc-nm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcc-nm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gc-ranlib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcc-ranlib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gcov:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcov">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gcov-dump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcov-dump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gcov-tool:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#gcov-tool">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gdbmtool:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> --
<a href="#gdbmtool">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gdbm_dump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> --
<a href="#gdbm_dump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gdbm_load:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> --
<a href="#gdbm_load">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gdiffmk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#gdiffmk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gencat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#gencat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">genl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#genl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getcap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#getcap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getconf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#getconf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getent:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#getent">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getfacl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href=
"#getfacl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getfattr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> --
<a href="#getfattr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getkeycodes:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#getkeycodes">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getopt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#getopt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">getpcaps:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#getpcaps">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gettext:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#gettext">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gettext.sh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#gettext.sh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gettextize:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#gettextize">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">glilypond:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#glilypond">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gpasswd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#gpasswd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gperf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a> -- <a href=
"#gperf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gperl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#gperl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gpinyin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#gpinyin">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gprof:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#gprof">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grap2graph:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grap2graph">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href=
"#grep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grn:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grn">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grodvi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grodvi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#groff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groffer:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#groffer">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grolbp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grolbp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grolj4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grolj4">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gropdf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#gropdf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grops:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grops">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grotty:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#grotty">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groupadd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#groupadd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groupdel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#groupdel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groupmems:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#groupmems">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groupmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#groupmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">groups:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#groups">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grpck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#grpck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grpconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#grpconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grpunconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#grpunconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-bios-setup:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-bios-setup">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-editenv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-editenv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-file:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-file">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-fstest:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-fstest">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-glue-efi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-glue-efi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-install:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-install">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-kbdcomp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-kbdcomp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-macbless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-macbless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-menulst2cfg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-menulst2cfg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkconfig:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mkconfig">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkimage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mkimage">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mklayout:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mklayout">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mknetdir:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mknetdir">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a>
-- <a href="#grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkrelpath:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mkrelpath">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkrescue:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mkrescue">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-mkstandalone:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-mkstandalone">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-ofpathname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-ofpathname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-probe:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-probe">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-reboot:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-reboot">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-render-label:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-render-label">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-script-check:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-script-check">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-set-default:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-set-default">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-setup:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-sparc64-setup">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">grub-syslinux2cfg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href=
"#grub-syslinux2cfg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gunzip:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#gunzip">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gzexe:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#gzexe">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">gzip:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#gzip">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">h2ph:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#h2ph">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">h2xs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#h2xs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#halt-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">head:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#head">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hexdump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#hexdump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hostid:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#hostid">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hostname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#hostname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hpftodit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#hpftodit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hwclock:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#hwclock">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">i386:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#i386">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">iconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#iconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">iconvconfig:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#iconvconfig">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">id:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#id">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">idle3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifcfg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ifcfg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifconfig:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#ifconfig">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifnames:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> --
<a href="#ifnames">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ifstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">indxbib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#indxbib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">info:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#info">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">infocmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#infocmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">infotocap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#infotocap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">init:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#init-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">insmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#insmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">install:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#install">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">install-info:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#install-info">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">instmodsh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#instmodsh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">intltool-extract:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> --
<a href="#intltool-extract">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">intltool-merge:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> --
<a href="#intltool-merge">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">intltool-prepare:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> --
<a href="#intltool-prepare">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">intltool-update:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> --
<a href="#intltool-update">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">intltoolize:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> --
<a href="#intltoolize">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ionice:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ionice">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ip:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ip">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ipcmk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ipcmk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ipcrm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ipcrm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ipcs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ipcs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">isosize:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#isosize">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">join:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#join">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">json_pp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#json_pp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">kbdinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#kbdinfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">kbdrate:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#kbdrate">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">kbd_mode:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#kbd_mode">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">kill:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#kill">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">killall:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#killall">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">killall5:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#killall5">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">klogd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a> --
<a href="#klogd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">kmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#kmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">last:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#last">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lastb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lastb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lastlog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#lastlog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ld:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#ld">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ld.bfd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#ld.bfd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ld.gold:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#ld.gold">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ldattach:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ldattach">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ldconfig:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#ldconfig">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ldd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#ldd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lddlibc4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#lddlibc4">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">less:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href=
"#less">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lessecho:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href=
"#lessecho">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lesskey:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href=
"#lesskey">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lex:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lex">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lexgrog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#lexgrog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lfskernel-5.5.3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> --
<a href="#lfskernel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libasan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libasan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libatomic:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libatomic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcc1:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libcc1">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libnetcfg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#libnetcfg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtool:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> --
<a href="#libtool">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtoolize:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> --
<a href="#libtoolize">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">link:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#link">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">linux32:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#linux32">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">linux64:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#linux64">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lkbib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#lkbib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ln:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#ln">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lnstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#lnstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">loadkeys:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#loadkeys">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">loadunimap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#loadunimap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">locale:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#locale">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">localedef:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#localedef">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">locate:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
-- <a href="#locate">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">logger:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#logger">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">login:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#login">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">logname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#logname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">logoutd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#logoutd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">logsave:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#logsave">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">look:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#look">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lookbib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#lookbib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">losetup:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#losetup">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ls:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#ls">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsattr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#lsattr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsblk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lsblk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lscpu:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lscpu">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsipc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lsipc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lslocks:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lslocks">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lslogins:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lslogins">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsmem:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lsmem">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#lsmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lsns:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#lsns">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzcat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzcat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzcmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzegrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzma:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzma">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzmadec:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzmadec">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzmainfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzmainfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">lzmore:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#lzmore">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">m4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a> -- <a href=
"#m4">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">make:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a> -- <a href=
"#make">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">makedb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#makedb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">makeinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#makeinfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">man:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#man">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mandb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#mandb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">manpath:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#manpath">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mapscrn:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#mapscrn">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mcookie:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mcookie">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">md5sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#md5sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mesg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mesg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">meson:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a> --
<a href="#meson">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkdir:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#mkdir">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mke2fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mke2fs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfifo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#mkfifo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mkfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.bfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mkfs.bfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.cramfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mkfs.cramfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.ext2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mkfs.ext2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.ext3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mkfs.ext3">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.ext4:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mkfs.ext4">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkfs.minix:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mkfs.minix">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mklost+found:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mklost-found">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mknod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#mknod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mkswap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mkswap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mktemp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#mktemp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mk_cmds:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#mk_cmds">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mmroff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#mmroff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">modinfo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#modinfo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">modprobe:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#modprobe">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">more:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#more">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mount:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mount">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mountpoint:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#mountpoint">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgattrib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgattrib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgcat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgcat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgcmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgcmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgcomm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgcomm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgen:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgen">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgexec:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgexec">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgfilter:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgfilter">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgfmt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgfmt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msggrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msggrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msginit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msginit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgmerge:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgmerge">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msgunfmt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msgunfmt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">msguniq:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#msguniq">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mtrace:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#mtrace">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#mv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">namei:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#namei">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ncursesw6-config:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#ncursesw6-config">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">neqn:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#neqn">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">newgidmap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#newgidmap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">newgrp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#newgrp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">newuidmap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#newuidmap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">newusers:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#newusers">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ngettext:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#ngettext">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nice:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#nice">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ninja:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a> --
<a href="#ninja">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#nl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#nm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nohup:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#nohup">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nologin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#nologin">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nproc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#nproc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nroff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#nroff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nscd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#nscd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nsenter:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#nsenter">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">nstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#nstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">numfmt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#numfmt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">objcopy:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#objcopy">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">objdump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#objdump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">od:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#od">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">openssl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> --
<a href="#openssl-prog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">openvt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#openvt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">partx:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#partx">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">passwd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#passwd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">paste:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#paste">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">patch:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a> --
<a href="#patch">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pathchk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#pathchk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pcprofiledump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#pcprofiledump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pdfmom:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pdfmom">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pdfroff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pdfroff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pdftexi2dvi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#pdftexi2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">peekfd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#peekfd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perl5.30.1:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perl-version">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perlbug:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perlbug">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perldoc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perldoc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perlivp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perlivp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">perlthanks:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#perlthanks">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pfbtops:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pfbtops">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#pgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pic:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pic2graph:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pic2graph">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">piconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#piconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pidof:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#pidof">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ping:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#ping">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ping6:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#ping6">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pinky:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#pinky">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pip3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pivot_root:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#pivot_root">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pkg-config:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.29.2</a>
-- <a href="#pkgconfig">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pkill:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#pkill">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pl2pm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#pl2pm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pldd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#pldd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pmap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#pmap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pod2html:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#pod2html">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pod2man:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#pod2man">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pod2texi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#pod2texi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pod2text:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#pod2text">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pod2usage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#pod2usage">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">podchecker:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#podchecker">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">podselect:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#podselect">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">post-grohtml:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#post-grohtml">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">poweroff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#poweroff-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#pr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pre-grohtml:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#pre-grohtml">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">preconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#preconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">printenv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#printenv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">printf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#printf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">prlimit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#prlimit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">prove:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#prove">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">prtstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#prtstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ps:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#ps">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">psfaddtable:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#psfaddtable">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">psfgettable:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#psfgettable">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">psfstriptable:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#psfstriptable">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">psfxtable:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#psfxtable">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pslog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#pslog">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pstree:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#pstree">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pstree.x11:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> --
<a href="#pstree.x11">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ptar:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#ptar">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ptardiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#ptardiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ptargrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#ptargrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ptx:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#ptx">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pwck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#pwck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pwconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#pwconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pwd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#pwd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pwdx:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#pwdx">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pwunconv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#pwunconv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">pydoc3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">python3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ranlib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#ranlib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">raw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#raw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">readelf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#readelf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">readlink:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#readlink">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">readprofile:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#readprofile">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">realpath:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#realpath">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#reboot-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">recode-sr-latin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#recode-sr-latin">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">refer:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#refer">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rename:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#rename">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">renice:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#renice">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">reset:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#reset">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">resize2fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#resize2fs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">resizepart:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#resizepart">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#rev">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rkfill:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#rkfill">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#rm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rmdir:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#rmdir">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rmmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href=
"#rmmod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2dvi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2html:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2html">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2pdf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2pdf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2ps:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2ps">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2text:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2text">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">roff2x:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#roff2x">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">routef:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#routef">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">routel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#routel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rtacct:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#rtacct">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rtcwake:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#rtcwake">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rtmon:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#rtmon">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rtpr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#rtpr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rtstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#rtstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">runcon:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#runcon">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">runlevel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#runlevel-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">runtest:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a> --
<a href="#runtest">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rview:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#rview">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rvim:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#rvim">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">script:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#script">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">scriptreplay:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#scriptreplay">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> --
<a href="#sdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sed:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.8</a> -- <a href=
"#sed">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">seq:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#seq">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setarch:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#setarch">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setcap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#setcap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setfacl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href=
"#setfacl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setfattr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> --
<a href="#setfattr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setfont:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#setfont">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setkeycodes:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#setkeycodes">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setleds:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#setleds">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setmetamode:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#setmetamode">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setsid:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#setsid">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setterm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#setterm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setvtrgb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#setvtrgb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sfdisk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#sfdisk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#sg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href=
"#sh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sha1sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sha1sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sha224sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sha224sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sha256sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sha256sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sha384sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sha384sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sha512sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sha512sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">shasum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#shasum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">showconsolefont:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#showconsolefont">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">showkey:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#showkey">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">shred:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#shred">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">shuf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#shuf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">shutdown:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#shutdown-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">size:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#size">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">slabtop:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#slabtop">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sleep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sleep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sln:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#sln">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">soelim:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#soelim">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sort:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sort">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sotruss:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#sotruss">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">splain:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#splain">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">split:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#split">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sprof:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#sprof">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ss:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">stat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#stat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">stdbuf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#stdbuf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">strings:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#strings">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">strip:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#strip">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">stty:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#stty">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">su:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#su">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sulogin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#sulogin">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sum:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sum">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">swaplabel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#swaplabel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">swapoff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#swapoff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">swapon:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#swapon">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">switch_root:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#switch_root">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sync:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#sync">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#sysctl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">syslogd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a> --
<a href="#syslogd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tabs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#tabs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tac:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tac">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tail:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tail">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tailf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#tailf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">talk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#talk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tar:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a> -- <a href=
"#tar">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">taskset:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#taskset">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tbl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#tbl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> --
<a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tclsh:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href=
"#tclsh">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tclsh8.6:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href=
"#tclsh8.6">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tee:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tee">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">telinit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> --
<a href="#telinit-sysv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">telnet:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#telnet">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">test:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#test">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">texi2dvi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#texi2dvi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">texi2pdf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#texi2pdf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">texi2any:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#texi2any">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">texindex:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> --
<a href="#texindex">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tfmtodit:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#tfmtodit">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tftp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#tftp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tic:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#tic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">timeout:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#timeout">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tload:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#tload">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">toe:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#toe">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">top:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#top">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">touch:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#touch">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tput:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#tput">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">traceroute:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a>
-- <a href="#traceroute">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">troff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> --
<a href="#troff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">true:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#true">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">truncate:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#truncate">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tset:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#tset">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tsort:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tsort">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tty:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#tty">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tune2fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#tune2fs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">tzselect:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#tzselect">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">udevadm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> --
<a href="#udevadm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">udevd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> --
<a href="#udevd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ul:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#ul">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">umount:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#umount">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uname:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#uname">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uname26:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#uname26">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uncompress:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#uncompress">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unexpand:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#unexpand">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unicode_start:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#unicode_start">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unicode_stop:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#unicode_stop">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uniq:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#uniq">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unlink:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#unlink">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unlzma:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#unlzma">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unshare:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#unshare">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">unxz:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#unxz">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">updatedb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
-- <a href="#updatedb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uptime:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#uptime">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">useradd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#useradd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">userdel:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#userdel">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">usermod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#usermod">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">users:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#users">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">utmpdump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#utmpdump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uuidd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#uuidd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uuidgen:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#uuidgen">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">uuidparse:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#uuidparse">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vdir:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#vdir">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#vi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">view:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#view">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vigr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#vigr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vim:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#vim">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vimdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#vimdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vimtutor:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#vimtutor">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vipw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> --
<a href="#vipw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">vmstat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#vmstat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">w:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#w">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">wall:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#wall">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">watch:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#watch">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">wc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#wc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">wdctl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#wdctl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">whatis:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#whatis">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">whereis:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#whereis">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">who:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#who">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">whoami:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#whoami">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">wipefs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#wipefs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">x86_64:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#x86_64">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xargs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a>
-- <a href="#xargs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xgettext:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#xgettext">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xmlwf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a> --
<a href="#xmlwf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xsubpp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#xsubpp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xtrace:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#xtrace">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xxd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> --
<a href="#xxd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xz:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xz">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzcat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzcat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzcmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzcmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzdec:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzdec">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzegrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzegrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzfgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">xzmore:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#xzmore">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">yacc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> --
<a href="#yacc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">yes:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#yes">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zcat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zcat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zcmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zcmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zdiff:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zdiff">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zdump:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#zdump">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zegrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zegrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zfgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zfgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zforce:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zforce">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zic:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#zic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zipdetails:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> --
<a href="#zipdetails">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zmore:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#zmore">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">znew:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href=
"#znew">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zramctl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#zramctl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zstd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href=
"#zstd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zstdgrep:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href=
"#zstdgrep">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">zstdless:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href=
"#zstdless">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a id="library-index" name="library-index"></a>Libraries
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="item">Expat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a>
-- <a href="#Expat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ld-2.31.so:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#ld.so">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libacl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href=
"#libacl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libanl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libanl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libasprintf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#libasprintf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libattr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> --
<a href="#libattr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libbfd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#libbfd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libblkid:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#libblkid">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libBrokenLocale:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libBrokenLocale">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libbz2:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> --
<a href="#libbz2">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libcap">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcheck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a> --
<a href="#libcheck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcom_err:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#libcom_err">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcrypt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libcrypt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcrypto.so:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> --
<a href="#libcrypto">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libctf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#libctf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libctf-nobfd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#libctf-nobfd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libcursesw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#libcursesw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libdl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libdl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libe2p:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#libe2p">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libexpat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a> --
<a href="#libexpat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libexpect-5.45:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a> --
<a href="#libexpect">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libext2fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#libext2fs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libfdisk:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#libfdisk">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libffi:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libfl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href=
"#libfl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libformw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#libformw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libg:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libg">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgcc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libgcc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgcov:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libgcov">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgdbm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> --
<a href="#libgdbm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgdbm_compat:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> --
<a href="#libgdbm_compat">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgettextlib:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#libgettextlib">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgettextpo:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#libgettextpo">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgettextsrc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#libgettextsrc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libgmp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgmpxx:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libgmpxx">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libgomp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libgomp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libhistory:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a> --
<a href="#libhistory">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libkmod:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">liblsan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#liblsan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libltdl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> --
<a href="#libltdl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">liblto_plugin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#liblto_plugin">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">liblzma:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href=
"#liblzma">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libm:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmagic:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a> -- <a href=
"#libmagic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libman:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#libman">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmandb:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> --
<a href="#libmandb">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmcheck:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libmcheck">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmemusage:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libmemusage">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmenuw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#libmenuw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmount:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#libmount">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmpc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.1.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libmpc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libmpfr:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-4.0.2</a> -- <a href=
"#libmpfr">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libncursesw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#libncursesw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libnsl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libnsl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libnss:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libnss">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libopcodes:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#libopcodes">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libpanelw:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> --
<a href="#libpanelw">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libpcprofile:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libpcprofile">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libpipeline:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libprocps:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> --
<a href="#libprocps">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libpsx:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libpsx">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libpthread:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libpthread">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libquadmath:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libquadmath">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libreadline:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a> --
<a href="#libreadline">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libresolv:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libresolv">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">librt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#librt">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libSegFault:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libSegFault">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libsmartcols:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#libsmartcols">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libss:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a>
-- <a href="#libss">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libssl.so:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> --
<a href="#libssl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libssp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libssp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libstdbuf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> --
<a href="#libstdbuf">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libstdc++:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libstdc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libstdc++fs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libstdcfs">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libsupc++:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libsupc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtcl8.6.so:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href=
"#libtcl8.6.so">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtclstub8.6.a:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href=
"#libtclstub8.6.a">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtextstyle:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#libtextstyle">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libthread_db:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libthread_db">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libtsan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libtsan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libubsan:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href=
"#libubsan">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libudev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> --
<a href="#libudev">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libutil:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> --
<a href="#libutil">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libuuid:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href=
"#libuuid">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">liby:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> --
<a href="#liby">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libz:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a> --
<a href="#libz">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">libzstd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href=
"#libzstd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">preloadable_libintl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> --
<a href="#preloadable_libintl">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a id="scripts-index" name="scripts-index"></a>Scripts
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="item">checkfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#checkfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">cleanfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#cleanfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">console:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#console-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-console">Configuring the
Linux Console</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">File creation at boot:</strong>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-createfiles">Creating Files
at Boot</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">functions:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#functions-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#halt-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">hostname:</strong>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hostname">Configuring the
system hostname</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifdown:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#ifdown-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ifup:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#ifup-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">ipv4-static:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#ipv4-static-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">localnet:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#localnet-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the
/etc/hosts File</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">modules:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#modules-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mountfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#mountfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">mountvirtfs:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#mountvirtfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">network:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#network-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the
/etc/hosts File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-network">General Network
Configuration</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">rc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#rc-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#reboot-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sendsignals:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#sendsignals-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">setclock:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#setclock-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-clock">Configuring the
System Clock</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">swap:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#swap-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#sysctl-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">sysklogd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#sysklogd-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-sysklogd">Configuring the
sysklogd Script</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">template:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#template-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">udev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#udev-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">udev_retry:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> --
<a href="#udev-retry-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">dwp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> --
<a href="#dwp">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>
<a id="other-index" name="other-index"></a>Others
</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<strong class="item">/boot/config-5.5.3:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> --
<a href="#config">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/boot/System.map-5.5.3:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> -- <a href=
"#System.map">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/dev/*:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel
File Systems</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/fstab:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab
File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/group:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the
/etc/hosts File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/inittab:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring
Sysvinit</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/inputrc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-inputrc">Creating the
/etc/inputrc File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/ld.so.conf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-ld">Configuring the Dynamic
Loader</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/lfs-release:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/localtime:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/lsb-release:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href="#conf-modprobe">Configuring
Linux Module Load Order</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/nsswitch.conf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/os-release:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/passwd:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/profile:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-profile">The Bash Shell Startup
Files</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/protocols:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/resolv.conf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#resolv.conf">Creating the /etc/resolv.conf
File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/services:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/syslog.conf:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring
Sysklogd</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/udev:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> --
<a href="#etc-udev">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/udev/hwdb.bin:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-eudev">Configuring Eudev</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/vimrc:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#conf-vim">Configuring Vim</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#asm-generic">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/asm/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#asm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/drm/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#drm">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/linux/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#linux">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/misc/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#misc">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/mtd/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#mtd">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/rdma/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#rdma">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/scsi/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#scsi">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/sound/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#sound">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/video/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#video">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/usr/include/xen/*.h:</strong>
<span class="indexref"><a href=
"#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> --
<a href="#xen">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/var/log/btmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/var/log/lastlog:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/var/log/wtmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/var/run/utmp:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential
Files and Symlinks</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">/etc/shells:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-config-shells">Creating the /etc/shells
File</a></span>
</li>
<li>
<strong class="item">man pages:</strong> <span class=
"indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a> --
<a href="#man-pages">description</a><br /></span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
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