<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= "application/xhtml+xml; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title> Linux From Scratch </title> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1" /> <style type="text/css"> /*<![CDATA[*/ /* Global settings */ body { font-family: verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; text-align: left; background: #fff; color: #222; margin: 1em; padding: 0; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em } /* Links */ a:link { color: #22b; } a.ulink:link { font-weight: bold; color: #55f; } a:visited { color: #7e4988 ! important; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #d30e08 ! important; } a:active { color: #6b77b1 ! important;} /* Book titlepage */ .book { margin: 0px auto; padding: 0 1em; } .book h1, .book .authorgroup, .book .copyright, .book .legalnotice .revhistory { background: #f5f6f7; margin: 0px auto; padding: .1em 1em; 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} .itemizedlist li ul li p { margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em; } .itemizedlist li ul li:first-child p:first-child { margin-top: -.6em; } ul.compact { list-style: none; } .blfs ul.compact { list-style: disc; } ul.compact li { margin: 0em; padding: 0em; } ul.compact li p { padding: 0.3em; margin: 0em; } .blfs ul.compact li p { background-color: #f0fff0; } /* orderedlist */ ol { list-style: decimal; } ol ol { list-style: lower-alpha; } ol ol ol { list-style: lower-roman; } ol.compact li { margin: 0em; padding: 0em; } ol.compact li p { padding: 0.3em; margin: 0em; } /* Indented blocks */ p, blockquote { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } /* Monospaced elements */ tt, code, kbd, pre, .command { font-family: monospace; } .systemitem { font-style: italic; } pre { background-color: #e5e5e5; border: 1px solid #050505; padding: .5em 1em; margin: 0 2em .5em 2em; font-weight: bold; } pre.userinput { color: #101310; } pre.root { color: #101310; border: 1px solid #11a; } pre.screen { color: #000; background-color: #e9e9e9; font-weight: normal; } .literal, .prompt { font-weight: normal; } /* Mixed tags */ p.usernotes { margin-left: -1em; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } .underlined { text-decoration: underline; } /* Last edited info */ p.updated { font-size: small; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Special colored blocks */ /* OrangeRed4 */ .feature-ssp { color: #8B2500; } /* RoyalBlue3 */ .feature-aslr { color: #3A5FCD; } /* NavyBlue */ .feature-pax { color: #000080; } /* VioletRed */ .feature-hardened_tmp { color: #d02090; } /* PaleTurquoise4 */ .feature-warnings { color: #668b8b; } /* RosyBrown */ .feature-misc { color: #bc8f8f; } /* Sienna*/ .feature-blowfish { color: #8E6B23 } /*]]>*/ </style> </head> <body class="lfs" id="lfs-9.1"> <div class="book"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="idm46504937145440" name="idm46504937145440"></a>Linux From Scratch </h1> </div> <div> <h2 class="subtitle"> Version 9.1 </h2> </div> <div> <h2 class="subtitle"> Published March 1st, 2020 </h2> </div> <div> <div class="authorgroup"> <div class="author"> <h3 class="author"> <span class="firstname">Created by Gerard</span> <span class="surname">Beekmans</span> </h3> </div> <div class="author"> <h3 class="author"> <span class="firstname">Managing Editor: Bruce</span> <span class="surname">Dubbs</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p class="copyright"> Copyright © 1999-2020 Gerard Beekmans </p> </div> <div> <div class="legalnotice"> <a id="idm46504933519392" name="idm46504933519392"></a> <p> Copyright © 1999-2020, Gerard Beekmans </p> <p> All rights reserved. </p> <p> This book is licensed under a <a class="xref" href="#CC" title="F.1. Creative Commons License">Creative Commons License</a>. </p> <p> Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the <a class="xref" href="#MIT" title= "F.2. The MIT License">MIT License</a>. </p> <p> <span class="trademark">Linux</span>� is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. </p> </div> </div> </div> <hr /> </div> <div class="toc"> <h3> Table of Contents </h3> <ul> <li class="preface"> <h4> Preface </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-foreword">Foreword</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-audience">Audience</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-architecture">LFS Target Architectures</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-prerequisites">Prerequisites</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-standards">LFS and Standards</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-why">Rationale for Packages in the Book</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-typography">Typography</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-organization">Structure</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#pre-errata">Errata</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="part"> <h3> I. Introduction </h3> <ul> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 1. Introduction </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-intro-how">How to Build an LFS System</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-intro-whatsnew">What's new since the last release</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-intro-changelog">Changelog</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-intro-resources">Resources</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-intro-askforhelp">Help</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="part"> <h3> II. Preparing for the Build </h3> <ul> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 2. Preparing the Host System </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs">Host System Requirements</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-stages">Building LFS in Stages</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-creatingpartition">Creating a New Partition</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem">Creating a File System on the Partition</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-aboutlfs">Setting The $LFS Variable</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-partitioning-mounting">Mounting the New Partition</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 3. Packages and Patches </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-materials-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-materials-packages">All Packages</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-materials-patches">Needed Patches</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 4. Final Preparations </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir">Creating the $LFS/tools Directory</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-addinguser">Adding the LFS User</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-settingenviron">Setting Up the Environment</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-aboutsbus">About SBUs</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-preps-abouttestsuites">About the Test Suites</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 5. Constructing a Temporary System </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes">Toolchain Technical Notes</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-generalinstructions">General Compilation Instructions</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.34 - Pass 1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-libstdcpp">Libstdc++ from GCC-9.2.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.34 - Pass 2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.18</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-5.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.38</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-3.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-4.3</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-Python">Python-3.8.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.8</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.32</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-stripping">Stripping</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-tools-changingowner">Changing Ownership</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="part"> <h3> III. Building the LFS System </h3> <ul> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 6. Installing Basic System Software </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-pkgmgt">Package Management</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-chroot">Entering the Chroot Environment</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-creatingdirs">Creating Directories</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-adjusting">Adjusting the Toolchain</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-4.0.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.1.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.29.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.8</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-libelf">Libelf from Elfutils-0.178</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-aboutdebug">About Debugging Symbols</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-strippingagain">Stripping Again</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-system-revisedchroot">Cleaning Up</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 7. System Configuration </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-udev">Overview of Device and Module Handling</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-symlinks">Managing Devices</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-network">General Network Configuration</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-usage">System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-profile">The Bash Shell Startup Files</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-inputrc">Creating the /etc/inputrc File</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-config-shells">Creating the /etc/shells File</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 8. Making the LFS System Bootable </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-bootable-introduction">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab File</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-bootable-grub">Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="chapter"> <h4> 9. The End </h4> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-finish-getcounted">Get Counted</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-finish-reboot">Rebooting the System</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ch-finish-whatnow">What Now?</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="part"> <h3> IV. Appendices </h3> <ul> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#appendixa">A. Acronyms and Terms</a> </li> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#appendixb">B. Acknowledgments</a> </li> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#appendixc">C. Dependencies</a> </li> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#scripts">D. Boot and sysconfig scripts version-20191031</a> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#rc">/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#init-functions">/lib/lsb/init-functions</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#mountvirtfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#modules">/etc/rc.d/init.d/modules</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#udev">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#swap">/etc/rc.d/init.d/swap</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#setclock">/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#checkfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#mountfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#udev_retry">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#cleanfs">/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#console">/etc/rc.d/init.d/console</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#localnet">/etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#sysctlscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#sysklogd">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#network">/etc/rc.d/init.d/network</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#sendsignals">/etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#rebootscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#haltscript">/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#template">/etc/rc.d/init.d/template</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#modulessys">/etc/sysconfig/modules</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#createfiles">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href= "#config-udev-retry">/etc/sysconfig/udev-retry</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ifup">/sbin/ifup</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ifdown">/sbin/ifdown</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ipv4static">/lib/services/ipv4-static</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#ipv4route">/lib/services/ipv4-static-route</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#rules">E. Udev configuration rules</a> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#lfsrules">55-lfs.rules</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="appendix"> <a href="#Licenses">F. LFS Licenses</a> <ul> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#CC">Creative Commons License</a> </li> <li class="sect1"> <a href="#MIT">The MIT License</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="index"> <h3> <a href="#idm46504920870448">Index</a> </h3> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="preface" name="preface"></a>Preface </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-foreword" name="pre-foreword"></a>Foreword </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> My journey to learn and better understand Linux began back in 1998. I had just installed my first Linux distribution and had quickly become intrigued with the whole concept and philosophy behind Linux. </p> <p> There are always many ways to accomplish a single task. The same can be said about Linux distributions. A great many have existed over the years. Some still exist, some have morphed into something else, yet others have been relegated to our memories. They all do things differently to suit the needs of their target audience. Because so many different ways to accomplish the same end goal exist, I began to realize I no longer had to be limited by any one implementation. Prior to discovering Linux, we simply put up with issues in other Operating Systems as you had no choice. It was what it was, whether you liked it or not. With Linux, the concept of choice began to emerge. If you didn't like something, you were free, even encouraged, to change it. </p> <p> I tried a number of distributions and could not decide on any one. They were great systems in their own right. It wasn't a matter of right and wrong anymore. It had become a matter of personal taste. With all that choice available, it became apparent that there would not be a single system that would be perfect for me. So I set out to create my own Linux system that would fully conform to my personal preferences. </p> <p> To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages. This <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">perfect</span>”</span> Linux system would have the strengths of various systems without their perceived weaknesses. At first, the idea was rather daunting. I remained committed to the idea that such a system could be built. </p> <p> After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and compile-time errors, I finally built a custom-built Linux system. It was fully operational and perfectly usable like any of the other Linux systems out there at the time. But it was my own creation. It was very satisfying to have put together such a system myself. The only thing better would have been to create each piece of software myself. This was the next best thing. </p> <p> As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the Linux community, it became apparent that there was a sustained interest in these ideas. It quickly became plain that such custom-built Linux systems serve not only to meet user specific requirements, but also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for programmers and system administrators to enhance their (existing) Linux skills. Out of this broadened interest, the <span class= "emphasis"><em>Linux From Scratch Project</em></span> was born. </p> <p> This Linux From Scratch book is the central core around that project. It provides the background and instructions necessary for you to design and build your own system. While this book provides a template that will result in a correctly working system, you are free to alter the instructions to suit yourself, which is, in part, an important part of this project. You remain in control; we just lend a helping hand to get you started on your own journey. </p> <p> I sincerely hope you will have a great time working on your own Linux From Scratch system and enjoy the numerous benefits of having a system that is truly your own. </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> --<br /> Gerard Beekmans<br /> gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-audience" name="pre-audience"></a>Audience </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> There are many reasons why you would want to read this book. One of the questions many people raise is, <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">why go through all the hassle of manually building a Linux system from scratch when you can just download and install an existing one?</span>”</span> </p> <p> One important reason for this project's existence is to help you learn how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an LFS system helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how things work together and depend on each other. One of the best things that this learning experience can provide is the ability to customize a Linux system to suit your own unique needs. </p> <p> Another key benefit of LFS is that it allows you to have more control over the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat and dictate every aspect of the system. </p> <p> LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. When installing regular distributions, you are often forced to install a great many programs which are probably never used or understood. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drive and CPUs, such resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by size considerations if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial. </p> <p> Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered to audit everything and apply all the security patches desired. It is no longer necessary to wait for somebody else to compile binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the problem. </p> <p> The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable foundation-level system. If you do not wish to build your own Linux system from scratch, you may nevertheless benefit from the information in this book. </p> <p> There are too many other good reasons to build your own LFS system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the most powerful of reasons. As you continue in your LFS experience, you will discover the power that information and knowledge truly bring. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-architecture" name="pre-architecture"></a>LFS Target Architectures </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86 (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the instructions in this book are also known to work, with some modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system that utilizes one of these CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or other distribution that targets the architecture that you have. Also note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer. </p> <p> For building LFS, the gain of building on a 64-bit system compared to a 32-bit system is minimal. For example, in a test build of LFS-9.1 on a Core i7-4790 CPU based system, using 4 cores, the following statistics were measured: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">Architecture Build Time Build Size 32-bit 239.9 minutes 3.6 GB 64-bit 233.2 minutes 4.4 GB</code> </pre> <p> As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster and is 22% larger than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be largely sufficient. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more that 4GB of RAM to be built and/or to run, so that if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building on a 64-bit system. </p> <p> The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is considered a <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">pure</span>”</span> 64-bit system. That is, it supports 64-bit executables only. Building a <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">multi-lib</span>”</span> system requires compiling many applications twice, once for a 32-bit system and once for a 64-bit system. This is not directly supported in LFS because it would interfere with the educational objective of providing the instructions needed for a straightforward base Linux system. Some LFS/BLFS editors maintain a fork of LFS for multilib, which is accessible at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html</a>. But it is an advanced topic. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-prerequisites" name= "pre-prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux software. </p> <p> Because the LFS book assumes <span class="emphasis"><em>at least</em></span> this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list. </p> <p> Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Software-Building-HOWTO <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html</a> </p> <p> This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">generic</span>”</span> Unix software packages under Linux. Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install software. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source <a class="ulink" href= "http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/"> http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/</a> </p> <p> This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-standards" name="pre-standards"></a>LFS and Standards </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The structure of LFS follows Linux standards as closely as possible. The primary standards are: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">POSIX.1-2008</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/index.html"> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Version 3.0</a> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)</a> </p> <p> The LSB has four separate standards: Core, Desktop, Runtime Languages, and Imaging. In addition to generic requirements there are also architecture specific requirements. There are also two areas for trial use: Gtk3 and Graphics. LFS attempts to conform to the architectures discussed in the previous section. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Many people do not agree with the requirements of the LSB. The main purpose of defining it is to ensure that proprietary software will be able to be installed and run properly on a compliant system. Since LFS is source based, the user has complete control over what packages are desired and many choose not to install some packages that are specified by the LSB. </p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Creating a complete LFS system capable of passing the LSB certifications tests is possible, but not without many additional packages that are beyond the scope of LFS. These additional packages have installation instructions in BLFS. </p> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504937327648" name="idm46504937327648"></a>Packages supplied by LFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Core:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Bash, Bc, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, File, Findutils, Gawk, Grep, Gzip, M4, Man-DB, Ncurses, Procps, Psmisc, Sed, Shadow, Tar, Util-linux, Zlib </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Desktop:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Runtime Languages:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Perl </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Imaging:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3 and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504937316976" name="idm46504937316976"></a>Packages supplied by BLFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Core:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> At, Batch (a part of At), Cpio, Ed, Fcrontab, LSB-Tools, NSPR, NSS, PAM, Pax, Sendmail (or Postfix or Exim), time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Desktop:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Alsa, ATK, Cairo, Desktop-file-utils, Freetype, Fontconfig, Gdk-pixbuf, Glib2, GTK+2, Icon-naming-utils, Libjpeg-turbo, Libpng, Libtiff, Libxml2, MesaLib, Pango, Xdg-utils, Xorg </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Runtime Languages:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Python, Libxml2, Libxslt </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Imaging:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> CUPS, Cups-filters, Ghostscript, SANE </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3 and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GTK+3 </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504931756992" name="idm46504931756992"></a>Packages not supplied by LFS or BLFS needed to satisfy the LSB Requirements </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Core:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Desktop:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Qt4 (but Qt5 is provided) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Runtime Languages:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Imaging:</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>LSB Gtk3 and LSB Graphics (Trial Use):</em></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> None </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-why" name="pre-why"></a>Rationale for Packages in the Book </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> As stated earlier, the goal of LFS is to build a complete and usable foundation-level system. This includes all packages needed to replicate itself while providing a relatively minimal base from which to customize a more complete system based on the choices of the user. This does not mean that LFS is the smallest system possible. Several important packages are included that are not strictly required. The lists below document the rationale for each package in the book. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Acl </p> <p> This package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Attr </p> <p> This package contains programs for administering extended attributes on filesystem objects. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Autoconf </p> <p> This package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code from a developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after updates to the build procedures. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Automake </p> <p> This package contains programs for generating Make files from a template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after updates to the build procedures. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bash </p> <p> This package satisfies an LSB core requirement to provide a Bourne Shell interface to the system. It was chosen over other shell packages because of its common usage and extensive capabilities beyond basic shell functions. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bc </p> <p> This package provides an arbitrary precision numeric processing language. It satisfies a requirement needed when building the Linux kernel. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Binutils </p> <p> This package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files. The programs in this package are needed to compile most of the packages in an LFS system and beyond. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bison </p> <p> This package contains the GNU version of yacc (Yet Another Compiler Compiler) needed to build several other LFS programs. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bzip2 </p> <p> This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It is required to decompress many LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Check </p> <p> This package contains a test harness for other programs. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Coreutils </p> <p> This package contains a number of essential programs for viewing and manipulating files and directories. These programs are needed for command line file management, and are necessary for the installation procedures of every package in LFS. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> DejaGNU </p> <p> This package contains a framework for testing other programs. It is only installed in the temporary toolchain. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Diffutils </p> <p> This package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories. These programs can be used to create patches, and are also used in many packages' build procedures. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> E2fsprogs </p> <p> This package contains the utilities for handling the ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems. These are the most common and thoroughly tested file systems that Linux supports. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Eudev </p> <p> This package is a device manager. It dynamically controls the entries in the /dev directory as devices are added or removed from the system. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Expat </p> <p> This package contains a relatively small XML parsing library. It is required by the XML::Parser Perl module. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Expect </p> <p> This package contains a program for carrying out scripted dialogues with other interactive programs. It is commonly used for testing other packages. It is only installed in the temporary toolchain. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> File </p> <p> This package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files. A few packages need it to build. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Findutils </p> <p> This package contains programs to find files in a file system. It is used in many packages' build scripts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Flex </p> <p> This package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text. It is the GNU version of the lex (lexical analyzer) program. It is required to build several LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Gawk </p> <p> This package contains programs for manipulating text files. It is the GNU version of awk (Aho-Weinberg-Kernighan). It is used in many other packages' build scripts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Gcc </p> <p> This package is the Gnu Compiler Collection. It contains the C and C++ compilers as well as several others not built by LFS. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> GDBM </p> <p> This package contains the GNU Database Manager library. It is used by one other LFS package, Man-DB. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Gettext </p> <p> This package contains utilities and libraries for internationalization and localization of numerous packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Glibc </p> <p> This package contains the main C library. Linux programs would not run without it. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> GMP </p> <p> This package contains math libraries that provide useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. It is required to build Gcc. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Gperf </p> <p> This package contains a program that generates a perfect hash function from a key set. It is required for Eudev. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Grep </p> <p> This package contains programs for searching through files. These programs are used by most packages' build scripts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Groff </p> <p> This package contains programs for processing and formatting text. One important function of these programs is to format man pages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> GRUB </p> <p> This package is the Grand Unified Boot Loader. It is one of several boot loaders available, but is the most flexible. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Gzip </p> <p> This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It is needed to decompress many packages in LFS and beyond. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Iana-etc </p> <p> This package provides data for network services and protocols. It is needed to enable proper networking capabilities. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Inetutils </p> <p> This package contains programs for basic network administration. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Intltool </p> <p> This package contains tools for extracting translatable strings from source files. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> IProute2 </p> <p> This package contains programs for basic and advanced IPv4 and IPv6 networking. It was chosen over the other common network tools package (net-tools) for its IPv6 capabilities. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Kbd </p> <p> This package contains key-table files, keyboard utilities for non-US keyboards, and a number of console fonts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Kmod </p> <p> This package contains programs needed to administer Linux kernel modules. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Less </p> <p> This package contains a very nice text file viewer that allows scrolling up or down when viewing a file. It is also used by Man-DB for viewing manpages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libcap </p> <p> This package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libelf </p> <p> The elfutils project provides libraries and tools for ELF files and DWARF data. Most utilities in this package are available in other packages, but the library is needed to build the Linux kernel using the default (and most efficient) configuration. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libffi </p> <p> This package implements a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libpipeline </p> <p> The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way. It is required by the Man-DB package. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libtool </p> <p> This package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface. It is needed by the test suites in other LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Linux Kernel </p> <p> This package is the Operating System. It is the Linux in the GNU/Linux environment. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> M4 </p> <p> This package contains a general text macro processor useful as a build tool for other programs. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Make </p> <p> This package contains a program for directing the building of packages. It is required by almost every package in LFS. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Man-DB </p> <p> This package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages. It was chosen instead of the <span class= "application">man</span> package due to superior internationalization capabilities. It supplies the man program. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Man-pages </p> <p> This package contains the actual contents of the basic Linux man pages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Meson </p> <p> This package provides a software tool for automating the building of software. The main goal for Meson is to minimize the amount of time that software developers need to spend configuring their build system. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> MPC </p> <p> This package contains functions for the arithmetic of complex numbers. It is required by Gcc. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> MPFR </p> <p> This package contains functions for multiple precision arithmetic. It is required by Gcc. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Ninja </p> <p> This package contains a small build system with a focus on speed. It is designed to have its input files generated by a higher-level build system, and to run builds as fast as possible. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Ncurses </p> <p> This package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens. It is often used to provide cursor control for a menuing system. It is needed by a number of packages in LFS. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Openssl </p> <p> This package provides management tools and libraries relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing cryptographic functions to other packages, including the Linux kernel. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Patch </p> <p> This package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a <span class= "emphasis"><em>patch</em></span> file typically created by the <span class="application">diff</span> program. It is needed by the build procedure for several LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Perl </p> <p> This package is an interpreter for the runtime language PERL. It is needed for the installation and test suites of several LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Pkg-config </p> <p> This package provides a program to return meta-data about an installed library or package. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Procps-NG </p> <p> This package contains programs for monitoring processes. These programs are useful for system administration, and are also used by the LFS Bootscripts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Psmisc </p> <p> This package contains programs for displaying information about running processes. These programs are useful for system administration. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Python 3 </p> <p> This package provides an interpreted language that has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Readline </p> <p> This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Sed </p> <p> This package allows editing of text without opening it in a text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages' configure scripts. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Shadow </p> <p> This package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Sysklogd </p> <p> This package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel or daemon processes when unusual events occur. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Sysvinit </p> <p> This package provides the <span class= "application">init</span> program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Tar </p> <p> This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Tcl </p> <p> This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed in the temporary toolchain. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Texinfo </p> <p> This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation procedures of many LFS packages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Util-linux </p> <p> This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Vim </p> <p> This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be substituted if desired. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> XML::Parser </p> <p> This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> XZ Utils </p> <p> This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Zlib </p> <p> This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Zstd </p> <p> This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. It provide high compression ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-typography" name="pre-typography"></a>Typography </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced. </p> <p> In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \ --prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror</kbd> </pre> <p> Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab characters will create incorrect results. </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'</code> </pre> <p> This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also used to show filenames, such as <code class= "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>Emphasis</em></span> </p> <p> This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items. </p> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/</a> </p> <p> This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations, and websites. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF" <code class="literal">root:x:0: bin:x:1: ......</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file <code class= "filename">$LFS/etc/group</code> from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as seen. </p> <p> <em class="replaceable"><code><REPLACED TEXT></code></em> </p> <p> This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations. </p> <p> <em class="replaceable"><code>[OPTIONAL TEXT]</code></em> </p> <p> This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional. </p> <p> <code class="filename">passwd(5)</code> </p> <p> This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section inside the manuals. For example, <span class= "command"><strong>passwd</strong></span> has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages will be located at <code class= "filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. When the book uses <code class="filename">passwd(5)</code> it is specifically referring to <code class= "filename">/usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5</code>. <span class= "command"><strong>man passwd</strong></span> will print the first man page it finds that matches <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">passwd</span>”</span>, which will be <code class= "filename">/usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1</code>. For this example, you will need to run <span class="command"><strong>man 5 passwd</strong></span> in order to read the specific page being referred to. It should be noted that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, <span class="command"><strong>man <em class= "replaceable"><code><program name></code></em></strong></span> is generally sufficient. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-organization" name= "pre-organization"></a>Structure </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This book is divided into the following parts. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> Part I - Introduction </h3> <p> Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-information about the book. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> Part II - Preparing for the Build </h3> <p> Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling temporary tools. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> Part III - Building the LFS System </h3> <p> Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="pre-errata" name="pre-errata"></a>Errata </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/9.1/</a> before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system. </p> </div> </div> <div class="part"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="part1" name="part1"></a>Part I. Introduction </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-intro" name= "chapter-intro"></a>Chapter 1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-intro-how" name= "ch-intro-how"></a>1.1. How to Build an LFS System </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora, or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs, including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">development</span>”</span> option during the distribution installation to be able to access these tools. </p> <p> As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a commercial distribution. </p> <p> <a class="xref" href="#chapter-partitioning" title= "Chapter 2. Preparing the Host System">Chapter 2</a> of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-getting-materials" title= "Chapter 3. Packages and Patches">Chapter 3</a> explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title= "Chapter 4. Final Preparations">Chapter 4</a> discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read <a class="xref" href="#chapter-final-preps" title= "Chapter 4. Final Preparations">Chapter 4</a> carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of before beginning to work your way through <a class= "xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> and beyond. </p> <p> <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> explains the installation of a number of packages that will form the basic development suite (or toolchain) which is used to build the actual system in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular dependencies—for example, to compile a compiler, you need a compiler. </p> <p> <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass of the toolchain will be built. This time, the toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The remaining <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title="Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> packages are built using this second pass toolchain. When this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on the host distribution, with the exception of the running kernel. </p> <p> This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to why this is done is provided in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title= "5.2. Toolchain Technical Notes">Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”</a>. </p> <p> In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>, the full LFS system is built. The <span class= "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> (change root) program is used to enter a virtual environment and start a new shell whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is very similar to rebooting and instructing the kernel to mount the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not actually reboot, but instead uses <span class= "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> because creating a bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary just yet. The major advantage is that <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">chrooting</span>”</span> allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal. </p> <p> To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-config" title= "Chapter 7. System Configuration">Chapter 7</a>, and the kernel and boot loader are set up in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootable" title= "Chapter 8. Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter 8</a>. <a class="xref" href="#chapter-finalizing" title= "Chapter 9. The End">Chapter 9</a> contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system. </p> <p> This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on the LFS adventure. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-intro-whatsnew" name= "ch-intro-whatsnew"></a>1.2. What's new since the last release </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <p class="title"> <strong>Upgraded to:</strong> </p> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bc 2.5.3 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Binutils-2.34 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bison-3.5.2 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Check-0.14.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> E2fsprogs-1.45.5 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Eudev-3.2.9 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Expat-2.2.9 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> File-5.38 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Findutils-4.7.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Glibc-2.31 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> GMP-6.2.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Grep-3.4 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> IPRoute2-5.5.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libcap-2.31 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libelf-0.178 (from elfutils) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libffi-3.3 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Libpipeline-1.5.2 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Linux-5.5.3 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Make-4.3 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Man-DB-2.9.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Man-pages-5.05 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Meson-0.53.1 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Ncurses-6.2 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Ninja-1.10.0 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Openssl-1.1.1d </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Perl-5.30.1 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Python-3.8.1 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Sed-4.8 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Shadow-4.8.1 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> SysVinit-2.96 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Tcl-8.6.10 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Texinfo-6.7 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Tzdata-2019c </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Util-Linux-2.35.1 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Vim-8.2.0190 </p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="itemizedlist"> <p class="title"> <strong>Added:</strong> </p> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Zstd-1.4.4 </p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="itemizedlist"> <p class="title"> <strong>Removed:</strong> </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-intro-changelog" name= "ch-intro-changelog"></a>1.3. Changelog </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This is version <span class="phrase">9.1</span> of the Linux From Scratch book, dated March 1st, 2020. If this book is more than six months old, a newer and better version is probably already available. To find out, please check one of the mirrors via <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a>. </p> <p> Below is a list of changes made since the previous release of the book. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <p class="title"> <strong>Changelog Entries:</strong> </p> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-03-01 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - LFS-9.1 released. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-02-14 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4597">#4597</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-02-13 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to ncurses-6.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4596">#4596</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.05. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4595">#4595</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5.3.tar.xz. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4592">#4592</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-27 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.0190. Addresses <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to binutils-2.34. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4590">#4590</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to glibc-2.31. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4589">#4589</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4588">#4588</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.5.3. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4587">#4587</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.5.0. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4586">#4586</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to util-linux 2.35.1. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4560">#4560</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-27 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to ninja-1.10.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4585">#4585</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to check-0.14.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4583">#4583</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to shadow-4.8.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4582">#4582</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.53.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4581">#4581</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.5. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4580">#4580</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4579">#4579</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-19 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to make-4.3. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4578">#4578</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.0129. Addresses <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to gmp-6.2.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4577">#4577</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to sed-4.8. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4576">#4576</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.5.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4575">#4575</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.13. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4572">#4572</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-16 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to libcap-2.31. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4574">#4574</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-13 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Ensure zstd libraries are installed in the correct location. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-12 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Added zstd-1.4.4. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-09 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.53.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4571">#4571</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.45.5. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4570">#4570</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to grep-3.4. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4568">#4568</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to libpipeline-1.5.2. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4567">#4567</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.8. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4566">#4566</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Add <code class= "filename">/etc/os-release</code> to the sysV version, as it is required by some packages in BLFS. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-06 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to libcap-2.30. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4569">#4569</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-04 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Fix various issues in libcap-2.29, and update dependencies. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2020-01-01 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.29. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4564">#4564</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-12-22 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to python3-3.8.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4564">#4564</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to file-5.38. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4563">#4563</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to linux-5.4.6. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4562">#4562</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to vim-8.2.0024. Part of <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-12-12 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.28. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4559">#4559</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.5. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4561">#4561</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-12-10 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [renodr] - Fix a regression in meson that was causing problems in dependent packages. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-12-05 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [renodr] - Update to bc-2.4.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4556">#4556</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [renodr] - Update to shadow-4.8. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4557">#4557</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [renodr] - Update to linux-5.4.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4558">#4558</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-12-01 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Add upstream fixes patch for bash. Also add a note about possible problems when changing to the lfs user. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.1.2361. Updates <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4500">#4500</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.52.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4555">#4555</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to elfutils-0.178. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4553">#4553</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.4.0. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4551">#4551</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to libffi-3.3. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4550">#4550</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to tcl-8.6.10. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4549">#4549</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.04. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4548">#4548</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to perl-5.30.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4547">#4547</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.4.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4546">#4546</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.3.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4545">#4545</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-11-08 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [renodr] - Update to Linux-5.3.9. Resolves a regression with restarting systems with HD Audio (hda), data corruption on btrfs, and a security vulnerability with systems that use the RTLWIFI driver. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4544">#4544</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-10-31 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20191031. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-10-25 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20191025. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-11-01 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.3.8. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4539">#4539</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bc-2.2.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4543">#4543</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to check-0.13.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4540">#4540</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to eudev-3.2.9. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4542">#4542</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to man-db-2.9.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4541">#4541</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-10-17 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Move attr and acl to be before shadow. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.3.6. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4534">#4534</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to man-pages-5.03. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4536">#4536</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.52.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4535">#4535</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to Python-3.8.0. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4538">#4538</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to binutils-2.33.1. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4537">#4537</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-29 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to texinfo-6.7. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4529">#4529</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.45.4. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4530">#4530</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to XML-Parser-2.46. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4531">#4531</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.2.9. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4532">#4532</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.3.0. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4533">#4533</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-24 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [pierre] - Update to linux-5.3.1. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4528">#4528</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-14 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.2.8. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4527">#4527</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.4.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4526">#4526</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.2.14. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4522">#4522</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to openssl-1.1.1d. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4523">#4523</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to sysvinit-2.96. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4524">#4524</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to tzdata-2019c. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4525">#4525</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-02 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [dj] - Update to lfs-bootscripts-20190908. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-02 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.2.11. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4517">#4517</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to man-db-2.8.7. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4518">#4518</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.51.2. Fixes <a class= "ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4519">#4519</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - Update to findutils-4.7.0. Fixes <a class="ulink" href= "http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/ticket/4520">#4520</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> [dj] - Update to LFS-Bootscripts-20190902 - correct LSB dependency information in bootscripts and update standards page for new LSB-Tools package. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> 2019-09-01 </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> [bdubbs] - LFS-9.0 released. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-intro-resources" name= "ch-intro-resources"></a>1.4. Resources </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-intro-faq" name="ch-intro-faq"></a>1.4.1. FAQ </h3> <p> If during the building of the LFS system you encounter any errors, have any questions, or think there is a typo in the book, please start by consulting the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) that is located at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-intro-maillists" name= "ch-intro-maillists"></a>1.4.2. Mailing Lists </h3> <p> The <code class="uri">linuxfromscratch.org</code> server hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of the LFS project. These lists include the main development and support lists, among others. If the FAQ does not solve the problem you are having, the next step would be to search the mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>. </p> <p> For information on the different lists, how to subscribe, archive locations, and additional information, visit <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-intro-irc" name="ch-intro-irc"></a>1.4.3. IRC </h3> <p> Several members of the LFS community offer assistance on Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please make sure that your question is not already answered in the LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC network at <code class="uri">irc.freenode.net</code>. The support channel is named #LFS-support. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-intro-mirrors" name="ch-intro-mirrors"></a>1.4.4. Mirror Sites </h3> <p> The LFS project has a number of world-wide mirrors to make accessing the website and downloading the required packages more convenient. Please visit the LFS website at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html</a> for a list of current mirrors. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-intro-contactinfo" name= "ch-intro-contactinfo"></a>1.4.5. Contact Information </h3> <p> Please direct all your questions and comments to one of the LFS mailing lists (see above). </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-intro-askforhelp" name= "ch-intro-askforhelp"></a>1.5. Help </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> If an issue or a question is encountered while working through this book, please check the FAQ page at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq</a>. Questions are often already answered there. If your question is not answered on this page, try to find the source of the problem. The following hint will give you some guidance for troubleshooting: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt</a>. </p> <p> If you cannot find your problem listed in the FAQ, search the mailing lists at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html</a>. </p> <p> We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the <a class= "xref" href="#ch-intro-resources" title= "1.4. Resources">Section 1.4, “Resources”</a> section of this book). However, we get several support questions every day and many of them can be easily answered by going to the FAQ and by searching the mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance possible, you need to do some research on your own first. That allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your searches do not produce a solution, please include all relevant information (mentioned below) in your request for help. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 1.5.1. Things to Mention </h3> <p> Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, the essential things to include in any request for help are: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> The version of the book being used (in this case <span class="phrase">9.1</span> ) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The host distribution and version being used to create LFS </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The output from the <a class="xref" href= "#version-check">Host System Requirements</a> script </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The package or section the problem was encountered in </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The exact error message or symptom being received </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Note whether you have deviated from the book at all </p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Deviating from this book does <span class= "emphasis"><em>not</em></span> mean that we will not help you. After all, LFS is about personal preference. Being upfront about any changes to the established procedure helps us evaluate and determine possible causes of your problem. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 1.5.2. Configure Script Problems </h3> <p> If something goes wrong while running the <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script, review the <code class="filename">config.log</code> file. This file may contain errors encountered during <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> which were not printed to the screen. Include the <span class= "emphasis"><em>relevant</em></span> lines if you need to ask for help. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 1.5.3. Compilation Problems </h3> <p> Both the screen output and the contents of various files are useful in determining the cause of compilation problems. The screen output from the <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script and the <span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span> run can be helpful. It is not necessary to include the entire output, but do include enough of the relevant information. Below is an example of the type of information to include from the screen output from <span class= "command"><strong>make</strong></span>: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">gcc -DALIASPATH=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale:.\" -DLOCALEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale\" -DLIBDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/lib\" -DINCLUDEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/include\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -g -O2 -c getopt1.c gcc -g -O2 -static -o make ar.o arscan.o commands.o dir.o expand.o file.o function.o getopt.o implicit.o job.o main.o misc.o read.o remake.o rule.o signame.o variable.o vpath.o default.o remote-stub.o version.o opt1.o -lutil job.o: In function `load_too_high': /lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1/job.c:1565: undefined reference to `getloadavg' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make[2]: *** [make] Error 1 make[2]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1' make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1 make[1]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1' make: *** [all-recursive-am] Error 2</code> </pre> <p> In this case, many people would just include the bottom section: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">make [2]: *** [make] Error 1</code> </pre> <p> This is not enough information to properly diagnose the problem because it only notes that something went wrong, not <span class="emphasis"><em>what</em></span> went wrong. The entire section, as in the example above, is what should be saved because it includes the command that was executed and the associated error message(s). </p> <p> An excellent article about asking for help on the Internet is available online at <a class="ulink" href= "http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html</a>. Read and follow the hints in this document to increase the likelihood of getting the help you need. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="part"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="part2" name="part2"></a>Part II. Preparing for the Build </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-partitioning" name= "chapter-partitioning"></a>Chapter 2. Preparing the Host System </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-introduction" name= "ch-partitioning-introduction"></a>2.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this chapter, the host tools needed for building LFS are checked and, if necessary, installed. Then a partition which will host the LFS system is prepared. We will create the partition itself, create a file system on it, and mount it. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-hostreqs" name= "ch-partitioning-hostreqs"></a>2.2. Host System Requirements </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate packages, often in the form of <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote"><package-name>-devel</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote"><package-name>-dev</span>”</span>. Be sure to install those if your distribution provides them. </p> <p> Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but have not been tested. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="compact"> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Bash-3.2</strong></span> (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "strong"><strong>Binutils-2.25</strong></span> (Versions greater than 2.34 are not recommended as they have not been tested) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Bison-2.7</strong></span> (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Bzip2-1.0.4</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "strong"><strong>Coreutils-6.9</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "strong"><strong>Diffutils-2.8.1</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "strong"><strong>Findutils-4.2.31</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Gawk-4.0.1</strong></span> (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>GCC-6.2</strong></span> including the C++ compiler, <span class= "command"><strong>g++</strong></span> (Versions greater than 9.2.0 are not recommended as they have not been tested) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Glibc-2.11</strong></span> (Versions greater than 2.31 are not recommended as they have not been tested) </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Grep-2.5.1a</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Gzip-1.3.12</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Linux Kernel-3.2</strong></span> </p> <p> The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building <span class= "application">glibc</span> in Chapter 6 at the recommendation of the developers. It is also required by udev. </p> <p> If the host kernel is earlier than 3.2 you will need to replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 3.2 or later kernel package. If so, you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer not to install it, you can compile a kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader (assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-bootable" title= "Chapter 8. Making the LFS System Bootable">Chapter 8</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>M4-1.4.10</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Make-4.0</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Patch-2.5.4</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Perl-5.8.8</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Python-3.4</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Sed-4.1.5</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Tar-1.22</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Texinfo-4.7</strong></span> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="strong"><strong>Xz-5.0.0</strong></span> </p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an LFS system using the instructions contained within this book. Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the LFS development team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or additional patches to some packages. </p> </div> <h3> <a id="version-check" name="version-check"></a> </h3> <p> To see whether your host system has all the appropriate versions, and the ability to compile programs, run the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > version-check.sh << "EOF" <code class="literal">#!/bin/bash # Simple script to list version numbers of critical development tools export LC_ALL=C bash --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-4 MYSH=$(readlink -f /bin/sh) echo "/bin/sh -> $MYSH" echo $MYSH | grep -q bash || echo "ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash" unset MYSH echo -n "Binutils: "; ld --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f3- bison --version | head -n1 if [ -h /usr/bin/yacc ]; then echo "/usr/bin/yacc -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/yacc`"; elif [ -x /usr/bin/yacc ]; then echo yacc is `/usr/bin/yacc --version | head -n1` else echo "yacc not found" fi bzip2 --version 2>&1 < /dev/null | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f1,6- echo -n "Coreutils: "; chown --version | head -n1 | cut -d")" -f2 diff --version | head -n1 find --version | head -n1 gawk --version | head -n1 if [ -h /usr/bin/awk ]; then echo "/usr/bin/awk -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/awk`"; elif [ -x /usr/bin/awk ]; then echo awk is `/usr/bin/awk --version | head -n1` else echo "awk not found" fi gcc --version | head -n1 g++ --version | head -n1 ldd --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2- # glibc version grep --version | head -n1 gzip --version | head -n1 cat /proc/version m4 --version | head -n1 make --version | head -n1 patch --version | head -n1 echo Perl `perl -V:version` python3 --version sed --version | head -n1 tar --version | head -n1 makeinfo --version | head -n1 # texinfo version xz --version | head -n1 echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c && g++ -o dummy dummy.c if [ -x dummy ] then echo "g++ compilation OK"; else echo "g++ compilation failed"; fi rm -f dummy.c dummy</code> EOF bash version-check.sh</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-stages" name= "ch-partitioning-stages"></a>2.3. Building LFS in Stages </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> LFS is designed to be built in one session. That is, the instructions assume that the system will not be shut down during the process. That does not mean that the system has to be done in one sitting. The issue is that certain procedures have to be re-accomplished after a reboot if resuming LFS at different points. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 2.3.1. Chapters 1–4 </h3> <p> These chapters are accomplished on the host system. When restarting, be careful of the following: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Procedures done as the root user after Section 2.4 need to have the LFS environment variable set <span class= "emphasis"><em>FOR THE ROOT USER</em></span>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 2.3.2. Chapter 5 </h3> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>ALL</em></span> instructions in Chapter 5 must be done by user <span class= "emphasis"><em>lfs</em></span>. A <span class= "command"><strong>su - lfs</strong></span> needs to be done before any task in Chapter 5. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The procedures in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-tools-generalinstructions" title= "5.3. General Compilation Instructions">Section 5.3, “General Compilation Instructions”</a> are critical. If there is any doubt about installing a package, ensure any previously expanded tarballs are removed, re-extract the package files, and complete all instructions in that section. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 2.3.3. Chapters 6–8 </h3> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> When entering chroot, the LFS environment variable must be set for root. The LFS variable is not used otherwise. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The virtual file systems must be mounted. This can be done before or after entering chroot by changing to a host virtual terminal and, as root, running the commands in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-bindmount" title= "6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev">Section 6.2.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev”</a> and <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title= "6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section 6.2.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems”</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-creatingpartition" name= "ch-partitioning-creatingpartition"></a>2.4. Creating a New Partition </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on a dedicated partition. The recommended approach to building an LFS system is to use an available empty partition or, if you have enough unpartitioned space, to create one. </p> <p> A minimal system requires a partition of around 10 gigabytes (GB). This is enough to store all the source tarballs and compile the packages. However, if the LFS system is intended to be the primary Linux system, additional software will probably be installed which will require additional space. A 30 GB partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS system itself will not take up this much room. A large portion of this requirement is to provide sufficient free temporary storage as well as for adding additional capabilities after LFS is complete. Additionally, compiling packages can require a lot of disk space which will be reclaimed after the package is installed. </p> <p> Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM) available for compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a small disk partition as <code class="systemitem">swap</code> space. This is used by the kernel to store seldom-used data and leave more memory available for active processes. The <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition for an LFS system can be the same as the one used by the host system, in which case it is not necessary to create another one. </p> <p> Start a disk partitioning program such as <span class= "command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span> or <span class= "command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> with a command line option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be created—for example <code class= "filename">/dev/sda</code> for the primary disk drive. Create a Linux native partition and a <code class= "systemitem">swap</code> partition, if needed. Please refer to <code class="filename">cfdisk(8)</code> or <code class= "filename">fdisk(8)</code> if you do not yet know how to use the programs. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are possible. The new LFS system can be on a software <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/raid.html"> RAID</a> array or an <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/aboutlvm.html"> LVM</a> logical volume. However, some of these options require an <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/initramfs.html"> initramfs</a>, which is an advanced topic. These partitioning methodologies are not recommended for first time LFS users. </p> </div> <p> Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g., <code class="filename">sda5</code>). This book will refer to this as the LFS partition. Also remember the designation of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition. These names will be needed later for the <code class= "filename">/etc/fstab</code> file. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 2.4.1. Other Partition Issues </h3> <p> Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted on the LFS mailing lists. This is a highly subjective topic. The default for most distributions is to use the entire drive with the exception of one small swap partition. This is not optimal for LFS for several reasons. It reduces flexibility, makes sharing of data across multiple distributions or LFS builds more difficult, makes backups more time consuming, and can waste disk space through inefficient allocation of file system structures. </p> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504931247120" name= "idm46504931247120"></a>2.4.1.1. The Root Partition </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the <code class="filename">/root</code> directory) of ten gigabytes is a good compromise for most systems. It provides enough space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but is small enough so that multiple partitions can be easily created for experimentation. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504931244864" name= "idm46504931244864"></a>2.4.1.2. The Swap Partition </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Most distributions automatically create a swap partition. Generally the recommended size of the swap partition is about twice the amount of physical RAM, however this is rarely needed. If disk space is limited, hold the swap partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk swapping. </p> <p> Swapping is never good. Generally you can tell if a system is swapping by just listening to disk activity and observing how the system reacts to commands. The first reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is to purchase more RAM for your system. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504931242592" name= "idm46504931242592"></a>2.4.1.3. The Grub Bios Partition </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> If the <span class="emphasis"><em>boot disk</em></span> has been partitioned with a GUID Partition Table (GPT), then a small, typically 1 MB, partition must be created if it does not already exist. This partition is not formatted, but must be available for GRUB to use during installation of the boot loader. This partition will normally be labeled 'BIOS Boot' if using <span class= "command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span> or have a code of <span class="emphasis"><em>EF02</em></span> if using <span class="command"><strong>gdisk</strong></span>. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The Grub Bios partition must be on the drive that the BIOS uses to boot the system. This is not necessarily the same drive where the LFS root partition is located. Disks on a system may use different partition table types. The requirement for this partition depends only on the partition table type of the boot disk. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504931238208" name= "idm46504931238208"></a>2.4.1.4. Convenience Partitions </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> There are several other partitions that are not required, but should be considered when designing a disk layout. The following list is not comprehensive, but is meant as a guide. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> /boot – Highly recommended. Use this partition to store kernels and other booting information. To minimize potential boot problems with larger disks, make this the first physical partition on your first disk drive. A partition size of 100 megabytes is quite adequate. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /home – Highly recommended. Share your home directory and user customization across multiple distributions or LFS builds. The size is generally fairly large and depends on available disk space. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /usr – A separate /usr partition is generally used if providing a server for a thin client or diskless workstation. It is normally not needed for LFS. A size of five gigabytes will handle most installations. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /opt – This directory is most useful for BLFS where multiple installations of large packages like Gnome or KDE can be installed without embedding the files in the /usr hierarchy. If used, 5 to 10 gigabytes is generally adequate. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /tmp – A separate /tmp directory is rare, but useful if configuring a thin client. This partition, if used, will usually not need to exceed a couple of gigabytes. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /usr/src – This partition is very useful for providing a location to store BLFS source files and share them across LFS builds. It can also be used as a location for building BLFS packages. A reasonably large partition of 30-50 gigabytes allows plenty of room. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted upon boot needs to be specified in the <code class= "filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Details about how to specify partitions will be discussed in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-bootable-fstab" title= "8.2. Creating the /etc/fstab File">Section 8.2, “Creating the /etc/fstab File”</a>. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem" name= "ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem"></a>2.5. Creating a File System on the Partition </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Now that a blank partition has been set up, the file system can be created. LFS can use any file system recognized by the Linux kernel, but the most common types are ext3 and ext4. The choice of file system can be complex and depends on the characteristics of the files and the size of the partition. For example: </p> <div class="variablelist"> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term">ext2</span> </dt> <dd> <p> is suitable for small partitions that are updated infrequently such as /boot. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">ext3</span> </dt> <dd> <p> is an upgrade to ext2 that includes a journal to help recover the partition's status in the case of an unclean shutdown. It is commonly used as a general purpose file system. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">ext4</span> </dt> <dd> <p> is the latest version of the ext file system family of partition types. It provides several new capabilities including nano-second timestamps, creation and use of very large files (16 TB), and speed improvements. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Other file systems, including FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS, and XFS are useful for specialized purposes. More information about these file systems can be found at <a class="ulink" href= "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems</a>. </p> <p> LFS assumes that the root file system (/) is of type ext4. To create an <code class="systemitem">ext4</code> file system on the LFS partition, run the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em></kbd> </pre> <p> If you are using an existing <code class= "systemitem">swap</code> partition, there is no need to format it. If a new <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition was created, it will need to be initialized with this command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkswap /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em></kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em> with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-aboutlfs" name= "ch-partitioning-aboutlfs"></a>2.6. Setting The $LFS Variable </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Throughout this book, the environment variable <code class= "envar">LFS</code> will be used several times. You should ensure that this variable is always defined throughout the LFS build process. It should be set to the name of the directory where you will be building your LFS system - we will use <code class="filename">/mnt/lfs</code> as an example, but the directory choice is up to you. If you are building LFS on a separate partition, this directory will be the mount point for the partition. Choose a directory location and set the variable with the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">export LFS=<em class= "replaceable"><code>/mnt/lfs</code></em></kbd> </pre> <p> Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as <span class="command"><strong>mkdir -v $LFS/tools</strong></span> can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">$LFS</span>”</span> with <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">/mnt/lfs</span>”</span> (or whatever the variable was set to) when it processes the command line. </p> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> Do not forget to check that <code class="envar">LFS</code> is set whenever you leave and reenter the current working environment (such as when doing a <span class= "command"><strong>su</strong></span> to <code class= "systemitem">root</code> or another user). Check that the <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable is set up properly with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd> </pre> <p> Make sure the output shows the path to your LFS system's build location, which is <code class= "filename">/mnt/lfs</code> if the provided example was followed. If the output is incorrect, use the command given earlier on this page to set <code class="envar">$LFS</code> to the correct directory name. </p> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> One way to ensure that the <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable is always set is to edit the <code class= "filename">.bash_profile</code> file in both your personal home directory and in <code class= "filename">/root/.bash_profile</code> and enter the export command above. In addition, the shell specified in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file for all users that need the <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable needs to be bash to ensure that the <code class= "filename">/root/.bash_profile</code> file is incorporated as a part of the login process. </p> <p> Another consideration is the method that is used to log into the host system. If logging in through a graphical display manager, the user's <code class= "filename">.bash_profile</code> is not normally used when a virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export command to the <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file for the user and root. In addition, some distributions have instructions to not run the <code class= "filename">.bashrc</code> instructions in a non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to add the export command before the test for non-interactive use. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-partitioning-mounting" name= "ch-partitioning-mounting"></a>2.7. Mounting the New Partition </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Now that a file system has been created, the partition needs to be made accessible. In order to do this, the partition needs to be mounted at a chosen mount point. For the purposes of this book, it is assumed that the file system is mounted under the directory specified by the <code class="envar">LFS</code> environment variable as described in the previous section. </p> <p> Create the mount point and mount the LFS file system by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> $LFS</kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> with the designation of the LFS partition. </p> <p> If using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for <code class="filename">/</code> and another for <code class= "filename">/usr</code>), mount them using: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> $LFS mkdir -v $LFS/usr mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em> $LFS/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> and <em class="replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em> with the appropriate partition names. </p> <p> Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions that are too restrictive (such as the <code class= "option">nosuid</code> or <code class="option">nodev</code> options). Run the <span class= "command"><strong>mount</strong></span> command without any parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS partition. If <code class="option">nosuid</code> and/or <code class="option">nodev</code> are set, the partition will need to be remounted. </p> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> The above instructions assume that you will not be restarting your computer throughout the LFS process. If you shut down your system, you will either need to remount the LFS partition each time you restart the build process or modify your host system's /etc/fstab file to automatically remount it upon boot. For example: </p> <pre class="screen"> /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> /mnt/lfs ext4 defaults 1 1 </pre> <p> If you use additional optional partitions, be sure to add them also. </p> </div> <p> If you are using a <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition, ensure that it is enabled using the <span class= "command"><strong>swapon</strong></span> command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">/sbin/swapon -v /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><zzz></code></em></kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><zzz></code></em> with the name of the <code class="systemitem">swap</code> partition. </p> <p> Now that there is an established place to work, it is time to download the packages. </p> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-getting-materials" name= "chapter-getting-materials"></a>Chapter 3. Packages and Patches </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-materials-introduction" name= "ch-materials-introduction"></a>3.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This chapter includes a list of packages that need to be downloaded in order to build a basic Linux system. The listed version numbers correspond to versions of the software that are known to work, and this book is based on their use. We highly recommend against using newer versions because the build commands for one version may not work with a newer version. The newest package versions may also have problems that require work-arounds. These work-arounds will be developed and stabilized in the development version of the book. </p> <p> Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download location has changed since this book was published, Google (<a class="ulink" href= "http://www.google.com/">http://www.google.com/</a>) provides a useful search engine for most packages. If this search is unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading discussed at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/packages.html#packages</a>. </p> <p> Downloaded packages and patches will need to be stored somewhere that is conveniently available throughout the entire build. A working directory is also required to unpack the sources and build them. <code class= "filename">$LFS/sources</code> can be used both as the place to store the tarballs and patches and as a working directory. By using this directory, the required elements will be located on the LFS partition and will be available during all stages of the building process. </p> <p> To create this directory, execute the following command, as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, before starting the download session: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/sources</kbd> </pre> <p> Make this directory writable and sticky. <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">Sticky</span>”</span> means that even if multiple users have write permission on a directory, only the owner of a file can delete the file within a sticky directory. The following command will enable the write and sticky modes: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources</kbd> </pre> <p> An easy way to download all of the packages and patches is by using <a class="ulink" href="wget-list">wget-list</a> as an input to <span class="command"><strong>wget</strong></span>. For example: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">wget --input-file=wget-list --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources</kbd> </pre> <p> Additionally, starting with LFS-7.0, there is a separate file, <a class="ulink" href="md5sums">md5sums</a>, which can be used to verify that all the correct packages are available before proceeding. Place that file in <code class= "filename">$LFS/sources</code> and run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">pushd $LFS/sources md5sum -c md5sums popd</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-materials-packages" name= "ch-materials-packages"></a>3.2. All Packages </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Download or otherwise obtain the following packages: </p> <div class="materials"> <div class="variablelist"> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term">Acl (2.2.53) - <span class="token">513 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/acl/acl-2.2.53.tar.gz"> http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/acl/acl-2.2.53.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">007aabf1dbb550bcddde52a244cd1070</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Attr (2.4.48) - <span class= "token">457 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/attr/attr-2.4.48.tar.gz"> http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/attr/attr-2.4.48.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">bc1e5cb5c96d99b24886f1f527d3bb3d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Autoconf (2.69) - <span class= "token">1,186 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/">http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.69.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">50f97f4159805e374639a73e2636f22e</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Automake (1.16.1) - <span class= "token">1,499 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/">http://www.gnu.org/software/automake/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.16.1.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.16.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">53f38e7591fa57c3d2cee682be668e5b</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Bash (5.0) - <span class="token">9,898 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-5.0.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-5.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">2b44b47b905be16f45709648f671820b</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Bc (2.5.3) - <span class="token">247 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc">https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc/archive/2.5.3/bc-2.5.3.tar.gz"> https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc/archive/2.5.3/bc-2.5.3.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">6582c6fbbae943fbfb8fe14a34feab57</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Binutils (2.34) - <span class= "token">21,131 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.34.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.34.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">664ec3a2df7805ed3464639aaae332d6</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Bison (3.5.2) - <span class= "token">2,308 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bison/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.5.2.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.5.2.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">49fc2cf23e31e697d5072835e1662a97</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Bzip2 (1.0.8) - <span class= "token">792 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.sourceware.org/pub/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz"> https://www.sourceware.org/pub/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">67e051268d0c475ea773822f7500d0e5</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Check (0.14.0) - <span class= "token">753 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://libcheck.github.io/check">https://libcheck.github.io/check</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/libcheck/check/releases/download/0.14.0/check-0.14.0.tar.gz"> https://github.com/libcheck/check/releases/download/0.14.0/check-0.14.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">270e82a445be6026040267a5e11cc94b</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Coreutils (8.31) - <span class= "token">5,284 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.31.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-8.31.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">0009a224d8e288e8ec406ef0161f9293</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">DejaGNU (1.6.2) - <span class= "token">514 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/">http://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.6.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.6.2.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">e1b07516533f351b3aba3423fafeffd6</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Diffutils (3.7) - <span class= "token">1,415 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.7.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.7.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">4824adc0e95dbbf11dfbdfaad6a1e461</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">E2fsprogs (1.45.5) - <span class= "token">7,753 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/">http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/v1.45.5/e2fsprogs-1.45.5.tar.gz"> https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/v1.45.5/e2fsprogs-1.45.5.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">6d35428e4ce960cb7e875afe5849c0f3</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Elfutils (0.178) - <span class= "token">8,797 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/">https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/0.178/elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2"> https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/0.178/elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">5480d0b7174446aba13a6adde107287f</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Eudev (3.2.9) - <span class= "token">1,914 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://dev.gentoo.org/~blueness/eudev/eudev-3.2.9.tar.gz"> https://dev.gentoo.org/~blueness/eudev/eudev-3.2.9.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">dedfb1964f6098fe9320de827957331f</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Expat (2.2.9) - <span class= "token">413 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://libexpat.github.io/">https://libexpat.github.io/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expat/expat-2.2.9.tar.xz"> https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expat/expat-2.2.9.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">d2384fa607223447e713e1b9bd272376</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Expect (5.45.4) - <span class= "token">618 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://core.tcl.tk/expect/">https://core.tcl.tk/expect/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.4.tar.gz"> https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.4.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">00fce8de158422f5ccd2666512329bd2</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">File (5.38) - <span class="token">911 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.darwinsys.com/file/">https://www.darwinsys.com/file/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.38.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.astron.com/pub/file/file-5.38.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">3217633ed09c7cd35ed8d04191675574</code> </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> File (5.38) may no longer be available at the listed location. The site administrators of the master download location occasionally remove older versions when new ones are released. An alternative download location that may have the correct version available can also be found at: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html#ftp</a>. </p> </div> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Findutils (4.7.0) - <span class= "token">1,851 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.7.0.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.7.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">731356dec4b1109b812fecfddfead6b2</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Flex (2.6.4) - <span class= "token">1,386 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/westes/flex">https://github.com/westes/flex</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v2.6.4/flex-2.6.4.tar.gz"> https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v2.6.4/flex-2.6.4.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">2882e3179748cc9f9c23ec593d6adc8d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Gawk (5.0.1) - <span class= "token">3,063 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.0.1.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.0.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f9db3f6715207c6f13719713abc9c707</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">GCC (9.2.0) - <span class= "token">68,953 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://gcc.gnu.org/">https://gcc.gnu.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-9.2.0/gcc-9.2.0.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-9.2.0/gcc-9.2.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">3818ad8600447f05349098232c2ddc78</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">GDBM (1.18.1) - <span class= "token">920 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.18.1.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.18.1.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">988dc82182121c7570e0cb8b4fcd5415</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Gettext (0.20.1) - <span class= "token">9,128 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.20.1.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.20.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">9ed9e26ab613b668e0026222a9c23639</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Glibc (2.31) - <span class= "token">16,286 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.31.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.31.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">78a720f17412f3c3282be5a6f3363ec6</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">GMP (6.2.0) - <span class= "token">1,966 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">a325e3f09e6d91e62101e59f9bda3ec1</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Gperf (3.1) - <span class= "token">1,188 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gperf/gperf-3.1.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gperf/gperf-3.1.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">9e251c0a618ad0824b51117d5d9db87e</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Grep (3.4) - <span class="token">1,520 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-3.4.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-3.4.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">111b117d22d6a7d049d6ae7505e9c4d2</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Groff (1.22.4) - <span class= "token">4,044 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/">http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.4.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.4.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">08fb04335e2f5e73f23ea4c3adbf0c5f</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">GRUB (2.04) - <span class= "token">6,245 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.04.tar.xz">https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.04.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">5aaca6713b47ca2456d8324a58755ac7</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Gzip (1.10) - <span class="token">757 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.10.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.10.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">691b1221694c3394f1c537df4eee39d3</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Iana-Etc (2.30) - <span class= "token">201 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://freecode.com/projects/iana-etc">http://freecode.com/projects/iana-etc</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2"> http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">3ba3afb1d1b261383d247f46cb135ee8</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Inetutils (1.9.4) - <span class= "token">1,333 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.4.tar.xz"> http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-1.9.4.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">87fef1fa3f603aef11c41dcc097af75e</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Intltool (0.51.0) - <span class= "token">159 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool">https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://launchpad.net/intltool/trunk/0.51.0/+download/intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz"> https://launchpad.net/intltool/trunk/0.51.0/+download/intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">12e517cac2b57a0121cda351570f1e63</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">IPRoute2 (5.5.0) - <span class= "token">731 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/">https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-5.5.0.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-5.5.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">ee8e2cdb416d4a8ef39525d39ab7c2d0</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Kbd (2.2.0) - <span class= "token">1,090 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd">http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/people/legion/kbd</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/kbd-2.2.0.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/kbd-2.2.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">d1d7ae0b5fb875dc082731e09cd0c8bc</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Kmod (26) - <span class="token">540 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-26.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-26.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">1129c243199bdd7db01b55a61aa19601</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Less (551) - <span class="token">339 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/">http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-551.tar.gz"> http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-551.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">4ad4408b06d7a6626a055cb453f36819</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">LFS-Bootscripts (20191031) - <span class="token">32 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.1/lfs-bootscripts-20191031.tar.xz"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/9.1/lfs-bootscripts-20191031.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">e9249541960df505e4dfac0c32369372</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Libcap (2.31) - <span class="token">97 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/">https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs/libcap2/libcap-2.31.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs/libcap2/libcap-2.31.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">52120c05dc797b01f5a7ae70f4335e96</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Libffi (3.3) - <span class= "token">1,275 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceware.org/libffi/">https://sourceware.org/libffi/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.3.tar.gz">ftp://sourceware.org/pub/libffi/libffi-3.3.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">6313289e32f1d38a9df4770b014a2ca7</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Libpipeline (1.5.2) - <span class= "token">971 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/">http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.5.2.tar.gz"> http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.5.2.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">169de4cc1f6f7f7d430a5bed858b2fd3</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Libtool (2.4.6) - <span class= "token">951 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/">http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.6.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.6.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">1bfb9b923f2c1339b4d2ce1807064aa5</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Linux (5.5.3) - <span class= "token">108,112 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/">https://www.kernel.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.5.3.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.5.3.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">3ea50025d8c679a327cf2fc225d81a46</code> </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The Linux kernel is updated relatively often, many times due to discoveries of security vulnerabilities. The latest available 5.5.x kernel version should be used, unless the errata page says otherwise. </p> <p> For users with limited speed or expensive bandwidth who wish to update the Linux kernel, a baseline version of the package and patches can be downloaded separately. This may save some time or cost for a subsequent patch level upgrade within a minor release. </p> </div> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">M4 (1.4.18) - <span class= "token">1,180 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/">http://www.gnu.org/software/m4/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.18.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.18.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">730bb15d96fffe47e148d1e09235af82</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Make (4.3) - <span class="token">2,263 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/make/">http://www.gnu.org/software/make/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-4.3.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-4.3.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">fc7a67ea86ace13195b0bce683fd4469</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Man-DB (2.9.0) - <span class= "token">1,814 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.nongnu.org/man-db/">https://www.nongnu.org/man-db/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.9.0.tar.xz"> http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.9.0.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">897576a19ecbef376a916485608cd790</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Man-pages (5.05) - <span class= "token">1,649 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/">https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-5.05.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-5.05.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">da25a4f8dfed0a34453c90153b98752d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Meson (0.53.1) - <span class= "token">1,516 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://mesonbuild.com">https://mesonbuild.com</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/0.53.1/meson-0.53.1.tar.gz"> https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/0.53.1/meson-0.53.1.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">9bf73f7b5a2426a7c8674a809bb8cae2</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">MPC (1.1.0) - <span class="token">685 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.multiprecision.org/">http://www.multiprecision.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz">https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">4125404e41e482ec68282a2e687f6c73</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">MPFR (4.0.2) - <span class= "token">1,409 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.mpfr.org/">https://www.mpfr.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-4.0.2/mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz">http://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-4.0.2/mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">320fbc4463d4c8cb1e566929d8adc4f8</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Ninja (1.10.0) - <span class= "token">206 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://ninja-build.org/">https://ninja-build.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/v1.10.0/ninja-1.10.0.tar.gz"> https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/v1.10.0/ninja-1.10.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">cf1d964113a171da42a8940e7607e71a</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Ncurses (6.2) - <span class= "token">3,346 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/">http://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-6.2.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/ncurses-6.2.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">e812da327b1c2214ac1aed440ea3ae8d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">OpenSSL (1.1.1d) - <span class= "token">8,639 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.openssl.org/">https://www.openssl.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz">https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.1.1d.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">3be209000dbc7e1b95bcdf47980a3baa</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Patch (2.7.6) - <span class= "token">766 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/">https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.6.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.6.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">78ad9937e4caadcba1526ef1853730d5</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Perl (5.30.1) - <span class= "token">12,078 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.perl.org/">https://www.perl.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.30.1.tar.xz">https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.30.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f399f3aaee90ddcff5eadd3bccdaacc0</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Pkg-config (0.29.2) - <span class= "token">1,970 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz"> https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f6e931e319531b736fadc017f470e68a</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Procps (3.3.15) - <span class= "token">884 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng">https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.15.tar.xz"> https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.15.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">2b0717a7cb474b3d6dfdeedfbad2eccc</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Psmisc (23.2) - <span class= "token">297 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/">http://psmisc.sourceforge.net/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-23.2.tar.xz"> https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-23.2.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">0524258861f00be1a02d27d39d8e5e62</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Python (3.8.1) - <span class= "token">17,411 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tar.xz"> https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">b3fb85fd479c0bf950c626ef80cacb57</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Python Documentation (3.8.1) - <span class="token">6,374 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/3.8.1/python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2"> https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/3.8.1/python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">edc8c97f9680373fcc1dd952f0ea7fcc</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Readline (8.0) - <span class= "token">2,907 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-8.0.tar.gz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-8.0.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">7e6c1f16aee3244a69aba6e438295ca3</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Sed (4.8) - <span class="token">1,317 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/">http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.8.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.8.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">6d906edfdb3202304059233f51f9a71d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Shadow (4.8.1) - <span class= "token">1,574 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/shadow-maint/shadow/releases/download/4.8.1/shadow-4.8.1.tar.xz"> https://github.com/shadow-maint/shadow/releases/download/4.8.1/shadow-4.8.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">4b05eff8a427cf50e615bda324b5bc45</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Sysklogd (1.5.1) - <span class= "token">88 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/">http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.1.tar.gz"> http://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.1.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">c70599ab0d037fde724f7210c2c8d7f8</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Sysvinit (2.96) - <span class= "token">120 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit">https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.96.tar.xz"> http://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-2.96.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">48cebffebf2a96ab09bec14bf9976016</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Tar (1.32) - <span class="token">2,055 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.32.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.32.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">83e38700a80a26e30b2df054e69956e5</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Tcl (8.6.10) - <span class= "token">9,907 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://tcl.sourceforge.net/">http://tcl.sourceforge.net/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.10-src.tar.gz"> https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.10-src.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">97c55573f8520bcab74e21bfd8d0aadc</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Texinfo (6.7) - <span class= "token">4,237 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/">http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-6.7.tar.xz">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-6.7.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">d4c5d8cc84438c5993ec5163a59522a6</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Time Zone Data (2019c) - <span class= "token">383 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.iana.org/time-zones">https://www.iana.org/time-zones</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2019c.tar.gz"> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2019c.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f6987e6dfdb2eb83a1b5076a50b80894</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Udev-lfs Tarball (udev-lfs-20171102) - <span class="token">11 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz"> http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">27cd82f9a61422e186b9d6759ddf1634</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Util-linux (2.35.1) - <span class= "token">5,018 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "http://freecode.com/projects/util-linux">http://freecode.com/projects/util-linux</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.35/util-linux-2.35.1.tar.xz"> https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.35/util-linux-2.35.1.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">7f64882f631225f0295ca05080cee1bf</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Vim (8.2.0190) - <span class= "token">14,406 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.vim.org">https://www.vim.org</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/vim-8.2.0190.tar.gz"> http://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/vim-8.2.0190.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f5337b1170df90e644a636539a0313a3</code> </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The version of vim changes daily. The get the latest version, go to <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/vim/vim/releases">https://github.com/vim/vim/releases</a>. </p> </div> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">XML::Parser (2.46) - <span class= "token">249 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/chorny/XML-Parser">https://github.com/chorny/XML-Parser</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/T/TO/TODDR/XML-Parser-2.46.tar.gz"> https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/T/TO/TODDR/XML-Parser-2.46.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">80bb18a8e6240fcf7ec2f7b57601c170</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Xz Utils (5.2.4) - <span class= "token">1030 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://tukaani.org/xz">https://tukaani.org/xz</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.2.4.tar.xz">https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.2.4.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">003e4d0b1b1899fc6e3000b24feddf7c</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Zlib (1.2.11) - <span class= "token">457 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://www.zlib.net/">https://www.zlib.net/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz">https://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">85adef240c5f370b308da8c938951a68</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Zstd (1.4.4) - <span class= "token">1,903 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Home page: <a class="ulink" href= "https://facebook.github.io/zstd/">https://facebook.github.io/zstd/</a> </p> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.4.4/zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz"> https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.4.4/zstd-1.4.4.tar.gz</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">487f7ee1562dee7c1c8adf85e2a63df9</code> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <p> Total size of these packages: about 398 MB </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-materials-patches" name= "ch-materials-patches"></a>3.3. Needed Patches </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> In addition to the packages, several patches are also required. These patches correct any mistakes in the packages that should be fixed by the maintainer. The patches also make small modifications to make the packages easier to work with. The following patches will be needed to build an LFS system: </p> <div class="materials"> <div class="variablelist"> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term">Bash Upstream Fixes Patch - <span class="token">22 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">c1545da2ad7d78574b52c465ec077ed9</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Bzip2 Documentation Patch - <span class="token">1.6 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">6a5ac7e89b791aae556de0f745916f7f</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Coreutils Internationalization Fixes Patch - <span class="token">168 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">a9404fb575dfd5514f3c8f4120f9ca7d</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Glibc FHS Patch - <span class= "token">2.8 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">9a5997c3452909b1769918c759eff8a2</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Kbd Backspace/Delete Fix Patch - <span class="token">12 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">f75cca16a38da6caa7d52151f7136895</code> </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">Sysvinit Consolidated Patch - <span class="token">2.4 KB</span>:</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Download: <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/9.1/sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch</a> </p> <p> MD5 sum: <code class= "literal">4900322141d493e74020c9cf437b2cdc</code> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <p> Total size of these patches: about 208.8 KB </p> <p> In addition to the above required patches, there exist a number of optional patches created by the LFS community. These optional patches solve minor problems or enable functionality that is not enabled by default. Feel free to peruse the patches database located at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/</a> and acquire any additional patches to suit your system needs. </p> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-final-preps" name= "chapter-final-preps"></a>Chapter 4. Final Preparations </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-introduction" name= "ch-preps-introduction"></a>4.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this chapter, we will perform a few additional tasks to prepare for building the temporary system. We will create a directory in <code class="filename">$LFS</code> for the installation of the temporary tools, add an unprivileged user to reduce risk, and create an appropriate build environment for that user. We will also explain the unit of time we use to measure how long LFS packages take to build, or <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">SBUs</span>”</span>, and give some information about package test suites. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir" name= "ch-preps-creatingtoolsdir"></a>4.2. Creating the $LFS/tools Directory </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> All programs compiled in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> will be installed under <code class= "filename">$LFS/tools</code> to keep them separate from the programs compiled in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>. The programs compiled here are temporary tools and will not be a part of the final LFS system. By keeping these programs in a separate directory, they can easily be discarded later after their use. This also prevents these programs from ending up in the host production directories (easy to do by accident in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a>). </p> <p> Create the required directory by running the following as <code class="systemitem">root</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v $LFS/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> The next step is to create a <code class= "filename">/tools</code> symlink on the host system. This will point to the newly-created directory on the LFS partition. Run this command as <code class="systemitem">root</code> as well: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv $LFS/tools /</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The above command is correct. The <span class= "command"><strong>ln</strong></span> command has a few syntactic variations, so be sure to check <span class= "command"><strong>info coreutils ln</strong></span> and <code class="filename">ln(1)</code> before reporting what you may think is an error. </p> </div> <p> The created symlink enables the toolchain to be compiled so that it always refers to <code class="filename">/tools</code>, meaning that the compiler, assembler, and linker will work both in Chapter 5 (when we are still using some tools from the host) and in the next (when we are <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">chrooted</span>”</span> to the LFS partition). </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-addinguser" name= "ch-preps-addinguser"></a>4.3. Adding the LFS User </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> When logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, making a single mistake can damage or destroy a system. Therefore, we recommend building the packages in the next chapter as an unprivileged user. You could use your own user name, but to make it easier to set up a clean working environment, create a new user called <code class= "systemitem">lfs</code> as a member of a new group (also named <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>) and use this user during the installation process. As <code class= "systemitem">root</code>, issue the following commands to add the new user: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">groupadd lfs useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the command line options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-s /bin/bash</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This makes <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> the default shell for user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-g lfs</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option adds user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> to group <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-m</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This creates a home directory for <code class= "systemitem">lfs</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-k /dev/null</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter prevents possible copying of files from a skeleton directory (default is <code class= "filename">/etc/skel</code>) by changing the input location to the special null device. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>lfs</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This is the actual name for the created group and user. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> To log in as <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> (as opposed to switching to user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> when logged in as <code class="systemitem">root</code>, which does not require the <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> user to have a password), give <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> a password: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">passwd lfs</kbd> </pre> <p> Grant <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> full access to <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> by making <code class= "systemitem">lfs</code> the directory owner: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> If a separate working directory was created as suggested, give user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> ownership of this directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -v lfs $LFS/sources</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> In some host systems, the following command does not complete properly and suspends the login to the lfs user to the background. If the prompt "lfs:~$" does not appear immediately, entering the <span class= "command"><strong>fg</strong></span> command will fix the issue. </p> </div> <p> Next, login as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. This can be done via a virtual console, through a display manager, or with the following substitute user command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">su - lfs</kbd> </pre> <p> The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><em class= "parameter"><code>-</code></em></span>”</span> instructs <span class="command"><strong>su</strong></span> to start a login shell as opposed to a non-login shell. The difference between these two types of shells can be found in detail in <code class="filename">bash(1)</code> and <span class= "command"><strong>info bash</strong></span>. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-settingenviron" name= "ch-preps-settingenviron"></a>4.4. Setting Up the Environment </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files for the <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> shell. While logged in as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, issue the following command to create a new <code class= "filename">.bash_profile</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" <code class= "literal">exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> When logged on as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>, the initial shell is usually a <span class= "emphasis"><em>login</em></span> shell which reads the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then <code class="filename">.bash_profile</code>. The <span class="command"><strong>exec env -i.../bin/bash</strong></span> command in the <code class= "filename">.bash_profile</code> file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class= "envar">TERM</code>, and <code class="envar">PS1</code> variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment. The technique used here achieves the goal of ensuring a clean environment. </p> <p> The new instance of the shell is a <span class= "emphasis"><em>non-login</em></span> shell, which does not read the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> or <code class= "filename">.bash_profile</code> files, but rather reads the <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file instead. Create the <code class="filename">.bashrc</code> file now: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" <code class="literal">set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu PATH=/tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>set +h</strong></span> command turns off <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span>'s hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature—<span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> uses a hash table to remember the full path of executable files to avoid searching the <code class="envar">PATH</code> time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. By switching off the hash function, the shell will always search the <code class="envar">PATH</code> when a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in <code class= "filename">$LFS/tools</code> as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program in a different location. </p> <p> Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the <code class= "function">open(2)</code> system call, new files will end up with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755). </p> <p> The <code class="envar">LFS</code> variable should be set to the chosen mount point. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">LC_ALL</code> variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting <code class= "envar">LC_ALL</code> to <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">POSIX</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">C</span>”</span> (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the chroot environment. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine description for use when building our cross compiler and linker and when cross compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is contained in <a class="xref" href="#ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" title= "5.2. Toolchain Technical Notes">Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”</a>. </p> <p> By putting <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> ahead of the standard <code class="envar">PATH</code>, all the programs installed in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> are picked up by the shell immediately after their installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits the risk that old programs are used from the host when the same programs are available in the chapter 5 environment. </p> <p> Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building the temporary tools, source the just-created user profile: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">source ~/.bash_profile</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-aboutsbus" name= "ch-preps-aboutsbus"></a>4.5. About SBUs </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Many people would like to know beforehand approximately how long it takes to compile and install each package. Because Linux From Scratch can be built on many different systems, it is impossible to provide accurate time estimates. The biggest package (Glibc) will take approximately 20 minutes on the fastest systems, but could take up to three days on slower systems! Instead of providing actual times, the Standard Build Unit (SBU) measure will be used instead. </p> <p> The SBU measure works as follows. The first package to be compiled from this book is Binutils in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a>. The time it takes to compile this package is what will be referred to as the Standard Build Unit or SBU. All other compile times will be expressed relative to this time. </p> <p> For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5 SBUs. This means that if a system took 10 minutes to compile and install the first pass of Binutils, it will take <span class="emphasis"><em>approximately</em></span> 45 minutes to build this example package. Fortunately, most build times are shorter than the one for Binutils. </p> <p> In general, SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores) the compilation time for a package can be reduced by performing a "parallel make" by either setting an environment variable or telling the <span class= "command"><strong>make</strong></span> program how many processors are available. For instance, a Core2Duo can support two simultaneous processes with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">export MAKEFLAGS='-j 2'</kbd> </pre> <p> or just building with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -j2</kbd> </pre> <p> When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units in the book will vary even more than they normally would. In some cases, the make step will simply fail. Analyzing the output of the build process will also be more difficult because the lines of different processes will be interleaved. If you run into a problem with a build step, revert back to a single processor build to properly analyze the error messages. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-preps-abouttestsuites" name= "ch-preps-abouttestsuites"></a>4.6. About the Test Suites </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Most packages provide a test suite. Running the test suite for a newly built package is a good idea because it can provide a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">sanity check</span>”</span> indicating that everything compiled correctly. A test suite that passes its set of checks usually proves that the package is functioning as the developer intended. It does not, however, guarantee that the package is totally bug free. </p> <p> Some test suites are more important than others. For example, the test suites for the core toolchain packages—GCC, Binutils, and Glibc—are of the utmost importance due to their central role in a properly functioning system. The test suites for GCC and Glibc can take a very long time to complete, especially on slower hardware, but are strongly recommended. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Experience has shown that there is little to be gained from running the test suites in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a>. There can be no escaping the fact that the host system always exerts some influence on the tests in that chapter, often causing inexplicable failures. Because the tools built in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> are temporary and eventually discarded, we do not recommend running the test suites in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> for the average reader. The instructions for running those test suites are provided for the benefit of testers and developers, but they are strictly optional. </p> </div> <p> A common issue with running the test suites for Binutils and GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result in a high number of failing tests. This may happen for several reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does not have the <code class="systemitem">devpts</code> file system set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/faq.html#no-ptys">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/faq.html#no-ptys</a>. </p> <p> Sometimes package test suites will fail, but for reasons which the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical. Consult the logs located at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/</a> to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site is valid for all tests throughout this book. </p> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-temporary-tools" name= "chapter-temporary-tools"></a>Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-introduction" name= "ch-tools-introduction"></a>5.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This chapter shows how to build a minimal Linux system. This system will contain just enough tools to start constructing the final LFS system in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a> and allow a working environment with more user convenience than a minimum environment would. </p> <p> There are two steps in building this minimal system. The first step is to build a new and host-independent toolchain (compiler, assembler, linker, libraries, and a few useful utilities). The second step uses this toolchain to build the other essential tools. </p> <p> The files compiled in this chapter will be installed under the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to keep them separate from the files installed in the next chapter and the host production directories. Since the packages compiled here are temporary, we do not want them to pollute the soon-to-be LFS system. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes" name= "ch-tools-toolchaintechnotes"></a>5.2. Toolchain Technical Notes </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This section explains some of the rationale and technical details behind the overall build method. It is not essential to immediately understand everything in this section. Most of this information will be clearer after performing an actual build. This section can be referred to at any time during the process. </p> <p> The overall goal of <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> is to produce a temporary area that contains a known-good set of tools that can be isolated from the host system. By using <span class="command"><strong>chroot</strong></span>, the commands in the remaining chapters will be contained within that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the target LFS system. The build process has been designed to minimize the risks for new readers and to provide the most educational value at the same time. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Before continuing, be aware of the name of the working platform, often referred to as the target triplet. A simple way to determine the name of the target triplet is to run the <span class="command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span> script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack the Binutils sources and run the script: <strong class= "userinput"><code>./config.guess</code></strong> and note the output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the output will be <span class= "emphasis"><em>i686-pc-linux-gnu</em></span>. On a 64-bit system it will be <span class= "emphasis"><em>x86_64-pc-linux-gnu</em></span>. </p> <p> Also be aware of the name of the platform's dynamic linker, often referred to as the dynamic loader (not to be confused with the standard linker <span class= "command"><strong>ld</strong></span> that is part of Binutils). The dynamic linker provided by Glibc finds and loads the shared libraries needed by a program, prepares the program to run, and then runs it. The name of the dynamic linker for a 32-bit Intel machine will be <code class= "filename">ld-linux.so.2</code> (<code class= "filename">ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code> for 64-bit systems). A sure-fire way to determine the name of the dynamic linker is to inspect a random binary from the host system by running: <strong class="userinput"><code>readelf -l <name of binary> | grep interpreter</code></strong> and noting the output. The authoritative reference covering all platforms is in the <code class="filename">shlib-versions</code> file in the root of the Glibc source tree. </p> </div> <p> Some key technical points of how the <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> build method works: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Slightly adjusting the name of the working platform, by changing the "vendor" field target triplet by way of the <code class="envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable, ensures that the first build of Binutils and GCC produces a compatible cross-linker and cross-compiler. Instead of producing binaries for another architecture, the cross-linker and cross-compiler will produce binaries compatible with the current hardware. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The temporary libraries are cross-compiled. Because a cross-compiler by its nature cannot rely on anything from its host system, this method removes potential contamination of the target system by lessening the chance of headers or libraries from the host being incorporated into the new tools. Cross-compilation also allows for the possibility of building both 32-bit and 64-bit libraries on 64-bit capable hardware. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Careful manipulation of the GCC source tells the compiler which target dynamic linker will be used. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Binutils is installed first because the <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> runs of both GCC and Glibc perform various feature tests on the assembler and linker to determine which software features to enable or disable. This is more important than one might first realize. An incorrectly configured GCC or Glibc can result in a subtly broken toolchain, where the impact of such breakage might not show up until near the end of the build of an entire distribution. A test suite failure will usually highlight this error before too much additional work is performed. </p> <p> Binutils installs its assembler and linker in two locations, <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> and <code class= "filename">/tools/$LFS_TGT/bin</code>. The tools in one location are hard linked to the other. An important facet of the linker is its library search order. Detailed information can be obtained from <span class= "command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by passing it the <em class="parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> flag. For example, an <strong class="userinput"><code>ld --verbose | grep SEARCH</code></strong> will illustrate the current search paths and their order. It shows which files are linked by <span class="command"><strong>ld</strong></span> by compiling a dummy program and passing the <em class= "parameter"><code>--verbose</code></em> switch to the linker. For example, <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc dummy.c -Wl,--verbose 2>&1 | grep succeeded</code></strong> will show all the files successfully opened during the linking. </p> <p> The next package installed is GCC. An example of what can be seen during its run of <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> is: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">checking what assembler to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/as checking what linker to use... /tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld</code> </pre> <p> This is important for the reasons mentioned above. It also demonstrates that GCC's configure script does not search the PATH directories to find which tools to use. However, during the actual operation of <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> itself, the same search paths are not necessarily used. To find out which standard linker <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> will use, run: <strong class="userinput"><code>gcc -print-prog-name=ld</code></strong>. </p> <p> Detailed information can be obtained from <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> by passing it the <em class="parameter"><code>-v</code></em> command line option while compiling a dummy program. For example, <strong class= "userinput"><code>gcc -v dummy.c</code></strong> will show detailed information about the preprocessor, compilation, and assembly stages, including <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s included search paths and their order. </p> <p> Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the standard C library (Glibc) to interface with features that the Linux kernel will provide. </p> <p> The next package installed is Glibc. The most important considerations for building Glibc are the compiler, binary tools, and kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an issue since Glibc will always use the compiler relating to the <em class="parameter"><code>--host</code></em> parameter passed to its configure script; e.g. in our case, the compiler will be <span class= "command"><strong>i686-lfs-linux-gnu-gcc</strong></span>. The binary tools and kernel headers can be a bit more complicated. Therefore, take no risks and use the available configure switches to enforce the correct selections. After the run of <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>, check the contents of the <code class="filename">config.make</code> file in the <code class="filename">glibc-build</code> directory for all important details. Note the use of <em class= "parameter"><code>CC="i686-lfs-gnu-gcc"</code></em> to control which binary tools are used and the use of the <em class= "parameter"><code>-nostdinc</code></em> and <em class= "parameter"><code>-isystem</code></em> flags to control the compiler's include search path. These items highlight an important aspect of the Glibc package—it is very self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery and generally does not rely on toolchain defaults. </p> <p> During the second pass of Binutils, we are able to utilize the <em class="parameter"><code>--with-lib-path</code></em> configure switch to control <span class= "command"><strong>ld</strong></span>'s library search path. </p> <p> For the second pass of GCC, its sources also need to be modified to tell GCC to use the new dynamic linker. Failure to do so will result in the GCC programs themselves having the name of the dynamic linker from the host system's <code class= "filename">/lib</code> directory embedded into them, which would defeat the goal of getting away from the host. From this point onwards, the core toolchain is self-contained and self-hosted. The remainder of the <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> packages all build against the new Glibc in <code class= "filename">/tools</code>. </p> <p> Upon entering the chroot environment in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>, the first major package to be installed is Glibc, due to its self-sufficient nature mentioned above. Once this Glibc is installed into <code class="filename">/usr</code>, we will perform a quick changeover of the toolchain defaults, and then proceed in building the rest of the target LFS system. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-generalinstructions" name= "ch-tools-generalinstructions"></a>5.3. General Compilation Instructions </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> When building packages there are several assumptions made within the instructions: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Several of the packages are patched before compilation, but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a problem. A patch is often needed in both this and the next chapter, but sometimes in only one or the other. Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages about <span class="emphasis"><em>offset</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>fuzz</em></span> may also be encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about these warnings, as the patch was still successfully applied. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> During the compilation of most packages, there will be several warnings that scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are as they appear—warnings about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages still use the older standard. This is not a problem, but does prompt the warning. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Check one last time that the <code class= "envar">LFS</code> environment variable is set up properly: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo $LFS</kbd> </pre> <p> Make sure the output shows the path to the LFS partition's mount point, which is <code class= "filename">/mnt/lfs</code>, using our example. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Finally, two important items must be emphasized: </p> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> The build instructions assume that the <a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs" title= "2.2. Host System Requirements">Host System Requirements</a>, including symbolic links, have been set properly: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> is the shell in use. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span> is a symbolic link to <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "command"><strong>/usr/bin/awk</strong></span> is a symbolic link to <span class= "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "command"><strong>/usr/bin/yacc</strong></span> is a symbolic link to <span class= "command"><strong>bison</strong></span> or a small script that executes bison. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> To re-emphasize the build process: </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol class="compact"> <li class="listitem"> <p> Place all the sources and patches in a directory that will be accessible from the chroot environment such as <code class= "filename">/mnt/lfs/sources/</code>. Do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> put sources in <code class= "filename">/mnt/lfs/tools/</code>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Change to the sources directory. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a id="buildinstr" name="buildinstr"></a>For each package: </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol class="compact"> <li class="listitem"> <p> Using the <span class= "command"><strong>tar</strong></span> program, extract the package to be built. In Chapter 5, ensure you are the <span class="emphasis"><em>lfs</em></span> user when extracting the package. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Change to the directory created when the package was extracted. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Follow the book's instructions for building the package. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Change back to the sources directory. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Delete the extracted source directory unless instructed otherwise. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass1" name= "ch-tools-binutils-pass1"></a>5.4. Binutils-2.34 - Pass 1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">625 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.4.1. Installation of Cross Binutils </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Go back and re-read the notes in the previous section. Understanding the notes labeled important will save you a lot of problems later. </p> </div> <p> It is important that Binutils be the first package compiled because both Glibc and GCC perform various tests on the available linker and assembler to determine which of their own features to enable. </p> <p> The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> In order for the SBU values listed in the rest of the book to be of any use, measure the time it takes to build this package from the configuration, up to and including the first install. To achieve this easily, wrap the commands in a <span class="command"><strong>time</strong></span> command like this: <strong class="userinput"><code>time { ./configure ... && ... && make install; }</code></strong>. </p> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The approximate build SBU values and required disk space in Chapter 5 does not include test suite data. </p> </div> <p> Now prepare Binutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/tools \ --with-sysroot=$LFS \ --with-lib-path=/tools/lib \ --target=$LFS_TGT \ --disable-nls \ --disable-werror</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--prefix=/tools</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells the configure script to prepare to install the Binutils programs in the <code class= "filename">/tools</code> directory. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-sysroot=$LFS</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> For cross compilation, this tells the build system to look in $LFS for the target system libraries as needed. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This specifies which library path the linker should be configured to use. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">--target=$LFS_TGT</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Because the machine description in the <code class= "envar">LFS_TGT</code> variable is slightly different than the value returned by the <span class= "command"><strong>config.guess</strong></span> script, this switch will tell the <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script to adjust Binutil's build system for building a cross linker. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-nls</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This disables internationalization as i18n is not needed for the temporary tools. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This prevents the build from stopping in the event that there are warnings from the host's compiler. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Continue with compiling the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. Ordinarily we would now run the test suite, but at this early stage the test suite framework (Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU) is not yet in place. The benefits of running the tests at this point are minimal since the programs from this first pass will soon be replaced by those from the second. </p> <p> If building on x86_64, create a symlink to ensure the sanity of the toolchain: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in x86_64) mkdir -v /tools/lib && ln -sv lib /tools/lib64 ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-binutils" title= "6.18.2. Contents of Binutils">Section 6.18.2, “Contents of Binutils.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass1" name= "ch-tools-gcc-pass1"></a>5.5. GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">10 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">3.1 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.5.1. Installation of Cross GCC </h3> <p> GCC now requires the GMP, MPFR and MPC packages. As these packages may not be included in your host distribution, they will be built with GCC. Unpack each package into the GCC source directory and rename the resulting directories so the GCC build procedures will automatically use them: </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> There are frequent misunderstandings about this chapter. The procedures are the same as every other chapter as explained earlier (<a class="xref" href= "#buildinstr">Package build instructions</a>). First extract the gcc tarball from the sources directory and then change to the directory created. Only then should you proceed with the instructions below. </p> </div> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">tar -xf ../mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz mv -v mpfr-4.0.2 mpfr tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz mv -v gmp-6.2.0 gmp tar -xf ../mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz mv -v mpc-1.1.0 mpc</kbd> </pre> <p> The following command will change the location of GCC's default dynamic linker to use the one installed in <code class="filename">/tools</code>. It also removes <code class="filename">/usr/include</code> from GCC's include search path. Issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">for file in gcc/config/{linux,i386/linux{,64}}.h do cp -uv $file{,.orig} sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&@g' \ -e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig > $file echo ' #undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 #undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 #define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/" #define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' >> $file touch $file.orig done</kbd> </pre> <p> In case the above seems hard to follow, let's break it down a bit. First we copy the files <code class= "filename">gcc/config/linux.h</code>, <code class= "filename">gcc/config/i386/linux.h</code>, and <code class= "filename">gcc/config/i368/linux64.h</code> to a file of the same name but with an added suffix of <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">.orig</span>”</span>. Then the first sed expression prepends <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">/tools</span>”</span> to every instance of <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">/lib/ld</span>”</span>, <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">/lib64/ld</span>”</span> or <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">/lib32/ld</span>”</span>, while the second one replaces hard-coded instances of <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">/usr</span>”</span>. Next, we add our define statements which alter the default startfile prefix to the end of the file. Note that the trailing <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">/</span>”</span> in <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">/tools/lib/</span>”</span> is required. Finally, we use <span class= "command"><strong>touch</strong></span> to update the timestamp on the copied files. When used in conjunction with <span class="command"><strong>cp -u</strong></span>, this prevents unexpected changes to the original files in case the commands are inadvertently run twice. </p> <p> Finally, on x86_64 hosts, set the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">lib</span>”</span>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \ -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <p> The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare GCC for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../configure \ --target=$LFS_TGT \ --prefix=/tools \ --with-glibc-version=2.11 \ --with-sysroot=$LFS \ --with-newlib \ --without-headers \ --with-local-prefix=/tools \ --with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \ --disable-nls \ --disable-shared \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-decimal-float \ --disable-threads \ --disable-libatomic \ --disable-libgomp \ --disable-libquadmath \ --disable-libssp \ --disable-libvtv \ --disable-libstdcxx \ --enable-languages=c,c++</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-glibc-version=2.11</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option ensures the package will be compatible with the host's version of glibc. It is set to the minimum glibc requirement specified in the <a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-hostreqs" title= "2.2. Host System Requirements">Host System Requirements</a>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-newlib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Since a working C library is not yet available, this ensures that the inhibit_libc constant is defined when building libgcc. This prevents the compiling of any code that requires libc support. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-headers</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> When creating a complete cross-compiler, GCC requires standard headers compatible with the target system. For our purposes these headers will not be needed. This switch prevents GCC from looking for them. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-local-prefix=/tools</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The local prefix is the location in the system that GCC will search for locally installed include files. The default is <code class="filename">/usr/local</code>. Setting this to <code class="filename">/tools</code> helps keep the host location of <code class= "filename">/usr/local</code> out of this GCC's search path. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> By default, GCC searches <code class= "filename">/usr/include</code> for system headers. In conjunction with the sysroot switch, this would normally translate to <code class= "filename">$LFS/usr/include</code>. However the headers that will be installed in the next two sections will go to <code class="filename">$LFS/tools/include</code>. This switch ensures that gcc will find them correctly. In the second pass of GCC, this same switch will ensure that no headers from the host system are found. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch forces GCC to link its internal libraries statically. We do this to avoid possible issues with the host system. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-decimal-float, --disable-threads, --disable-libatomic, --disable-libgomp, --disable-libquadmath, --disable-libssp, --disable-libvtv, --disable-libstdcxx</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These switches disable support for the decimal floating point extension, threading, libatomic, libgomp, libquadmath, libssp, libvtv, and the C++ standard library respectively. These features will fail to compile when building a cross-compiler and are not necessary for the task of cross-compiling the temporary libc. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-multilib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> On x86_64, LFS does not yet support a multilib configuration. This switch is harmless for x86. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c,c++</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option ensures that only the C and C++ compilers are built. These are the only languages needed now. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile GCC by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. At this point, the test suite would normally be run, but, as mentioned before, the test suite framework is not in place yet. The benefits of running the tests at this point are minimal since the programs from this first pass will soon be replaced. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gcc" title= "6.25.2. Contents of GCC">Section 6.25.2, “Contents of GCC.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-linux-headers" name= "ch-tools-linux-headers"></a>5.6. Linux-5.5.3 API Headers </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Linux API Headers (in linux-5.5.3.tar.xz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">1 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.6.1. Installation of Linux API Headers </h3> <p> The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball. </p> <p> Make sure there are no stale files embedded in the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd> </pre> <p> Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source. The recommended make target <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">headers_install</span>”</span> cannot be used, because it requires <span class="application">rsync</span>, which may not be available. The headers are first placed in <code class="filename">./usr</code>, then copied to the needed location. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make headers </kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv usr/include/* /tools/include</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-linux-headers" title= "6.7.2. Contents of Linux API Headers">Section 6.7.2, “Contents of Linux API Headers.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-glibc" name= "ch-tools-glibc"></a>5.7. Glibc-2.31 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">896 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.7.1. Installation of Glibc </h3> <p> The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Next, prepare Glibc for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../configure \ --prefix=/tools \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \ --enable-kernel=3.2 \ --with-headers=/tools/include</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--host=$LFS_TGT, --build=$(../scripts/config.guess)</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The combined effect of these switches is that Glibc's build system configures itself to cross-compile, using the cross-linker and cross-compiler in <code class= "filename">/tools</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-kernel=3.2</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells Glibc to compile the library with support for 3.2 and later Linux kernels. Workarounds for older kernels are not enabled. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-headers=/tools/include</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells Glibc to compile itself against the headers recently installed to the tools directory, so that it knows exactly what features the kernel has and can optimize itself accordingly. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> During this stage the following warning might appear: </p> <div class="blockquote"> <blockquote class="blockquote"> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">configure: WARNING: *** These auxiliary programs are missing or *** incompatible versions: msgfmt *** some features will be disabled. *** Check the INSTALL file for required versions.</code> </pre> </blockquote> </div> <p> The missing or incompatible <span class= "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is generally harmless. This <span class= "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span> program is part of the Gettext package which the host distribution should provide. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> There have been reports that this package may fail when building as a "parallel make". If this occurs, rerun the make command with a "-j1" option. </p> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity check, run the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c $LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd> </pre> <p> If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be of the form: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code> </pre> <p> Note that for 32-bit machines, the interpreter name will be <code class="filename">/tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>. </p> <p> If the output is not shown as above or there was no output at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. This issue must be resolved before continuing on. </p> <p> Once all is well, clean up the test files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Building Binutils in the section after next will serve as an additional check that the toolchain has been built properly. If Binutils fails to build, it is an indication that something has gone wrong with the previous Binutils, GCC, or Glibc installations. </p> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-glibc" title= "6.9.3. Contents of Glibc">Section 6.9.3, “Contents of Glibc.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-libstdcpp" name= "ch-tools-libstdcpp"></a>5.8. Libstdc++ from GCC-9.2.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Libstdc++ is the standard C++ library. It is needed to compile C++ code (part of GCC is written in C++), but we had to defer its installation when we built <a class="xref" href= "#ch-tools-gcc-pass1" title= "5.5. GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1">gcc-pass1</a> because it depends on glibc, which was not yet available in /tools. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">878 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.8.1. Installation of Target Libstdc++ </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> <span class="application">Libstdc++</span> is part of the GCC sources. You should first unpack the GCC tarball and change to the <code class="filename">gcc-9.2.0</code> directory. </p> </div> <p> Create a separate build directory for Libstdc++ and enter it: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Libstdc++ for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../libstdc++-v3/configure \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --prefix=/tools \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-nls \ --disable-libstdcxx-threads \ --disable-libstdcxx-pch \ --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/9.2.0</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--host=...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Indicates to use the cross compiler we have just built instead of the one in <code class= "filename">/usr/bin</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-threads</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Since gcc-pass1 is built without thread support, the C++ thread library cannot be built either. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-pch</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch prevents the installation of precompiled include files, which are not needed at this stage. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/9.2.0</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This is the location where the standard include files are searched by the C++ compiler. In a normal build, this information is automatically passed to the Libstdc++ <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> options from the top level directory. In our case, this information must be explicitly given. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile libstdc++ by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the library: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gcc" title= "6.25.2. Contents of GCC">Section 6.25.2, “Contents of GCC.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-binutils-pass2" name= "ch-tools-binutils-pass2"></a>5.9. Binutils-2.34 - Pass 2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">651 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.9.1. Installation of Binutils </h3> <p> Create a separate build directory again: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Binutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc \ AR=$LFS_TGT-ar \ RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib \ ../configure \ --prefix=/tools \ --disable-nls \ --disable-werror \ --with-lib-path=/tools/lib \ --with-sysroot</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc AR=$LFS_TGT-ar RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Because this is really a native build of Binutils, setting these variables ensures that the build system uses the cross-compiler and associated tools instead of the ones on the host system. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-lib-path=/tools/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells the configure script to specify the library search path during the compilation of Binutils, resulting in <code class="filename">/tools/lib</code> being passed to the linker. This prevents the linker from searching through library directories on the host. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-sysroot</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This defines a default (non-existent) sysroot directory <code class="filename">/tools/$LFS_TGT/sys-root</code>. It is useful when looking for shared objects which are required by other shared objects explicitly included on the linker's command line. Those objects are searched into the directories listed in <code class= "filename"><sysroot>/etc/ld.so.conf</code>, and failing that, into the linker search path, which is right. If this switch is not given, <code class= "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> on the host is used, that is, programs may be linked to libraries on the host, which we want to avoid. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Now prepare the linker for the <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">Re-adjusting</span>”</span> phase in the next chapter: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -C ld clean make -C ld LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib cp -v ld/ld-new /tools/bin</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameters:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld clean</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells the make program to remove all compiled files in the <code class="filename">ld</code> subdirectory. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-C ld LIB_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option rebuilds everything in the <code class= "filename">ld</code> subdirectory. Specifying the <code class="envar">LIB_PATH</code> Makefile variable on the command line allows us to override the default value of the temporary tools and point it to the proper final path. The value of this variable specifies the linker's default library search path. This preparation is used in the next chapter. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-binutils" title= "6.18.2. Contents of Binutils">Section 6.18.2, “Contents of Binutils.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-gcc-pass2" name= "ch-tools-gcc-pass2"></a>5.10. GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">13 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">3.7 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.10.1. Installation of GCC </h3> <p> Our first build of GCC has installed a couple of internal system headers. Normally one of them, <code class= "filename">limits.h</code>, will in turn include the corresponding system <code class="filename">limits.h</code> header, in this case, <code class= "filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code>. However, at the time of the first build of gcc <code class= "filename">/tools/include/limits.h</code> did not exist, so the internal header that GCC installed is a partial, self-contained file and does not include the extended features of the system header. This was adequate for building the temporary libc, but this build of GCC now requires the full internal header. Create a full version of the internal header using a command that is identical to what the GCC build system does in normal circumstances: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h > \ `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/include-fixed/limits.h</kbd> </pre> <p> Once again, change the location of GCC's default dynamic linker to use the one installed in <code class= "filename">/tools</code>. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">for file in gcc/config/{linux,i386/linux{,64}}.h do cp -uv $file{,.orig} sed -e 's@/lib\(64\)\?\(32\)\?/ld@/tools&@g' \ -e 's@/usr@/tools@g' $file.orig > $file echo ' #undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 #undef STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 #define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_1 "/tools/lib/" #define STANDARD_STARTFILE_PREFIX_2 ""' >> $file touch $file.orig done</kbd> </pre> <p> If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">lib</span>”</span>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \ -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <p> As in the first build of GCC it requires the GMP, MPFR and MPC packages. Unpack the tarballs and move them into the required directory names: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">tar -xf ../mpfr-4.0.2.tar.xz mv -v mpfr-4.0.2 mpfr tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.0.tar.xz mv -v gmp-6.2.0 gmp tar -xf ../mpc-1.1.0.tar.gz mv -v mpc-1.1.0 mpc</kbd> </pre> <p> Now fix a problem introduced by Glibc-2.31: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -e '1161 s|^|//|' \ -i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_platform_limits_posix.cc</kbd> </pre> <p> Create a separate build directory again: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Before starting to build GCC, remember to unset any environment variables that override the default optimization flags. </p> <p> Now prepare GCC for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">CC=$LFS_TGT-gcc \ CXX=$LFS_TGT-g++ \ AR=$LFS_TGT-ar \ RANLIB=$LFS_TGT-ranlib \ ../configure \ --prefix=/tools \ --with-local-prefix=/tools \ --with-native-system-header-dir=/tools/include \ --enable-languages=c,c++ \ --disable-libstdcxx-pch \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-bootstrap \ --disable-libgomp</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-languages=c,c++</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option ensures that both the C and C++ compilers are built. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-libstdcxx-pch</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Do not build the pre-compiled header (PCH) for <code class="filename">libstdc++</code>. It takes up a lot of space, and we have no use for it. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-bootstrap</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> For native builds of GCC, the default is to do a "bootstrap" build. This does not just compile GCC, but compiles it several times. It uses the programs compiled in a first round to compile itself a second time, and then again a third time. The second and third iterations are compared to make sure it can reproduce itself flawlessly. This also implies that it was compiled correctly. However, the LFS build method should provide a solid compiler without the need to bootstrap each time. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> As a finishing touch, create a symlink. Many programs and scripts run <span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span> instead of <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>, which is used to keep programs generic and therefore usable on all kinds of UNIX systems where the GNU C compiler is not always installed. Running <span class= "command"><strong>cc</strong></span> leaves the system administrator free to decide which C compiler to install: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /tools/bin/cc</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity check, run the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c cc dummy.c readelf -l a.out | grep ': /tools'</kbd> </pre> <p> If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be of the form: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /tools/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code> </pre> <p> Note that the dynamic linker will be /tools/lib/ld-linux.so.2 for 32-bit machines. </p> <p> If the output is not shown as above or there was no output at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. This issue must be resolved before continuing on. First, perform the sanity check again, using <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> instead of <span class="command"><strong>cc</strong></span>. If this works, then the <code class="filename">/tools/bin/cc</code> symlink is missing. Install the symlink as per above. Next, ensure that the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is correct. This can be checked by running <span class= "command"><strong>echo $PATH</strong></span> and verifying that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> is at the head of the list. If the <code class="envar">PATH</code> is wrong it could mean that you are not logged in as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code> or that something went wrong back in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-preps-settingenviron" title= "4.4. Setting Up the Environment">Section 4.4, “Setting Up the Environment.”</a> </p> <p> Once all is well, clean up the test files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out</kbd> </pre> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gcc" title= "6.25.2. Contents of GCC">Section 6.25.2, “Contents of GCC.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-tcl" name= "ch-tools-tcl"></a>5.11. Tcl-8.6.10 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Tcl package contains the Tool Command Language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.9 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">72 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.11.1. Installation of Tcl </h3> <p> This package and the next two (Expect and DejaGNU) are installed to support running the test suites for GCC and Binutils and other packages. Installing three packages for testing purposes may seem excessive, but it is very reassuring, if not essential, to know that the most important tools are working properly. Even if the test suites are not run in this chapter (they are not mandatory), these packages are required to run the test suites in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>. </p> <p> Note that the Tcl package used here is a minimal version needed to run the LFS tests. For the full package, see the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/tcl.html"> BLFS Tcl procedures</a>. </p> <p> Prepare Tcl for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cd unix ./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Build the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Tcl test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">TZ=UTC make test</kbd> </pre> <p> The Tcl test suite may experience failures under certain host conditions that are not fully understood. Therefore, test suite failures here are not surprising, and are not considered critical. The <em class= "parameter"><code>TZ=UTC</code></em> parameter sets the time zone to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), but only for the duration of the test suite run. This ensures that the clock tests are exercised correctly. Details on the <code class= "envar">TZ</code> environment variable are provided in <a class="xref" href="#chapter-config" title= "Chapter 7. System Configuration">Chapter 7</a>. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Make the installed library writable so debugging symbols can be removed later: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chmod -v u+w /tools/lib/libtcl8.6.so</kbd> </pre> <p> Install Tcl's headers. The next package, Expect, requires them to build. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install-private-headers</kbd> </pre> <p> Now make a necessary symbolic link: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv tclsh8.6 /tools/bin/tclsh</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-tcl" name="contents-tcl"></a>5.11.2. Contents of Tcl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">tclsh (link to tclsh8.6) and tclsh8.6</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libtcl8.6.so, libtclstub8.6.a</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504930277920" name= "idm46504930277920"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tclsh8.6" name="tclsh8.6"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tclsh8.6</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Tcl command shell </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tclsh" name="tclsh"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tclsh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A link to tclsh8.6 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtcl8.6.so" name= "libtcl8.6.so"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libtcl8.6.so</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Tcl library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtclstub8.6.a" name= "libtclstub8.6.a"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libtclstub8.6.a</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Tcl Stub library </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-expect" name= "ch-tools-expect"></a>5.12. Expect-5.45.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Expect package contains a program for carrying out scripted dialogues with other interactive programs. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.0 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.12.1. Installation of Expect </h3> <p> First, force Expect's configure script to use <code class= "filename">/bin/stty</code> instead of a <code class= "filename">/usr/local/bin/stty</code> it may find on the host system. This will ensure that our test suite tools remain sane for the final builds of our toolchain: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -v configure{,.orig} sed 's:/usr/local/bin:/bin:' configure.orig > configure</kbd> </pre> <p> Now prepare Expect for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools \ --with-tcl=/tools/lib \ --with-tclinclude=/tools/include</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-tcl=/tools/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that the configure script finds the Tcl installation in the temporary tools location instead of possibly locating an existing one on the host system. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-tclinclude=/tools/include</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This explicitly tells Expect where to find Tcl's internal headers. Using this option avoids conditions where <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> fails because it cannot automatically discover the location of Tcl's headers. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Build the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Expect test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> Note that the Expect test suite is known to experience failures under certain host conditions that are not within our control. Therefore, test suite failures here are not surprising and are not considered critical. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make SCRIPTS="" install</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>SCRIPTS=""</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This prevents installation of the supplementary Expect scripts, which are not needed. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-expect" name="contents-expect"></a>5.12.2. Contents of Expect </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">expect</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libexpect-5.45.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504930228768" name= "idm46504930228768"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="expect" name="expect"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>expect</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Communicates with other interactive programs according to a script </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libexpect" name="libexpect"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libexpect-5.45.so</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions that allow Expect to be used as a Tcl extension or to be used directly from C or C++ (without Tcl) </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-dejagnu" name= "ch-tools-dejagnu"></a>5.13. DejaGNU-1.6.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The DejaGNU package contains a framework for testing other programs. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">3.2 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.13.1. Installation of DejaGNU </h3> <p> Prepare DejaGNU for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Build and install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-dejagnu" name="contents-dejagnu"></a>5.13.2. Contents of DejaGNU </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">runtest</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504930201952" name= "idm46504930201952"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="runtest" name="runtest"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>runtest</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper script that locates the proper <span class= "command"><strong>expect</strong></span> shell and then runs DejaGNU </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-m4" name= "ch-tools-m4"></a>5.14. M4-1.4.18 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The M4 package contains a macro processor. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">20 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.14.1. Installation of M4 </h3> <p> First, make some fixes introduced by glibc-2.28: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/' lib/*.c echo "#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100" >> lib/stdio-impl.h</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare M4 for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the M4 test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-m4" title= "6.16.2. Contents of M4">Section 6.16.2, “Contents of M4.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-ncurses" name= "ch-tools-ncurses"></a>5.15. Ncurses-6.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.6 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">41 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.15.1. Installation of Ncurses </h3> <p> First, ensure that <span class= "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span> is found first during configuration: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i s/mawk// configure</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Ncurses for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools \ --with-shared \ --without-debug \ --without-ada \ --enable-widec \ --enable-overwrite</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-ada</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that Ncurses does not build support for the Ada compiler which may be present on the host but will not be available once we enter the <span class= "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> environment. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-overwrite</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This tells Ncurses to install its header files into <code class="filename">/tools/include</code>, instead of <code class= "filename">/tools/include/ncurses</code>, to ensure that other packages can find the Ncurses headers successfully. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-widec</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g., <code class="filename">libncursesw.so.6.2</code>) to be built instead of normal ones (e.g., <code class= "filename">libncurses.so.6.2</code>). These wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and normal libraries are source-compatible, but not binary-compatible. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after the package has been installed. The tests reside in the <code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the <code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory for further details. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install ln -s libncursesw.so /tools/lib/libncurses.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-ncurses" title= "6.27.2. Contents of Ncurses">Section 6.27.2, “Contents of Ncurses.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-bash" name= "ch-tools-bash"></a>5.16. Bash-5.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">67 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.16.1. Installation of Bash </h3> <p> Prepare Bash for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-bash-malloc</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-bash-malloc</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option turns off the use of Bash's memory allocation (<code class="function">malloc</code>) function which is known to cause segmentation faults. By turning this option off, Bash will use the <code class="function">malloc</code> functions from Glibc which are more stable. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Bash test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make tests</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Make a link for the programs that use <span class= "command"><strong>sh</strong></span> for a shell: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv bash /tools/bin/sh</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-bash" title= "6.35.2. Contents of Bash">Section 6.35.2, “Contents of Bash.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-bison" name= "ch-tools-bison"></a>5.17. Bison-3.5.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bison package contains a parser generator. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">43 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.17.1. Installation of Bison </h3> <p> Prepare Bison for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-bison" title= "6.32.2. Contents of Bison">Section 6.32.2, “Contents of Bison.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-bzip2" name= "ch-tools-bzip2"></a>5.18. Bzip2-1.0.8 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class= "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better compression percentage than with the traditional <span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">6.4 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.18.1. Installation of Bzip2 </h3> <p> The Bzip2 package does not contain a <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script. There are two <code class="filename">Makefile</code>, one for the shared library, and the other for the static library. Since we need both, We do the compilation in two stages. First the shared library: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -f Makefile-libbz2_so make clean</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-f Makefile-libbz2_so</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different <code class="filename">Makefile</code> file, in this case the <code class= "filename">Makefile-libbz2_so</code> file, which creates a dynamic <code class= "filename">libbz2.so</code> library and links the Bzip2 utilities against it. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile and test the package with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/tools install cp -v bzip2-shared /tools/bin/bzip2 cp -av libbz2.so* /tools/lib ln -sv libbz2.so.1.0 /tools/lib/libbz2.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-bzip2" title= "6.12.2. Contents of Bzip2">Section 6.12.2, “Contents of Bzip2.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-coreutils" name= "ch-tools-coreutils"></a>5.19. Coreutils-8.31 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">157 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.19.1. Installation of Coreutils </h3> <p> Prepare Coreutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/tools --enable-install-program=hostname</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">--enable-install-program=hostname</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This enables the <span class= "command"><strong>hostname</strong></span> binary to be built and installed – it is disabled by default but is required by the Perl test suite. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Coreutils test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check</kbd> </pre> <p> The <em class= "parameter"><code>RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes</code></em> parameter tells the test suite to run several additional tests that are considered relatively expensive (in terms of CPU power and memory usage) on some platforms, but generally are not a problem on Linux. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-coreutils" title= "6.54.2. Contents of Coreutils">Section 6.54.2, “Contents of Coreutils.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-diffutils" name= "ch-tools-diffutils"></a>5.20. Diffutils-3.7 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">26 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.20.1. Installation of Diffutils </h3> <p> Prepare Diffutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Diffutils test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-diffutils" title= "6.56.2. Contents of Diffutils">Section 6.56.2, “Contents of Diffutils.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-file" name= "ch-tools-file"></a>5.21. File-5.38 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">20 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.21.1. Installation of File </h3> <p> Prepare File for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the File test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-file" title= "6.14.2. Contents of File">Section 6.14.2, “Contents of File.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-findutils" name= "ch-tools-findutils"></a>5.22. Findutils-4.7.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the database has not been recently updated). </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">39 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.22.1. Installation of Findutils </h3> <p> Prepare Findutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Findutils test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-findutils" title= "6.58.2. Contents of Findutils">Section 6.58.2, “Contents of Findutils.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-gawk" name= "ch-tools-gawk"></a>5.23. Gawk-5.0.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">46 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.23.1. Installation of Gawk </h3> <p> Prepare Gawk for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Gawk test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gawk" title= "6.57.2. Contents of Gawk">Section 6.57.2, “Contents of Gawk.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-gettext" name= "ch-tools-gettext"></a>5.24. Gettext-0.20.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.6 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">300 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.24.1. Installation of Gettext </h3> <p> For our temporary set of tools, we only need to install three programs from Gettext. </p> <p> Prepare Gettext for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --disable-shared</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-shared</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> We do not need to install any of the shared Gettext libraries at this time, therefore there is no need to build them. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Due to the limited environment, running the test suite at this stage is not recommended. </p> <p> Install the <span class= "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>msgmerge</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>xgettext</strong></span> programs: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /tools/bin</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gettext" title= "6.47.2. Contents of Gettext">Section 6.47.2, “Contents of Gettext.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-grep" name= "ch-tools-grep"></a>5.25. Grep-3.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Grep package contains programs for searching through files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">25 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.25.1. Installation of Grep </h3> <p> Prepare Grep for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Grep test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-grep" title= "6.34.2. Contents of Grep">Section 6.34.2, “Contents of Grep.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-gzip" name= "ch-tools-gzip"></a>5.26. Gzip-1.10 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">10 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.26.1. Installation of Gzip </h3> <p> Prepare Gzip for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Gzip test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-gzip" title= "6.62.2. Contents of Gzip">Section 6.62.2, “Contents of Gzip.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-make" name= "ch-tools-make"></a>5.27. Make-4.3 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Make package contains a program for compiling packages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">16 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.27.1. Installation of Make </h3> <p> Prepare Make for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-guile</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-guile</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that Make-4.3 won't link against Guile libraries, which may be present on the host system, but won't be available within the <span class= "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span> environment in the next chapter. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Make test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-make" title= "6.67.2. Contents of Make">Section 6.67.2, “Contents of Make.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-patch" name= "ch-tools-patch"></a>5.28. Patch-2.7.6 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">patch</span>”</span> file typically created by the <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">13 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.28.1. Installation of Patch </h3> <p> Prepare Patch for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Patch test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-patch" title= "6.68.2. Contents of Patch">Section 6.68.2, “Contents of Patch.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-perl" name= "ch-tools-perl"></a>5.29. Perl-5.30.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">275 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.29.1. Installation of Perl </h3> <p> Prepare Perl for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/tools -Dlibs=-lm -Uloclibpth -Ulocincpth</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the Configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-des</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This is a combination of three options: -d uses defaults for all items; -e ensures completion of all tasks; -s silences non-essential output. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Uloclibpth</code></em> and <em class= "parameter"><code>-Ulocincpth</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These entries undefine variables that cause the configuration to search for locally installed components that may exist on the host system. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Build the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Although Perl comes with a test suite, it would be better to wait until it is installed in the next chapter. </p> <p> Only a few of the utilities and libraries need to be installed at this time: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -v perl cpan/podlators/scripts/pod2man /tools/bin mkdir -pv /tools/lib/perl5/5.30.1 cp -Rv lib/* /tools/lib/perl5/5.30.1</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-perl" title= "6.41.2. Contents of Perl">Section 6.41.2, “Contents of Perl.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-Python" name= "ch-tools-Python"></a>5.30. Python-3.8.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs or developing entire applications. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">409 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.30.1. Installation of Python </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> There are two package files whose name starts with <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">python</span>”</span>. The one to extract from is <code class="filename">Python-3.8.1.tar.xz</code> (notice the uppercase first letter). </p> </div> <p> This package first builds the Python interpreter, then some standard Python modules. The main script for building modules is written in Python, and uses hard-coded paths to the host <code class="filename">/usr/include</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> directories. To prevent them from being used, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i '/def add_multiarch_paths/a \ return' setup.py</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Python for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools --without-ensurepip</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-ensurepip</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch disables the Python package installer, which is not needed at this stage. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. The test suite requires TK and and X Windows and cannot be run at this time. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-python" title= "6.51.2. Contents of Python 3">Section 6.51.2, “Contents of Python 3.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-sed" name= "ch-tools-sed"></a>5.31. Sed-4.8 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Sed package contains a stream editor. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">21 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.31.1. Installation of Sed </h3> <p> Prepare Sed for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Sed test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-sed" title= "6.29.2. Contents of Sed">Section 6.29.2, “Contents of Sed.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-tar" name= "ch-tools-tar"></a>5.32. Tar-1.32 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Tar package contains an archiving program. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">38 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.32.1. Installation of Tar </h3> <p> Prepare Tar for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Tar test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-tar" title= "6.70.2. Contents of Tar">Section 6.70.2, “Contents of Tar.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-texinfo" name= "ch-tools-texinfo"></a>5.33. Texinfo-6.7 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">104 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.33.1. Installation of Texinfo </h3> <p> Prepare Texinfo for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> As part of the configure process, a test is made that indicates an error for TestXS_la-TestXS.lo. This is not relevant for LFS and should be ignored. </p> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Texinfo test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-texinfo" title= "6.71.2. Contents of Texinfo">Section 6.71.2, “Contents of Texinfo.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-xz" name= "ch-tools-xz"></a>5.34. Xz-5.2.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields a better compression percentage than with the traditional <span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">18 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 5.34.1. Installation of Xz </h3> <p> Prepare Xz for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. As discussed earlier, running the test suite is not mandatory for the temporary tools here in this chapter. To run the Xz test suite anyway, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Details on this package are located in <a class="xref" href= "#contents-xz" title= "6.13.2. Contents of Xz">Section 6.13.2, “Contents of Xz.”</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-stripping" name= "ch-tools-stripping"></a>5.35. Stripping </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The steps in this section are optional, but if the LFS partition is rather small, it is beneficial to learn that unnecessary items can be removed. The executables and libraries built so far contain about 70 MB of unneeded debugging symbols. Remove those symbols with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">strip --strip-debug /tools/lib/* /usr/bin/strip --strip-unneeded /tools/{,s}bin/*</kbd> </pre> <p> These commands will skip a number of files, reporting that it does not recognize their file format. Most of these are scripts instead of binaries. Also use the system strip command to include the strip binary in /tools. </p> <p> Take care <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to use <em class="parameter"><code>--strip-unneeded</code></em> on the libraries. The static ones would be destroyed and the toolchain packages would need to be built all over again. </p> <p> To save more, remove the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -rf /tools/{,share}/{info,man,doc}</kbd> </pre> <p> Remove unneeded files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">find /tools/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete</kbd> </pre> <p> At this point, you should have at least 3 GB of free space in <code class="envar">$LFS</code> that can be used to build and install Glibc and Gcc in the next phase. If you can build and install Glibc, you can build and install the rest too. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-tools-changingowner" name= "ch-tools-changingowner"></a>5.36. Changing Ownership </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The commands in the remainder of this book must be performed while logged in as user <code class="systemitem">root</code> and no longer as user <code class="systemitem">lfs</code>. Also, double check that <code class="envar">$LFS</code> is set in <code class="systemitem">root</code>'s environment. </p> </div> <p> Currently, the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory is owned by the user <code class= "systemitem">lfs</code>, a user that exists only on the host system. If the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory is kept as is, the files are owned by a user ID without a corresponding account. This is dangerous because a user account created later could get this same user ID and would own the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory and all the files therein, thus exposing these files to possible malicious manipulation. </p> <p> To avoid this issue, you could add the <code class= "systemitem">lfs</code> user to the new LFS system later when creating the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file, taking care to assign it the same user and group IDs as on the host system. Better yet, change the ownership of the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory to user <code class="systemitem">root</code> by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -R root:root $LFS/tools</kbd> </pre> <p> Although the <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> directory can be deleted once the LFS system has been finished, it can be retained to build additional LFS systems <span class= "emphasis"><em>of the same book version</em></span>. How best to backup <code class="filename">$LFS/tools</code> is a matter of personal preference. </p> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> If you intend to keep the temporary tools for use in building future LFS systems, <span class= "emphasis"><em>now</em></span> is the time to back them up. Subsequent commands in chapter 6 will alter the tools currently in place, rendering them useless for future builds. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="part"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="part3" name="part3"></a>Part III. Building the LFS System </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-building-system" name= "chapter-building-system"></a>Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-introduction" name= "ch-system-introduction"></a>6.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this chapter, we enter the building site and start constructing the LFS system in earnest. That is, we chroot into the temporary mini Linux system, make a few final preparations, and then begin installing the packages. </p> <p> The installation of this software is straightforward. Although in many cases the installation instructions could be made shorter and more generic, we have opted to provide the full instructions for every package to minimize the possibilities for mistakes. The key to learning what makes a Linux system work is to know what each package is used for and why you (or the system) may need it. </p> <p> We do not recommend using optimizations. They can make a program run slightly faster, but they may also cause compilation difficulties and problems when running the program. If a package refuses to compile when using optimization, try to compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the problem. Even if the package does compile when using optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the code and build tools. Also note that the <code class= "option">-march</code> and <code class="option">-mtune</code> options using values not specified in the book have not been tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages (Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved in using compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build without custom optimizations. The subsequent system will still run very fast and be stable at the same time. </p> <p> The order that packages are installed in this chapter needs to be strictly followed to ensure that no program accidentally acquires a path referring to <code class= "filename">/tools</code> hard-wired into it. For the same reason, do not compile separate packages in parallel. Compiling in parallel may save time (especially on dual-CPU machines), but it could result in a program containing a hard-wired path to <code class="filename">/tools</code>, which will cause the program to stop working when that directory is removed. </p> <p> Before the installation instructions, each installation page provides information about the package, including a concise description of what it contains, approximately how long it will take to build, and how much disk space is required during this building process. Following the installation instructions, there is a list of programs and libraries (along with brief descriptions of these) that the package installs. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The SBU values and required disk space includes test suite data for all applicable packages in Chapter 6. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.1.1. About libraries </h3> <p> In general, the LFS editors discourage building and installing static libraries. The original purpose for most static libraries has been made obsolete in a modern Linux system. In addition linking a static library into a program can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to remove a security problem, all programs that use the static library will need to be relinked to the new library. Since the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the linking) may not even be known. </p> <p> In the procedures in Chapter 6, we remove or disable installation of most static libraries. Usually this is done by passing a <code class="option">--disable-static</code> option to <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span>. In other cases, alternate means are needed. In a few cases, especially glibc and gcc, the use of static libraries remains essential to the general package building process. </p> <p> For a more complete discussion of libraries, see the discussion <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs//view/9.1/introduction/libraries.html"> Libraries: Static or shared?</a> in the BLFS book. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-kernfs" name= "ch-system-kernfs"></a>6.2. Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory. </p> <p> Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}</kbd> </pre> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.2.1. Creating Initial Device Nodes </h3> <p> When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of a few device nodes, in particular the <code class= "filename">console</code> and <code class= "filename">null</code> devices. The device nodes must be created on the hard disk so that they are available before <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> has been started, and additionally when Linux is started with <em class="parameter"><code>init=/bin/bash</code></em>. Create the devices by running the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1 mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-system-bindmount" name= "ch-system-bindmount"></a>6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev </h3> <p> The recommended method of populating the <code class= "filename">/dev</code> directory with devices is to mount a virtual filesystem (such as <code class= "systemitem">tmpfs</code>) on the <code class= "filename">/dev</code> directory, and allow the devices to be created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are detected or accessed. Device creation is generally done during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is necessary to mount and populate <code class= "filename">/dev</code> manually. This is accomplished by bind mounting the host system's <code class="filename">/dev</code> directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point to some other location. Use the following command to achieve this: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-system-kernfsmount" name= "ch-system-kernfsmount"></a>6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems </h3> <p> Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts -o gid=5,mode=620 mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the mount options for devpts:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>gid=5</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes are owned by group ID 5. This is the ID we will use later on for the <code class="systemitem">tty</code> group. We use the group ID instead of a name, since the host system might use a different ID for its <code class= "systemitem">tty</code> group. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>mode=0620</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that all devpts-created device nodes have mode 0620 (user readable and writable, group writable). Together with the option above, this ensures that devpts will create device nodes that meet the requirements of grantpt(), meaning the Glibc <span class="command"><strong>pt_chown</strong></span> helper binary (which is not installed by default) is not necessary. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> In some host systems, <code class="filename">/dev/shm</code> is a symbolic link to <code class="filename">/run/shm</code>. The /run tmpfs was mounted above so in this case only a directory needs to be created. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm) fi</kbd> </pre> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-pkgmgt" name= "ch-system-pkgmgt"></a>6.3. Package Management </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS Book. A Package Manager allows tracking the installation of files making it easy to remove and upgrade packages. As well as the binary and library files, a package manager will handle the installation of configuration files. Before you begin to wonder, NO—this section will not talk about nor recommend any particular package manager. What it provides is a roundup of the more popular techniques and how they work. The perfect package manager for you may be among these techniques or may be a combination of two or more of these techniques. This section briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading packages. </p> <p> Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS include: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Dealing with package management takes the focus away from the goals of these books—teaching how a Linux system is built. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Including one that satisfies all audiences is difficult. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints Project</a> and see if one of them fits your need. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.3.1. Upgrade Issues </h3> <p> A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions when they are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS and BLFS Book can be used to upgrade to the newer versions. Here are some points that you should be aware of when upgrading packages, especially on a running system. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> If Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer version, (e.g. from glibc-2.19 to glibc-2.20), it is safer to rebuild LFS. Though you <span class= "emphasis"><em>may</em></span> be able to rebuild all the packages in their dependency order, we do not recommend it. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If a package containing a shared library is updated, and if the name of the library changes, then all the packages dynamically linked to the library need to be recompiled to link against the newer library. (Note that there is no correlation between the package version and the name of the library.) For example, consider a package foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared library with name <code class= "filename">libfoo.so.1</code>. Say you upgrade the package to a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a shared library with name <code class= "filename">libfoo.so.2</code>. In this case, all packages that are dynamically linked to <code class= "filename">libfoo.so.1</code> need to be recompiled to link against <code class="filename">libfoo.so.2</code>. Note that you should not remove the previous libraries until the dependent packages are recompiled. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.3.2. Package Management Techniques </h3> <p> The following are some common package management techniques. Before making a decision on a package manager, do some research on the various techniques, particularly the drawbacks of the particular scheme. </p> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929638000" name= "idm46504929638000"></a>6.3.2.1. It is All in My Head! </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do not find the need for a package manager because they know the packages intimately and know what files are installed by each package. Some users also do not need any package management because they plan on rebuilding the entire system when a package is changed. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929636464" name= "idm46504929636464"></a>6.3.2.2. Install in Separate Directories </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This is a simplistic package management that does not need any extra package to manage the installations. Each package is installed in a separate directory. For example, package foo-1.1 is installed in <code class= "filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code> and a symlink is made from <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code> to <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.1</code>. When installing a new version foo-1.2, it is installed in <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo-1.2</code> and the previous symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new version. </p> <p> Environment variables such as <code class= "envar">PATH</code>, <code class= "envar">LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code>, <code class= "envar">MANPATH</code>, <code class="envar">INFOPATH</code> and <code class="envar">CPPFLAGS</code> need to be expanded to include <code class="filename">/usr/pkg/foo</code>. For more than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929627760" name= "idm46504929627760"></a>6.3.2.3. Symlink Style Package Management </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This is a variation of the previous package management technique. Each package is installed similar to the previous scheme. But instead of making the symlink, each file is symlinked into the <code class= "filename">/usr</code> hierarchy. This removes the need to expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can be created by the user to automate the creation, many package managers have been written using this approach. A few of the popular ones include Stow, Epkg, Graft, and Depot. </p> <p> The installation needs to be faked, so that the package thinks that it is installed in <code class= "filename">/usr</code> though in reality it is installed in the <code class="filename">/usr/pkg</code> hierarchy. Installing in this manner is not usually a trivial task. For example, consider that you are installing a package libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may not install the package properly: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 make make install</kbd> </pre> <p> The installation will work, but the dependent packages may not link to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a package that links against libfoo, you may notice that it is linked to <code class= "filename">/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1</code> instead of <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1</code> as you would expect. The correct approach is to use the <code class= "envar">DESTDIR</code> strategy to fake installation of the package. This approach works as follows: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install</kbd> </pre> <p> Most packages support this approach, but there are some which do not. For the non-compliant packages, you may either need to manually install the package, or you may find that it is easier to install some problematic packages into <code class="filename">/opt</code>. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929614752" name= "idm46504929614752"></a>6.3.2.4. Timestamp Based </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this technique, a file is timestamped before the installation of the package. After the installation, a simple use of the <span class= "command"><strong>find</strong></span> command with the appropriate options can generate a log of all the files installed after the timestamp file was created. A package manager written with this approach is install-log. </p> <p> Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it has two drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are installed with any timestamp other than the current time, those files will not be tracked by the package manager. Also, this scheme can only be used when one package is installed at a time. The logs are not reliable if two packages are being installed on two different consoles. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929611696" name= "idm46504929611696"></a>6.3.2.5. Tracing Installation Scripts </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this approach, the commands that the installation scripts perform are recorded. There are two techniques that one can use: </p> <p> The <code class="envar">LD_PRELOAD</code> environment variable can be set to point to a library to be preloaded before installation. During installation, this library tracks the packages that are being installed by attaching itself to various executables such as <span class= "command"><strong>cp</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>install</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>mv</strong></span> and tracking the system calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach to work, all the executables need to be dynamically linked without the suid or sgid bit. Preloading the library may cause some unwanted side-effects during installation. Therefore, it is advised that one performs some tests to ensure that the package manager does not break anything and logs all the appropriate files. </p> <p> The second technique is to use <span class= "command"><strong>strace</strong></span>, which logs all system calls made during the execution of the installation scripts. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929605552" name= "idm46504929605552"></a>6.3.2.6. Creating Package Archives </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a separate tree as described in the Symlink style package management. After the installation, a package archive is created using the installed files. This archive is then used to install the package either on the local machine or can even be used to install the package on other machines. </p> <p> This approach is used by most of the package managers found in the commercial distributions. Examples of package managers that follow this approach are RPM (which, incidentally, is required by the <a class="ulink" href= "http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux Standard Base Specification</a>), pkg-utils, Debian's apt, and Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt this style of package management for LFS systems is located at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt</a>. </p> <p> Creation of package files that include dependency information is complex and is beyond the scope of LFS. </p> <p> Slackware uses a <span class= "command"><strong>tar</strong></span> based system for package archives. This system purposely does not handle package dependencies as more complex package managers do. For details of Slackware package management, see <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html">http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929599504" name= "idm46504929599504"></a>6.3.2.7. User Based Management </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias Benkmann, and is available from the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">Hints Project</a>. In this scheme, each package is installed as a separate user into the standard locations. Files belonging to a package are easily identified by checking the user ID. The features and shortcomings of this approach are too complex to describe in this section. For the details please see the hint at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.3.3. Deploying LFS on Multiple Systems </h3> <p> One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no files that depend on the position of files on a disk system. Cloning an LFS build to another computer with the same architecture as the base system is as simple as using <span class="command"><strong>tar</strong></span> on the LFS partition that contains the root directory (about 250MB uncompressed for a base LFS build), copying that file via network transfer or CD-ROM to the new system and expanding it. From that point, a few configuration files will have to be changed. Configuration files that may need to be updated include: <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code>, <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/passwd</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/group</code>, <span class= "phrase"><code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>, <code class="filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>, and <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0</code>.</span> </p> <p> A custom kernel may need to be built for the new system depending on differences in system hardware and the original kernel configuration. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> There have been some reports of issues when copying between similar but not identical architectures. For instance, the instruction set for an Intel system is not identical with an AMD processor and later versions of some processors may have instructions that are unavailable in earlier versions. </p> </div> <p> Finally the new system has to be made bootable via <a class= "xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title= "8.4. Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section 8.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-chroot" name= "ch-system-chroot"></a>6.4. Entering the Chroot Environment </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and installing the final LFS system. As user <code class= "systemitem">root</code>, run the following command to enter the realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary tools: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \ HOME=/root \ TERM="$TERM" \ PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \ PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/tools/bin \ /tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd> </pre> <p> The <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> option given to the <span class="command"><strong>env</strong></span> command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only the <code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class= "envar">TERM</code>, <code class="envar">PS1</code>, and <code class="envar">PATH</code> variables are set again. The <em class="parameter"><code>TERM=$TERM</code></em> construct will set the <code class="envar">TERM</code> variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> to operate properly. If other variables are needed, such as <code class= "envar">CFLAGS</code> or <code class="envar">CXXFLAGS</code>, this is a good place to set them again. </p> <p> From this point on, there is no need to use the <code class= "envar">LFS</code> variable anymore, because all work will be restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is told that <code class="filename">$LFS</code> is now the root (<code class="filename">/</code>) directory. </p> <p> Notice that <code class="filename">/tools/bin</code> comes last in the <code class="envar">PATH</code>. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">remember</span>”</span> the locations of executed binaries—for this reason, hashing is switched off by passing the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em> option to <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>. </p> <p> Note that the <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> prompt will say <code class="computeroutput">I have no name!</code> This is normal because the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file has not been created yet. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), ensure that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as explained in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-bindmount" title= "6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev">Section 6.2.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev”</a> and <a class= "xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title= "6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section 6.2.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems”</a> and enter chroot again before continuing with the installation. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-creatingdirs" name= "ch-system-creatingdirs"></a>6.5. Creating Directories </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a standard directory tree by issuing the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">mkdir -pv /{bin,boot,etc/{opt,sysconfig},home,lib/firmware,mnt,opt} mkdir -pv /{media/{floppy,cdrom},sbin,srv,var} install -dv -m 0750 /root install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src} mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man} mkdir -v /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo} mkdir -v /usr/libexec mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8} mkdir -v /usr/lib/pkgconfig case $(uname -m) in x86_64) mkdir -v /lib64 ;; esac mkdir -v /var/{log,mail,spool} ln -sv /run /var/run ln -sv /run/lock /var/lock mkdir -pv /var/{opt,cache,lib/{color,misc,locate},local}</kbd> </pre> <p> Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two changes are made—one to the home directory of user <code class="systemitem">root</code>, and another to the directories for temporary files. </p> <p> The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter the <code class="filename">/root</code> directory—the same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the <code class="filename">/tmp</code> and <code class= "filename">/var/tmp</code> directories, but cannot remove another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">sticky bit,</span>”</span> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.5.1. FHS Compliance Note </h3> <p> The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) (available at <a class="ulink" href= "https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml">https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml</a>). The FHS also specifies the optional existence of some directories such as <code class= "filename">/usr/local/games</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/share/games</code>. We create only the directories that are needed. However, feel free to create these directories. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-createfiles" name= "ch-system-createfiles"></a>6.6. Creating Essential Files and Symlinks </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software has been installed: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,chmod,dd,echo,ln,mkdir,pwd,rm,stty,touch} /bin ln -sv /tools/bin/{env,install,perl,printf} /usr/bin ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib ln -sv bash /bin/sh</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The purpose of each link:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/bash</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Many <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> scripts specify <code class="filename">/bin/bash</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/cat</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/dd</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The path to <code class="filename">dd</code> will be hard-coded into the <code class= "filename">/usr/bin/libtool</code> utility. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/echo</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which expects <code class= "filename">/bin/echo</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/usr/bin/env</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This pathname is hard-coded into some packages build procedures. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/usr/bin/install</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The path to <code class="filename">install</code> will be hard-coded into the <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</code> file. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/ln</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The path to <code class="filename">ln</code> will be hard-coded into the <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/perl5/5.30.1/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</code> file. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/pwd</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Some <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> scripts, particularly Glibc's, have this pathname hard-coded. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/rm</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The path to <code class="filename">rm</code> will be hard-coded into the <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/perl5/5.30.1/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</code> file. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/stty</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/usr/bin/perl</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the <span class= "command"><strong>perl</strong></span> program. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as for C++ support in GMP. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code><code class= "filename">/bin/sh</code></code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Many shell scripts hard-code <code class= "filename">/bin/sh</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the file <code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>. Modern kernels maintain this list internally and exposes it to the user via the <code class="filename">/proc</code> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of <code class="filename">/etc/mtab</code>, create the following symbolic link: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</kbd> </pre> <p> In order for user <code class="systemitem">root</code> to be able to login and for the name <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">root</span>”</span> to be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class= "filename">/etc/group</code> files. </p> <p> Create the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF" <code class="literal">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The actual password for <code class="systemitem">root</code> (the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">x</span>”</span> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later. </p> <p> Create the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> file by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/group << "EOF" <code class="literal">root:x:0: bin:x:1:daemon sys:x:2: kmem:x:3: tape:x:4: tty:x:5: daemon:x:6: floppy:x:7: disk:x:8: lp:x:9: dialout:x:10: audio:x:11: video:x:12: utmp:x:13: usb:x:14: cdrom:x:15: adm:x:16: messagebus:x:18: input:x:24: mail:x:34: kvm:x:61: wheel:x:97: nogroup:x:99: users:x:999:</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <a class="ulink" href="http://www.linuxbase.org">http://www.linuxbase.org</a>) recommends only that, besides the group <code class= "systemitem">root</code> with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group <code class="systemitem">bin</code> with a GID of 1 be present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name. </p> <p> To remove the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">I have no name!</span>”</span> prompt, start a new shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <a class="xref" href= "#chapter-temporary-tools" title= "Chapter 5. Constructing a Temporary System">Chapter 5</a> and the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now work: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</kbd> </pre> <p> Note the use of the <em class="parameter"><code>+h</code></em> directive. This tells <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this directive, <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> would remember the paths to binaries it has executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are installed, the <em class= "parameter"><code>+h</code></em> directive will be used for the duration of this chapter. </p> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>login</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>agetty</strong></span>, and <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span> programs (and others) use a number of log files to record information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp} chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</kbd> </pre> <p> The <code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file records all logins and logouts. The <code class= "filename">/var/log/lastlog</code> file records when each user last logged in. The <code class= "filename">/var/log/faillog</code> file records failed login attempts. The <code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code> file records the bad login attempts. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The <code class="filename">/run/utmp</code> file records the users that are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot scripts. </p> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-linux-headers" name= "ch-system-linux-headers"></a>6.7. Linux-5.5.3 API Headers </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Linux API Headers (in linux-5.5.3.tar.xz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">1 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.7.1. Installation of Linux API Headers </h3> <p> The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball. </p> <p> Make sure there are no stale files and dependencies lying around from previous activity: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd> </pre> <p> Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source. The recommended make target <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">headers_install</span>”</span> cannot be used, because it requires <span class="application">rsync</span>, which is not available in <code class= "filename">/tools</code>. The headers are first placed in <code class="filename">./usr</code>, then some files used by the kernel developers are removed, then the files are copied to their final location. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make headers find usr/include -name '.*' -delete rm usr/include/Makefile </kbd><kbd class="command">cp -rv usr/include/* /usr/include</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-linux-headers" name= "contents-linux-headers"></a>6.7.2. Contents of Linux API Headers </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed headers:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm/*.h, /usr/include/asm-generic/*.h, /usr/include/drm/*.h, /usr/include/linux/*.h, /usr/include/misc/*.h, /usr/include/mtd/*.h, /usr/include/rdma/*.h, /usr/include/scsi/*.h, /usr/include/sound/*.h, /usr/include/video/*.h, and /usr/include/xen/*.h</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/asm, /usr/include/asm-generic, /usr/include/drm, /usr/include/linux, /usr/include/misc, /usr/include/mtd, /usr/include/rdma, /usr/include/scsi, /usr/include/sound, /usr/include/video, and /usr/include/xen</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504929422352" name= "idm46504929422352"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="asm" name="asm"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/asm/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API ASM Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="asm-generic" name= "asm-generic"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API ASM Generic Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="drm" name="drm"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/drm/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API DRM Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="linux" name="linux"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/linux/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API Linux Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="misc" name="misc"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/misc/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API Miscellaneous Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mtd" name="mtd"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/mtd/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API MTD Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rdma" name="rdma"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/rdma/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API RDMA Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="scsi" name="scsi"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/scsi/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API SCSI Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sound" name="sound"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/sound/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API Sound Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="video" name="video"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/video/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API Video Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xen" name="xen"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/usr/include/xen/*.h</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux API Xen Headers </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-man-pages" name= "ch-system-man-pages"></a>6.8. Man-pages-5.05 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Man-pages package contains over 2,200 man pages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">31 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.8.1. Installation of Man-pages </h3> <p> Install Man-pages by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-manpages" name="contents-manpages"></a>6.8.2. Contents of Man-pages </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong> <span class="segbody">various man pages</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504929354352" name= "idm46504929354352"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="man-pages" name="man-pages"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">man pages</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Describe C programming language functions, important device files, and significant configuration files </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-glibc" name= "ch-system-glibc"></a>6.9. Glibc-2.31 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">19 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">5.5 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.9.1. Installation of Glibc </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The Glibc build system is self-contained and will install perfectly, even though the compiler specs file and linker are still pointing to <code class="filename">/tools</code>. The specs and linker cannot be adjusted before the Glibc install because the Glibc autoconf tests would give false results and defeat the goal of achieving a clean build. </p> </div> <p> Some of the Glibc programs use the non-FHS compliant <code class="filename">/var/db</code> directory to store their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant locations: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.31-fhs-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <p> Create a symlink for LSB compliance. Additionally, for x86_64, create a compatibility symlink required for the dynamic loader to function correctly: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in i?86) ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 /lib/ld-lsb.so.3 ;; x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64 ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3 ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <p> The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Glibc for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">CC="gcc -ffile-prefix-map=/tools=/usr" \ ../configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-werror \ --enable-kernel=3.2 \ --enable-stack-protector=strong \ --with-headers=/usr/include \ libc_cv_slibdir=/lib</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the options and new configure parameters:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>CC="gcc -ffile-prefix-map=/tools=/usr"</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Make GCC record any references to files in /tools in result of the compilation as if the files resided in /usr. This avoids introduction of invalid paths in debugging symbols. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option disables the -Werror option passed to GCC. This is necessary for running the test suite. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-stack-protector=strong</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option increases system security by adding extra code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack smashing attacks. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-headers=/usr/include</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option tells the build system where to find the kernel API headers. By default, those headers are sought in <code class="filename">/tools/include</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>libc_cv_slibdir=/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This variable sets the correct library for all systems. We do not want lib64 to be used. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> In this section, the test suite for Glibc is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance. </p> </div> <p> Generally a few tests do not pass. The test failures listed below are usually safe to ignore. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in i?86) ln -sfnv $PWD/elf/ld-linux.so.2 /lib ;; x86_64) ln -sfnv $PWD/elf/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The symbolic link above is needed to run the tests at this stage of building in the chroot environment. It will be overwritten in the install phase below. </p> </div> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> You may see some test failures. The Glibc test suite is somewhat dependent on the host system. This is a list of the most common issues seen for some versions of LFS: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>misc/tst-ttyname</em></span> is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "emphasis"><em>inet/tst-idna_name_classify</em></span> is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <span class= "emphasis"><em>posix/tst-getaddrinfo4</em></span> and <span class= "emphasis"><em>posix/tst-getaddrinfo5</em></span> may fail on some architectures. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The <span class= "emphasis"><em>nss/tst-nss-files-hosts-multi</em></span> test may fail for reasons that have not been determined. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The <span class= "emphasis"><em>rt/tst-cputimer{1,2,3}</em></span> tests depend on the host system kernel. Kernels 4.14.91–4.14.96, 4.19.13–4.19.18, and 4.20.0–4.20.5 are known to cause these tests to fail. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The math tests sometimes fail when running on systems where the CPU is not a relatively new Intel or AMD processor. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc will complain about the absence of <code class= "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code>. Prevent this warning with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">touch /etc/ld.so.conf</kbd> </pre> <p> Fix the generated Makefile to skip an unneeded sanity check that fails in the LFS partial environment: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the configuration file and runtime directory for <span class="command"><strong>nscd</strong></span>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -v ../nscd/nscd.conf /etc/nscd.conf mkdir -pv /var/cache/nscd</kbd> </pre> <p> Next, install the locales that can make the system respond in a different language. None of the locales are required, but if some of them are missing, the test suites of future packages would skip important testcases. </p> <p> Individual locales can be installed using the <span class= "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> program. E.g., the first <span class= "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command below combines the <code class= "filename">/usr/share/i18n/locales/cs_CZ</code> charset-independent locale definition with the <code class= "filename">/usr/share/i18n/charmaps/UTF-8.gz</code> charmap definition and appends the result to the <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</code> file. The following instructions will install the minimum set of locales necessary for the optimal coverage of tests: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale localedef -i POSIX -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8 2> /dev/null || true localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8 localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 localedef -i el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8 localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8 localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP localedef -i ja_JP -f SHIFT_JIS ja_JP.SIJS 2> /dev/null || true localedef -i ja_JP -f UTF-8 ja_JP.UTF-8 localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8 localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8 localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030 localedef -i zh_HK -f BIG5-HKSCS zh_HK.BIG5-HKSCS</kbd> </pre> <p> In addition, install the locale for your own country, language and character set. </p> <p> Alternatively, install all locales listed in the <code class= "filename">glibc-2.31/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file (it includes every locale listed above and many more) at once with the following time-consuming command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make localedata/install-locales</kbd> </pre> <p> Then use the <span class= "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command to create and install locales not listed in the <code class= "filename">glibc-2.31/localedata/SUPPORTED</code> file in the unlikely case you need them. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Glibc now uses libidn2 when resolving internationalized domain names. This is a run time dependency. If this capability is needed, the instructions for installing libidn2 are in the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/libidn2.html"> BLFS libidn2 page</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-glibc" name="conf-glibc"></a>6.9.2. Configuring Glibc </h3> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929267440" name= "idm46504929267440"></a>6.9.2.1. Adding nsswitch.conf </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> file needs to be created because the Glibc defaults do not work well in a networked environment. </p> <p> Create a new file <code class= "filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</code> by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files group: files shadow: files hosts: files dns networks: files protocols: files services: files ethers: files rpc: files # End /etc/nsswitch.conf</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504929262224" name= "idm46504929262224"></a>6.9.2.2. Adding time zone data </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Install and set up the time zone data with the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">tar -xf ../../tzdata2019c.tar.gz ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right} for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica \ asia australasia backward pacificnew systemv; do zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO ${tz} zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO/posix ${tz} zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right ${tz} done cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York unset ZONEINFO</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the zic commands:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L /dev/null ...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This creates posix time zones, without any leap seconds. It is conventional to put these in both <code class="filename">zoneinfo</code> and <code class="filename">zoneinfo/posix</code>. It is necessary to put the POSIX time zones in <code class= "filename">zoneinfo</code>, otherwise various test-suites will report errors. On an embedded system, where space is tight and you do not intend to ever update the time zones, you could save 1.9MB by not using the <code class="filename">posix</code> directory, but some applications or test-suites might produce some failures. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic -L leapseconds ...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This creates right time zones, including leap seconds. On an embedded system, where space is tight and you do not intend to ever update the time zones, or care about the correct time, you could save 1.9MB by omitting the <code class="filename">right</code> directory. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>zic ... -p ...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This creates the <code class= "filename">posixrules</code> file. We use New York because POSIX requires the daylight savings time rules to be in accordance with US rules. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> One way to determine the local time zone is to run the following script: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">tzselect</kbd> </pre> <p> After answering a few questions about the location, the script will output the name of the time zone (e.g., <span class="emphasis"><em>America/Edmonton</em></span>). There are also some other possible time zones listed in <code class="filename">/usr/share/zoneinfo</code> such as <span class="emphasis"><em>Canada/Eastern</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>EST5EDT</em></span> that are not identified by the script but can be used. </p> <p> Then create the <code class= "filename">/etc/localtime</code> file by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sfv /usr/share/zoneinfo/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> /etc/localtime</kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> with the name of the time zone selected (e.g., Canada/Eastern). </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="conf-ld" name= "conf-ld"></a>6.9.2.3. Configuring the Dynamic Loader </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> By default, the dynamic loader (<code class= "filename">/lib/ld-linux.so.2</code>) searches through <code class="filename">/lib</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> for dynamic libraries that are needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are libraries in directories other than <code class= "filename">/lib</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code>, these need to be added to the <code class="filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> file in order for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that are commonly known to contain additional libraries are <code class="filename">/usr/local/lib</code> and <code class="filename">/opt/lib</code>, so add those directories to the dynamic loader's search path. </p> <p> Create a new file <code class= "filename">/etc/ld.so.conf</code> by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/ld.so.conf /usr/local/lib /opt/lib </code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, the dynamic loader can also search a directory and include the contents of files found there. Generally the files in this include directory are one line specifying the desired library path. To add this capability run the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat >> /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Add an include directory include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf </code> EOF mkdir -pv /etc/ld.so.conf.d</kbd> </pre> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-glibc" name="contents-glibc"></a>6.9.3. Contents of Glibc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">catchsegv, gencat, getconf, getent, iconv, iconvconfig, ldconfig, ldd, lddlibc4, locale, localedef, makedb, mtrace, nscd, pcprofiledump, pldd, sln, sotruss, sprof, tzselect, xtrace, zdump, and zic</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">ld-2.31.so, libBrokenLocale.{a,so}, libSegFault.so, libanl.{a,so}, libc.{a,so}, libc_nonshared.a, libcrypt.{a,so}, libdl.{a,so}, libg.a, libm.{a,so}, libmcheck.a, libmemusage.so, libmvec.{a,so}, libnsl.{a,so}, libnss_compat.so, libnss_dns.so, libnss_files.so, libnss_hesiod.so, libpcprofile.so, libpthread.{a,so}, libpthread_nonshared.a, libresolv.{a,so}, librt.{a,so}, libthread_db.so, and libutil.{a,so}</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/arpa, /usr/include/bits, /usr/include/gnu, /usr/include/net, /usr/include/netash, /usr/include/netatalk, /usr/include/netax25, /usr/include/neteconet, /usr/include/netinet, /usr/include/netipx, /usr/include/netiucv, /usr/include/netpacket, /usr/include/netrom, /usr/include/netrose, /usr/include/nfs, /usr/include/protocols, /usr/include/rpc, /usr/include/sys, /usr/lib/audit, /usr/lib/gconv, /usr/lib/locale, /usr/libexec/getconf, /usr/share/i18n, /usr/share/zoneinfo, /var/cache/nscd, and /var/lib/nss_db</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504929213984" name= "idm46504929213984"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="catchsegv" name="catchsegv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be used to create a stack trace when a program terminates with a segmentation fault </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gencat" name="gencat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gencat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates message catalogues </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getconf" name="getconf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getconf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the system configuration values for file system specific variables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getent" name="getent"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getent</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Gets entries from an administrative database </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="iconv" name="iconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>iconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Performs character set conversion </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="iconvconfig" name= "iconvconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>iconvconfig</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates fastloading <span class= "command"><strong>iconv</strong></span> module configuration files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ldconfig" name="ldconfig"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Configures the dynamic linker runtime bindings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ldd" name="ldd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ldd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports which shared libraries are required by each given program or shared library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lddlibc4" name="lddlibc4"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lddlibc4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Assists <span class= "command"><strong>ldd</strong></span> with object files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="locale" name="locale"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>locale</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints various information about the current locale </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="localedef" name="localedef"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compiles locale specifications </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="makedb" name="makedb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>makedb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a simple database from textual input </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mtrace" name="mtrace"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mtrace</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads and interprets a memory trace file and displays a summary in human-readable format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nscd" name="nscd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nscd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A daemon that provides a cache for the most common name service requests </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pcprofiledump" name= "pcprofiledump"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>pcprofiledump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dump information generated by PC profiling </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pldd" name="pldd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pldd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists dynamic shared objects used by running processes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sln" name="sln"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sln</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A statically linked <span class= "command"><strong>ln</strong></span> program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sotruss" name="sotruss"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sotruss</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Traces shared library procedure calls of a specified command </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sprof" name="sprof"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sprof</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads and displays shared object profiling data </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tzselect" name="tzselect"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tzselect</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Asks the user about the location of the system and reports the corresponding time zone description </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xtrace" name="xtrace"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xtrace</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Traces the execution of a program by printing the currently executed function </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zdump" name="zdump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zdump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The time zone dumper </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zic" name="zic"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zic</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The time zone compiler </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ld.so" name="ld.so"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">ld-2.31.so</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The helper program for shared library executables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libBrokenLocale" name= "libBrokenLocale"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libBrokenLocale</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used internally by Glibc as a gross hack to get broken programs (e.g., some Motif applications) running. See comments in <code class= "filename">glibc-2.31/locale/broken_cur_max.c</code> for more information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libSegFault" name= "libSegFault"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libSegFault</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The segmentation fault signal handler, used by <span class= "command"><strong>catchsegv</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libanl" name="libanl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libanl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An asynchronous name lookup library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libc" name="libc"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libc</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The main C library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcrypt" name="libcrypt"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libcrypt</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The cryptography library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libdl" name="libdl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libdl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The dynamic linking interface library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libg" name="libg"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libg</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dummy library containing no functions. Previously was a runtime library for <span class= "command"><strong>g++</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libm" name="libm"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libm</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The mathematical library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmcheck" name="libmcheck"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libmcheck</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Turns on memory allocation checking when linked to </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmemusage" name= "libmemusage"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libmemusage</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used by <span class= "command"><strong>memusage</strong></span> to help collect information about the memory usage of a program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libnsl" name="libnsl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libnsl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The network services library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libnss" name="libnss"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libnss</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Name Service Switch libraries, containing functions for resolving host names, user names, group names, aliases, services, protocols, etc. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libpcprofile" name= "libpcprofile"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libpcprofile</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be preloaded to PC profile an executable </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libpthread" name= "libpthread"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libpthread</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The POSIX threads library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libresolv" name="libresolv"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libresolv</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions for creating, sending, and interpreting packets to the Internet domain name servers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="librt" name="librt"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">librt</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions providing most of the interfaces specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime Extension </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libthread_db" name= "libthread_db"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libthread_db</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions useful for building debuggers for multi-threaded programs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libutil" name="libutil"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libutil</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains code for <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">standard</span>”</span> functions used in many different Unix utilities </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-adjusting" name= "ch-system-adjusting"></a>6.10. Adjusting the Toolchain </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Now that the final C libraries have been installed, it is time to adjust the toolchain so that it will link any newly compiled program against these new libraries. </p> <p> First, backup the <code class="filename">/tools</code> linker, and replace it with the adjusted linker we made in chapter 5. We'll also create a link to its counterpart in <code class= "filename">/tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /tools/bin/{ld,ld-old} mv -v /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/{ld,ld-old} mv -v /tools/bin/{ld-new,ld} ln -sv /tools/bin/ld /tools/$(uname -m)-pc-linux-gnu/bin/ld</kbd> </pre> <p> Next, amend the GCC specs file so that it points to the new dynamic linker. Simply deleting all instances of <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">/tools</span>”</span> should leave us with the correct path to the dynamic linker. Also adjust the specs file so that GCC knows where to find the correct headers and Glibc start files. A <span class= "command"><strong>sed</strong></span> command accomplishes this: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">gcc -dumpspecs | sed -e 's@/tools@@g' \ -e '/\*startfile_prefix_spec:/{n;s@.*@/usr/lib/ @}' \ -e '/\*cpp:/{n;s@$@ -isystem /usr/include@}' > \ `dirname $(gcc --print-libgcc-file-name)`/specs</kbd> </pre> <p> It is a good idea to visually inspect the specs file to verify the intended change was actually made. </p> <p> It is imperative at this point to ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the adjusted toolchain are working as expected. To do this, perform the following sanity checks: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd> </pre> <p> There should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name): </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code> </pre> <p> Note that on 64-bit systems <code class="filename">/lib</code> is the location of our dynamic linker, but is accessed via a symbolic link in /lib64. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> On 32-bit systems the interpreter should be /lib/ld-linux.so.2. </p> </div> <p> Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">/usr/lib/../lib/crt1.o succeeded /usr/lib/../lib/crti.o succeeded /usr/lib/../lib/crtn.o succeeded</code> </pre> <p> Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep -B1 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> This command should return the following output: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">#include <...> search starts here: /usr/include</code> </pre> <p> Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd> </pre> <p> References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/lib")</code> </pre> <p> Next make sure that we're using the correct libc: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code> </pre> <p> Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name): </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code> </pre> <p> If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the process. </p> <p> Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-zlib" name= "ch-system-zlib"></a>6.11. Zlib-1.2.11 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">5.1 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.11.1. Installation of Zlib </h3> <p> Prepare Zlib for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> The shared library needs to be moved to <code class= "filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class= "filename">.so</code> file in <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libz.so.* /lib ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libz.so) /usr/lib/libz.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-zlib" name="contents-zlib"></a>6.11.2. Contents of Zlib </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libz.{a,so}</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928954992" name= "idm46504928954992"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libz" name="libz"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libz</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains compression and decompression functions used by some programs </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-bzip2" name= "ch-system-bzip2"></a>6.12. Bzip2-1.0.8 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files with <span class= "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> yields a much better compression percentage than with the traditional <span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">7.7 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.12.1. Installation of Bzip2 </h3> <p> Apply a patch that will install the documentation for this package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <p> The following command ensures installation of symbolic links are relative: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile</kbd> </pre> <p> Ensure the man pages are installed into the correct location: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -f Makefile-libbz2_so make clean</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>-f Makefile-libbz2_so</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different <code class="filename">Makefile</code> file, in this case the <code class= "filename">Makefile-libbz2_so</code> file, which creates a dynamic <code class= "filename">libbz2.so</code> library and links the Bzip2 utilities against it. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile and test the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the programs: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make PREFIX=/usr install</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the shared <span class= "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> binary into the <code class="filename">/bin</code> directory, make some necessary symbolic links, and clean up: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2 cp -av libbz2.so* /lib ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 /usr/lib/libbz2.so rm -v /usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2} ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bunzip2 ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-bzip2" name="contents-bzip2"></a>6.12.2. Contents of Bzip2 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp (link to bzdiff), bzdiff, bzegrep (link to bzgrep), bzfgrep (link to bzgrep), bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless (link to bzmore), and bzmore</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libbz2.{a,so}</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/bzip2-1.0.8</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928911184" name= "idm46504928911184"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bunzip2" name="bunzip2"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bunzip2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzcat" name="bzcat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzcat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses to standard output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzcmp" name="bzcmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzcmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzdiff" name="bzdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzegrep" name="bzegrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzegrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzfgrep" name="bzfgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzfgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzgrep" name="bzgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzip2" name="bzip2"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">Lempel-Ziv</span>”</span> algorithms, like <span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzip2recover" name= "bzip2recover"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzip2recover</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzless" name="bzless"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bzmore" name="bzmore"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bzmore</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on bzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libbz2" name="libbz2"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libbz2</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-xz" name= "ch-system-xz"></a>6.13. Xz-5.2.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files with <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> yields a better compression percentage than with the traditional <span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span> commands. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">16 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.13.1. Installation of Xz </h3> <p> Prepare Xz for compilation with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.4</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and make sure that all essential files are in the correct directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install mv -v /usr/bin/{lzma,unlzma,lzcat,xz,unxz,xzcat} /bin mv -v /usr/lib/liblzma.so.* /lib ln -svf ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/liblzma.so) /usr/lib/liblzma.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-xz" name="contents-xz"></a>6.13.2. Contents of Xz </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">lzcat (link to xz), lzcmp (link to xzdiff), lzdiff (link to xzdiff), lzegrep (link to xzgrep), lzfgrep (link to xzgrep), lzgrep (link to xzgrep), lzless (link to xzless), lzma (link to xz), lzmadec, lzmainfo, lzmore (link to xzmore), unlzma (link to xz), unxz (link to xz), xz, xzcat (link to xz), xzcmp (link to xzdiff), xzdec, xzdiff, xzegrep (link to xzgrep), xzfgrep (link to xzgrep), xzgrep, xzless, and xzmore</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">liblzma.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/lzma and /usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.4</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928824848" name= "idm46504928824848"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzcat" name="lzcat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzcat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses to standard output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzcmp" name="lzcmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzcmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzdiff" name="lzdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzegrep" name="lzegrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzegrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzfgrep" name="lzfgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzfgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzgrep" name="lzgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzless" name="lzless"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzma" name="lzma"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzma</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compresses or decompresses files using the LZMA format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzmadec" name="lzmadec"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzmadec</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A small and fast decoder for LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzmainfo" name="lzmainfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzmainfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows information stored in the LZMA compressed file header </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lzmore" name="lzmore"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lzmore</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on LZMA compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unlzma" name="unlzma"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>unlzma</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses files using the LZMA format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unxz" name="unxz"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>unxz</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses files using the XZ format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xz" name="xz"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xz</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compresses or decompresses files using the XZ format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzcat" name="xzcat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzcat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses to standard output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzcmp" name="xzcmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzcmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzdec" name="xzdec"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzdec</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A small and fast decoder for XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzdiff" name="xzdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzegrep" name="xzegrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzegrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzfgrep" name="xzfgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzfgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzgrep" name="xzgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzless" name="xzless"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xzmore" name="xzmore"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xzmore</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on XZ compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="liblzma" name="liblzma"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">liblzma</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-file" name= "ch-system-file"></a>6.14. File-5.38 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">20 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.14.1. Installation of File </h3> <p> Prepare File for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-file" name="contents-file"></a>6.14.2. Contents of File </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">file</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libmagic.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928687152" name= "idm46504928687152"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="file" name="file"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>file</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tries to classify each given file; it does this by performing several tests—file system tests, magic number tests, and language tests </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmagic" name="libmagic"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libmagic</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for magic number recognition, used by the <span class= "command"><strong>file</strong></span> program </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-readline" name= "ch-system-readline"></a>6.15. Readline-8.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">15 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.15.1. Installation of Readline </h3> <p> Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be moved to <libraryname>.old. While this is normally not a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in <span class="command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span>. This can be avoided by issuing the following two seds: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Readline for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw"</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw"</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option forces Readline to link against the <code class="filename">libncursesw</code> library. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make SHLIB_LIBS="-L/tools/lib -lncursesw" install</kbd> </pre> <p> Now move the dynamic libraries to a more appropriate location and fix up some permissions and symbolic links: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/lib{readline,history}.so.* /lib chmod -v u+w /lib/lib{readline,history}.so.* ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libreadline.so) /usr/lib/libreadline.so ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libhistory.so ) /usr/lib/libhistory.so</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, install the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-readline" name= "contents-readline"></a>6.15.2. Contents of Readline </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libhistory.so and libreadline.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/readline and /usr/share/doc/readline-8.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928643664" name= "idm46504928643664"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libhistory" name= "libhistory"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libhistory</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of history </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libreadline" name= "libreadline"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libreadline</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides a set of commands for manipulating text entered in an interactive session of a program. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-m4" name= "ch-system-m4"></a>6.16. M4-1.4.18 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The M4 package contains a macro processor. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">33 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.16.1. Installation of M4 </h3> <p> First, make some fixes required by glibc-2.28: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/' lib/*.c echo "#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100" >> lib/stdio-impl.h</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare M4 for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-m4" name="contents-m4"></a>6.16.2. Contents of M4 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">m4</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928609504" name= "idm46504928609504"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="m4" name="m4"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>m4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies the given files while expanding the macros that they contain [These macros are either built-in or user-defined and can take any number of arguments. Besides performing macro expansion, <span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span> has built-in functions for including named files, running Unix commands, performing integer arithmetic, manipulating text, recursion, etc. The <span class="command"><strong>m4</strong></span> program can be used either as a front-end to a compiler or as a macro processor in its own right.] </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-bc" name= "ch-system-bc"></a>6.17. Bc-2.5.3 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bc package contains an arbitrary precision numeric processing language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.9 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.17.1. Installation of Bc </h3> <p> Prepare Bc for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">PREFIX=/usr CC=gcc CFLAGS="-std=c99" ./configure.sh -G -O3</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>CC=gcc CFLAGS="-std=c99"</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These parameters specify the compiler and C standard to use. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-O3</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Specify the optimization to use. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-G</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Omit parts of the test suite that won't work without a GNU bc present. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test bc, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-bc" name="contents-bc"></a>6.17.2. Contents of Bc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bc and dc</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928569968" name= "idm46504928569968"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bc" name="bc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A command line calculator </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dc" name="dc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A reverse-polish command line calculator </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-binutils" name= "ch-system-binutils"></a>6.18. Binutils-2.34 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">6.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">5.1 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.18.1. Installation of Binutils </h3> <p> Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot environment by performing a simple test: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">expect -c "spawn ls"</kbd> </pre> <p> This command should output the following: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">spawn ls</code> </pre> <p> If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. This issue needs to be resolved before running the test suites for Binutils and GCC: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">The system has no more ptys. Ask your system administrator to create more.</code> </pre> <p> Now remove one test that prevents the tests from running to completion: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i '/@\tincremental_copy/d' gold/testsuite/Makefile.in</kbd> </pre> <p> The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Binutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-gold \ --enable-ld=default \ --enable-plugins \ --enable-shared \ --disable-werror \ --enable-64-bit-bfd \ --with-system-zlib</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure parameters:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-gold</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Build the gold linker and install it as ld.gold (along side the default linker). </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-ld=default</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Build the original bfd linker and install it as both ld (the default linker) and ld.bfd. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-plugins</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Enables plugin support for the linker. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-64-bit-bfd</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Enables 64-bit support (on hosts with narrower word sizes). May not be needed on 64-bit systems, but does no harm. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-system-zlib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Use the installed zlib library rather than building the included version. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>tooldir=/usr</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the executables will ultimately be located) is set to <code class= "filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code>. For example, x86_64 machines would expand that to <code class= "filename">/usr/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu</code>. Because this is a custom system, this target-specific directory in <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not required. <code class= "filename">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</code> would be used if the system was used to cross-compile (for example, compiling a package on an Intel machine that generates code that can be executed on PowerPC machines). </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances. </p> </div> <p> Test the results: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -k check</kbd> </pre> <p> The ver_test_pr16504.sh test is known to fail. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make tooldir=/usr install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-binutils" name= "contents-binutils"></a>6.18.2. Contents of Binutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">addr2line, ar, as, c++filt, dwp, elfedit, gprof, ld, ld.bfd, ld.gold, nm, objcopy, objdump, ranlib, readelf, size, strings, and strip</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libbfd.{a,so} and libopcodes.{a,so}</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/ldscripts</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928507936" name= "idm46504928507936"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="addr2line" name="addr2line"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>addr2line</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates program addresses to file names and line numbers; given an address and the name of an executable, it uses the debugging information in the executable to determine which source file and line number are associated with the address </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ar" name="ar"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ar</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="as" name="as"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>as</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An assembler that assembles the output of <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> into object files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="c-filt" name="c-filt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>c++filt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java symbols and to keep overloaded functions from clashing </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dwp" name="dwp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dwp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The DWARF packaging utility </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="elfedit" name="elfedit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>elfedit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates the ELF header of ELF files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gprof" name="gprof"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gprof</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays call graph profile data </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ld" name="ld"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ld</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A linker that combines a number of object and archive files into a single file, relocating their data and tying up symbol references </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ld.gold" name="ld.gold"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ld.gold</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A cut down version of ld that only supports the elf object file format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ld.bfd" name="ld.bfd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ld.bfd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>ld</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nm" name="nm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="objcopy" name="objcopy"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>objcopy</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates one type of object file into another </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="objdump" name="objdump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>objdump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays information about the given object file, with options controlling the particular information to display; the information shown is useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ranlib" name="ranlib"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates an index of the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive; the index lists all of the symbols defined by archive members that are relocatable object files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="readelf" name="readelf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>readelf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays information about ELF type binaries </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="size" name="size"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>size</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the section sizes and the total size for the given object files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="strings" name="strings"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>strings</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of printable characters that are of at least the specified length (defaulting to four); for object files, it prints, by default, only the strings from the initializing and loading sections while for other types of files, it scans the entire file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="strip" name="strip"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>strip</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Discards symbols from object files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libbfd" name="libbfd"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libbfd</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Binary File Descriptor library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libctf" name="libctf"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libctf</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Compat ANSI-C Type Format debugging support library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libctf-nobfd" name= "libctf-nobfd"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libctf-nobfd</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A libctf variant which does not use libbfd functionality </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libopcodes" name= "libopcodes"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libopcodes</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A library for dealing with opcodes—the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">readable text</span>”</span> versions of instructions for the processor; it is used for building utilities like <span class= "command"><strong>objdump</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gmp" name= "ch-system-gmp"></a>6.19. GMP-6.2.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">51 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.19.1. Installation of GMP </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If you are building for 32-bit x86, but you have a CPU which is capable of running 64-bit code <span class= "emphasis"><em>and</em></span> you have specified <code class="envar">CFLAGS</code> in the environment, the configure script will attempt to configure for 64-bits and fail. Avoid this by invoking the configure command below with </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command"><em class= "parameter"><code>ABI=32</code></em> ./configure ...</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -v configfsf.guess config.guess cp -v configfsf.sub config.sub</kbd> </pre> </div> <p> Prepare GMP for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-cxx \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-cxx</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter enables C++ support </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This variable specifies the correct place for the documentation. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make make html</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> The test suite for GMP in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances. </p> </div> <p> Test the results: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check 2>&1 | tee gmp-check-log</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> The code in gmp is highly optimized for the processor where it is built. Occasionally, the code that detects the processor misidentifies the system capabilities and there will be errors in the tests or other applications using the gmp libraries with the message "Illegal instruction". In this case, gmp should be reconfigured with the option --build=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu and rebuilt. </p> </div> <p> Ensure that all 190 tests in the test suite passed. Check the results by issuing the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">awk '/# PASS:/{total+=$3} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and its documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install make install-html</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gmp" name="contents-gmp"></a>6.19.2. Contents of GMP </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libgmp.so and libgmpxx.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928369840" name= "idm46504928369840"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgmp" name="libgmp"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgmp</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains precision math functions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgmpxx" name="libgmpxx"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libgmpxx</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains C++ precision math functions </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-mpfr" name= "ch-system-mpfr"></a>6.20. MPFR-4.0.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">37 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.20.1. Installation of MPFR </h3> <p> Prepare MPFR for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --enable-thread-safe \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.0.2</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make make html</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> The test suite for MPFR in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances. </p> </div> <p> Test the results and ensure that all tests passed: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and its documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install make install-html</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-mpfr" name="contents-mpfr"></a>6.20.2. Contents of MPFR </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libmpfr.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.0.2</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928335776" name= "idm46504928335776"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmpfr" name="libmpfr"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libmpfr</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains multiple-precision math functions </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-mpc" name= "ch-system-mpc"></a>6.21. MPC-1.1.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">22 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.21.1. Installation of MPC </h3> <p> Prepare MPC for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.1.0</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make make html</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and its documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install make install-html</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-mpc" name="contents-mpc"></a>6.21.2. Contents of MPC </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libmpc.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.1.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928307232" name= "idm46504928307232"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmpc" name="libmpc"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libmpc</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains complex math functions </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-attr" name= "ch-system-attr"></a>6.22. Attr-2.4.48 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes on filesystem objects. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.2 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.22.1. Installation of Attr </h3> <p> Prepare Attr for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --disable-static \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/attr-2.4.48</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports extended attributes such as the ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems. To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> The shared library needs to be moved to <code class= "filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class= "filename">.so</code> file in <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libattr.so.* /lib ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libattr.so) /usr/lib/libattr.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-attr" name="contents-attr"></a>6.22.2. Contents of Attr </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">attr, getfattr, and setfattr</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libattr.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/attr and /usr/share/doc/attr-2.4.48</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928272512" name= "idm46504928272512"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="attr" name="attr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>attr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Extends attributes on filesystem objects </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getfattr" name="getfattr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getfattr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Gets the extended attributes of filesystem objects </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setfattr" name="setfattr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setfattr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the extended attributes of filesystem objects </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libattr" name="libattr"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libattr</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains the library functions for manipulating extended attributes </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-acl" name= "ch-system-acl"></a>6.23. Acl-2.2.53 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">6.4 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.23.1. Installation of Acl </h3> <p> Prepare Acl for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --disable-static \ --libexecdir=/usr/lib \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.53</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The Acl tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports access controls after <span class= "application">Coreutils</span> has been built with the Acl libraries. If desired, return to this package and run <span class="command"><strong>make check</strong></span> after <span class="application">Coreutils</span> has been built later in this chapter. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> The shared library needs to be moved to <code class= "filename">/lib</code>, and as a result the <code class= "filename">.so</code> file in <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libacl.so.* /lib ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libacl.so) /usr/lib/libacl.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-acl" name="contents-acl"></a>6.23.2. Contents of Acl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">chacl, getfacl, and setfacl</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libacl.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/acl and /usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.53</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928223984" name= "idm46504928223984"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chacl" name="chacl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chacl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the access control list of a file or directory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getfacl" name="getfacl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getfacl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Gets file access control lists </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setfacl" name="setfacl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setfacl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets file access control lists </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libacl" name="libacl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libacl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains the library functions for manipulating Access Control Lists </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-shadow" name= "ch-system-shadow"></a>6.24. Shadow-4.8.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">46 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.24.1. Installation of Shadow </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/cracklib.html"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/cracklib.html</a> for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add <em class="parameter"><code>--with-libcrack</code></em> to the <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span> command below. </p> </div> <p> Disable the installation of the <span class= "command"><strong>groups</strong></span> program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also, prevent the installation of manual pages that were already installed in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-man-pages" title= "6.8. Man-pages-5.05">Section 6.8, “Man-pages-5.05”</a>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \; find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \; find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</kbd> </pre> <p> <a id="shadow-login_defs" name= "shadow-login_defs"></a>Instead of using the default <span class="emphasis"><em>crypt</em></span> method, use the more secure <span class="emphasis"><em>SHA-512</em></span> method of password encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the obsolete <code class="filename">/var/spool/mail</code> location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <code class="filename">/var/mail</code> location used currently: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \ -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</kbd> </pre> </div> <p> Make a minor change to make the first group number generated by useradd 1000: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Shadow for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-group-name-max-length=32</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum group name the same. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-shadow" name="conf-shadow"></a>6.24.2. Configuring Shadow </h3> <p> This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what <span class="emphasis"><em>password shadowing</em></span> means, see the <code class="filename">doc/HOWTO</code> file within the unpacked source tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with shadowed passwords. </p> <p> To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">pwconv</kbd> </pre> <p> To enable shadowed group passwords, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grpconv</kbd> </pre> <p> Shadow's stock configuration for the <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility has a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action for the <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility is to create the user and a group of the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass parameters to <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, each user will be a member of a unique group on the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need to pass the <em class= "parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter to <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>. The default parameters are stored in the <code class= "filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> file. You may need to modify two parameters in this file to suit your particular needs. </p> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong><code class="filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> Parameter Explanations</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>GROUP=1000</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in the /etc/group file. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note that <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will never reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next available number after this. Note also that if you don't have a group 1000 on your system the first time you use <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> without the <em class="parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter, you'll get a message displayed on the terminal that says: <code class= "computeroutput">useradd: unknown GID 1000</code>. You may disregard this message and group number 1000 will be used. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter causes <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> to create a mailbox file for the newly created user. <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will make the group ownership of this file to the <code class= "systemitem">mail</code> group with 0660 permissions. If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not created by <span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</kbd> </pre> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.24.3. Setting the root password </h3> <p> Choose a password for user <span class= "emphasis"><em>root</em></span> and set it by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">passwd root</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-shadow" name="contents-shadow"></a>6.24.4. Contents of Shadow </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp, newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/default</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504928132640" name= "idm46504928132640"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chage" name="chage"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chage</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chfn" name="chfn"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chfn</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to change a user's full name and other information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chgpasswd" name="chgpasswd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chgpasswd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to update group passwords in batch mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chpasswd" name="chpasswd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chpasswd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to update user passwords in batch mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chsh" name="chsh"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chsh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to change a user's default login shell </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="expiry" name="expiry"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>expiry</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="faillog" name="faillog"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>faillog</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gpasswd" name="gpasswd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gpasswd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groupadd" name="groupadd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groupadd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a group with the given name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groupdel" name="groupdel"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groupdel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Deletes the group with the given name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groupmems" name="groupmems"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groupmems</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list without the requirement of super user privileges. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groupmod" name="groupmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groupmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to modify the given group's name or GID </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grpck" name="grpck"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grpck</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Verifies the integrity of the group files <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grpconv" name="grpconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grpconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grpunconv" name="grpunconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grpunconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> from <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> and then deletes the latter </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lastlog" name="lastlog"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lastlog</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="login" name="login"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>login</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used by the system to let users sign on </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="logoutd" name="logoutd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>logoutd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="newgidmap" name="newgidmap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>newgidmap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="newgrp" name="newgrp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>newgrp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to change the current GID during a login session </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="newuidmap" name="newuidmap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>newuidmap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="newusers" name="newusers"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>newusers</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nologin" name="nologin"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nologin</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been disabled </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="passwd" name="passwd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>passwd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to change the password for a user or group account </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pwck" name="pwck"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pwck</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Verifies the integrity of the password files <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pwconv" name="pwconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pwconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal password file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pwunconv" name="pwunconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pwunconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> from <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> and then deletes the latter </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sg" name="sg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to that of the given group </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="su" name="su"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>su</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="useradd" name="useradd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>useradd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default new-user information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="userdel" name="userdel"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>userdel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Deletes the given user account </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="usermod" name="usermod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>usermod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to modify the given user's login name, User Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vigr" name="vigr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vigr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> or <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vipw" name="vipw"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vipw</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> or <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> files </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gcc" name= "ch-system-gcc"></a>6.25. GCC-9.2.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">88 SBU (with tests)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.2 GB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.25.1. Installation of GCC </h3> <p> If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">lib</span>”</span>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \ -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac</kbd> </pre> <p> As in gcc-pass2, fix a problem introduced by Glibc-2.31: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -e '1161 s|^|//|' \ -i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_platform_limits_posix.cc</kbd> </pre> <p> The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare GCC for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">SED=sed \ ../configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-languages=c,c++ \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-bootstrap \ --with-system-zlib</kbd> </pre> <p> Note that for other languages, there are some prerequisites that are not yet available. See the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/gcc.html"> BLFS Book</a> for instructions on how to build all of GCC's supported languages. </p> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure parameters:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">SED=sed</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Setting this environment variable prevents a hard-coded path to /tools/bin/sed. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-system-zlib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed copy of the Zlib library, rather than its own internal copy. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance. </p> </div> <p> One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust the stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the tests: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ulimit -s 32768</kbd> </pre> <p> Test the results as a non-privileged user, but do not stop at errors: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</kbd> </pre> <p> To receive a summary of the test suite results, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../contrib/test_summary</kbd> </pre> <p> For only the summaries, pipe the output through <strong class="userinput"><code>grep -A7 Summ</code></strong>. </p> <p> Results can be compared with those located at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/9.1/</a> and <a class="ulink" href= "https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/">https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/</a>. </p> <p> Six tests related to get_time are known to fail. These are apparently related to the en_HK locale. </p> <p> Two tests named lookup.cc and reverse.cc in experimental/net are known to fail in LFS chroot environment because they require /etc/hosts and iana-etc. </p> <p> Two tests named pr57193.c and pr90178.c are known to fail. </p> <p> A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC developers are usually aware of these issues, but have not resolved them yet. Unless the test results are vastly different from those at the above URL, it is safe to continue. </p> <p> Install the package and remove an unneeded directory: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install rm -rf /usr/lib/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/9.2.0/include-fixed/bits/</kbd> </pre> <p> The GCC build directory is owned by <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> now and the ownership of the installed header directory (and its content) will be incorrect. Change the ownership to <code class= "systemitem">root</code> user and group: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -v -R root:root \ /usr/lib/gcc/*linux-gnu/9.2.0/include{,-fixed}</kbd> </pre> <p> Create a symlink required by the <a class="ulink" href= "https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/ch03s09.html"> FHS</a> for "historical" reasons. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv ../usr/bin/cpp /lib</kbd> </pre> <p> Many packages use the name <span class= "command"><strong>cc</strong></span> to call the C compiler. To satisfy those packages, create a symlink: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv gcc /usr/bin/cc</kbd> </pre> <p> Add a compatibility symlink to enable building programs with Link Time Optimization (LTO): </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">install -v -dm755 /usr/lib/bfd-plugins ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/9.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \ /usr/lib/bfd-plugins/</kbd> </pre> <p> Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to again ensure that compiling and linking will work as expected. We do this by performing the same sanity checks as we did earlier in the chapter: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</kbd> </pre> <p> There should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name): </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</code> </pre> <p> Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crt1.o succeeded /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crti.o succeeded /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/../../../../lib/crtn.o succeeded</code> </pre> <p> Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ slightly, the difference usually being the name of the directory after <code class="filename">/usr/lib/gcc</code>. The important thing to look for here is that <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> has found all three <code class="filename">crt*.o</code> files under the <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code> directory. </p> <p> Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> This command should return the following output: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">#include <...> search starts here: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/include /usr/local/include /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/9.2.0/include-fixed /usr/include</code> </pre> <p> Again, note that the directory named after your target triplet may be different than the above, depending on your architecture. </p> <p> Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</kbd> </pre> <p> References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib64") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64") SEARCH_DIR("/lib64") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code> </pre> <p> A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For example, here is the output from an i686 machine: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib32") SEARCH_DIR("/lib32") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib32") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/lib") SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</code> </pre> <p> Next make sure that we're using the correct libc: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">attempt to open /lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</code> </pre> <p> Lastly, make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grep found dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The output of the last command should be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name): </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</code> </pre> <p> If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. The most likely reason is that something went wrong with the specs file adjustment. Any issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the process. </p> <p> Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</kbd> </pre> <p> Finally, move a misplaced file: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gcc" name="contents-gcc"></a>6.25.2. Contents of GCC </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">c++, cc (link to gcc), cpp, g++, gcc, gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib, gcov, gcov-dump, and gcov-tool</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libasan.{a,so}, libatomic.{a,so}, libcc1.so, libgcc.a, libgcc_eh.a, libgcc_s.so, libgcov.a, libgomp.{a,so}, libitm.{a,so}, liblsan.{a,so}, liblto_plugin.so, libquadmath.{a,so}, libssp.{a,so}, libssp_nonshared.a, libstdc++.{a,so}, libstdc++fs.a, libsupc++.a, libtsan.{a,so}, and libubsan.{a,so}</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/c++, /usr/lib/gcc, /usr/libexec/gcc, and /usr/share/gcc-9.2.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927879424" name= "idm46504927879424"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="c" name="c"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>c++</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C++ compiler </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cc" name="cc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C compiler </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cpp" name="cpp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cpp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to expand the #include, #define, and similar statements in the source files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="g" name="g"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>g++</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C++ compiler </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcc" name="gcc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C compiler </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcc-ar" name="gcc-ar"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcc-ar</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper around <span class= "command"><strong>ar</strong></span> that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcc-nm" name="gcc-nm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcc-nm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper around <span class= "command"><strong>nm</strong></span> that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcc-ranlib" name= "gcc-ranlib"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcc-ranlib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper around <span class= "command"><strong>ranlib</strong></span> that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcov" name="gcov"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcov</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze programs to determine where optimizations will have the most effect </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcov-dump" name="gcov-dump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcov-dump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Offline gcda and gcno profile dump tool </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gcov-tool" name="gcov-tool"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gcov-tool</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Offline gcda profile processing tool </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libasan" name="libasan"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libasan</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Address Sanitizer runtime library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libatomic" name="libatomic"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libatomic</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GCC atomic built-in runtime library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcc1" name="libcc1"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libcc1</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The C preprocessing library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgcc" name="libgcc"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgcc</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains run-time support for <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgcov" name="libgcov"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgcov</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> This library is linked in to a program when GCC is instructed to enable profiling </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgomp" name="libgomp"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgomp</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="liblsan" name="liblsan"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">liblsan</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Leak Sanitizer runtime library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="liblto_plugin" name= "liblto_plugin"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">liblto_plugin</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GCC's Link Time Optimization (LTO) plugin allows GCC to perform optimizations across compilation units </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libquadmath" name= "libquadmath"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libquadmath</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GCC Quad Precision Math Library API </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libssp" name="libssp"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libssp</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing protection functionality </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libstdc" name="libstdc"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libstdc++</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The standard C++ library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libstdcfs" name="libstdcfs"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libstdc++fs</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 Filesystem library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libsupc" name="libsupc"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libsupc++</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides supporting routines for the C++ programming language </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtsan" name="libtsan"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libtsan</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Thread Sanitizer runtime library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libubsan" name="libubsan"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libubsan</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Undefined Behavior Sanitizer runtime library </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-pkgconfig" name= "ch-system-pkgconfig"></a>6.26. Pkg-config-0.29.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make file execution. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">30 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.26.1. Installation of Pkg-config </h3> <p> Prepare Pkg-config for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --with-internal-glib \ --disable-host-tool \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-internal-glib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This will allow pkg-config to use its internal version of Glib because an external version is not available in LFS. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-host-tool</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option disables the creation of an undesired hard link to the pkg-config program. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-pkgconfig" name= "contents-pkgconfig"></a>6.26.2. Contents of Pkg-config </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">pkg-config</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class= "segbody">/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927731216" name= "idm46504927731216"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pkgconfig" name="pkgconfig"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pkg-config</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Returns meta information for the specified library or package </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-ncurses" name= "ch-system-ncurses"></a>6.27. Ncurses-6.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">43 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.27.1. Installation of Ncurses </h3> <p> Don't install a static library that is not handled by configure: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/LIBTOOL_INSTALL/d' c++/Makefile.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Ncurses for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --mandir=/usr/share/man \ --with-shared \ --without-debug \ --without-normal \ --enable-pc-files \ --enable-widec</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-widec</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g., <code class="filename">libncursesw.so.6.2</code>) to be built instead of normal ones (e.g., <code class= "filename">libncurses.so.6.2</code>). These wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and normal libraries are source-compatible, but not binary-compatible. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-pc-files</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch generates and installs .pc files for pkg-config. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--without-normal</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch disables building and installing most static libraries. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after the package has been installed. The tests reside in the <code class="filename">test/</code> directory. See the <code class="filename">README</code> file in that directory for further details. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Move the shared libraries to the <code class= "filename">/lib</code> directory, where they are expected to reside: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6* /lib</kbd> </pre> <p> Because the libraries have been moved, one symlink points to a non-existent file. Recreate it: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libncursesw.so) /usr/lib/libncursesw.so</kbd> </pre> <p> Many applications still expect the linker to be able to find non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications into linking with wide-character libraries by means of symlinks and linker scripts: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do rm -vf /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc done</kbd> </pre> <p> Finally, make sure that old applications that look for <code class="filename">-lcurses</code> at build time are still buildable: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -vf /usr/lib/libcursesw.so echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > /usr/lib/libcursesw.so ln -sfv libncurses.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, install the Ncurses documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2 cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The instructions above don't create non-wide-character Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling from sources would link against them at runtime. However, the only known binary-only applications that link against non-wide-character Ncurses libraries require version 5. If you must have such libraries because of some binary-only application or to be compliant with LSB, build the package again with the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make distclean ./configure --prefix=/usr \ --with-shared \ --without-normal \ --without-debug \ --without-cxx-binding \ --with-abi-version=5 make sources libs cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib</kbd> </pre> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-ncurses" name="contents-ncurses"></a>6.27.2. Contents of Ncurses </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">captoinfo (link to tic), clear, infocmp, infotocap (link to tic), ncursesw6-config, reset (link to tset), tabs, tic, toe, tput, and tset</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libcursesw.so (symlink and linker script to libncursesw.so), libformw.so, libmenuw.so, libncursesw.so, libncurses++w.a, libpanelw.so, and their non-wide-character counterparts without "w" in the library names.</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/tabset, /usr/share/terminfo, and /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.2</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927674752" name= "idm46504927674752"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="captoinfo" name="captoinfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>captoinfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a termcap description into a terminfo description </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="clear" name="clear"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>clear</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Clears the screen, if possible </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="infocmp" name="infocmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>infocmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares or prints out terminfo descriptions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="infotocap" name="infotocap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>infotocap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a terminfo description into a termcap description </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ncursesw6-config" name= "ncursesw6-config"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ncursesw6-config</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides configuration information for ncurses </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="reset" name="reset"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>reset</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reinitializes a terminal to its default values </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tabs" name="tabs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tabs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Clears and sets tab stops on a terminal </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tic" name="tic"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tic</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The terminfo entry-description compiler that translates a terminfo file from source format into the binary format needed for the ncurses library routines [A terminfo file contains information on the capabilities of a certain terminal.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="toe" name="toe"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>toe</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists all available terminal types, giving the primary name and description for each </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tput" name="tput"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tput</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes the values of terminal-dependent capabilities available to the shell; it can also be used to reset or initialize a terminal or report its long name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tset" name="tset"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tset</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be used to initialize terminals </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcursesw" name= "libcursesw"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libcursesw</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A link to <code class="filename">libncursesw</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libncursesw" name= "libncursesw"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libncursesw</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to display text in many complex ways on a terminal screen; a good example of the use of these functions is the menu displayed during the kernel's <span class="command"><strong>make menuconfig</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libformw" name="libformw"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libformw</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to implement forms </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmenuw" name="libmenuw"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libmenuw</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to implement menus </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libpanelw" name="libpanelw"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libpanelw</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to implement panels </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-libcap" name= "ch-system-libcap"></a>6.28. Libcap-2.31 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Libcap package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a partitioning of the all powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">8.5 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.28.1. Installation of Libcap </h3> <p> Prevent two static libraries from being installed: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/install.*STA...LIBNAME/d' libcap/Makefile</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make lib=lib</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>lib=lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter sets the library directory to <code class="filename">/lib</code> rather than <code class="filename">/lib64</code> on x86_64. It has no effect on x86. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make lib=lib install chmod -v 755 /lib/libcap.so.2.31</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-libcap" name="contents-libcap"></a>6.28.2. Contents of Libcap </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">capsh, getcap, getpcaps, and setcap</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libcap.so and libpsx.a</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927573904" name= "idm46504927573904"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="capsh" name="capsh"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>capsh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A shell wrapper to explore and constrain capability support </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getcap" name="getcap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getcap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Examines file capabilities </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getpcaps" name="getpcaps"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getpcaps</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the capabilities on the queried process(es) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setcap" name="setcap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setcap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets file capabilities </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcap" name="libcap"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libcap</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains the library functions for manipulating POSIX 1003.1e capabilities </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libpsx" name="libpsx"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libpsx</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to support POSIX semantics for syscalls associated with the pthread library </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-sed" name= "ch-system-sed"></a>6.29. Sed-4.8 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Sed package contains a stream editor. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">34 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.29.1. Installation of Sed </h3> <p> First fix an issue in the LFS environment and remove a failing test: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/usr/tools/' build-aux/help2man sed -i 's/testsuite.panic-tests.sh//' Makefile.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Sed for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make make html</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and its documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install install -d -m755 /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8 install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-sed" name="contents-sed"></a>6.29.2. Contents of Sed </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">sed</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/sed-4.8</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927520752" name= "idm46504927520752"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sed" name="sed"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sed</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filters and transforms text files in a single pass </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-psmisc" name= "ch-system-psmisc"></a>6.30. Psmisc-23.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying information about running processes. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.6 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.30.1. Installation of Psmisc </h3> <p> Prepare Psmisc for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Finally, move the <span class= "command"><strong>killall</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>fuser</strong></span> programs to the location specified by the FHS: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/fuser /bin mv -v /usr/bin/killall /bin</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-psmisc" name="contents-psmisc"></a>6.30.2. Contents of Psmisc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">fuser, killall, peekfd, prtstat, pslog, pstree, and pstree.x11 (link to pstree)</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927491456" name= "idm46504927491456"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fuser" name="fuser"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fuser</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the Process IDs (PIDs) of processes that use the given files or file systems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="killall" name="killall"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>killall</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Kills processes by name; it sends a signal to all processes running any of the given commands </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="peekfd" name="peekfd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>peekfd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Peek at file descriptors of a running process, given its PID </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="prtstat" name="prtstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>prtstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints information about a process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pslog" name="pslog"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pslog</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports current logs path of a process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pstree" name="pstree"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pstree</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays running processes as a tree </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pstree.x11" name= "pstree.x11"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>pstree.x11</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Same as <span class= "command"><strong>pstree</strong></span>, except that it waits for confirmation before exiting </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-iana-etc" name= "ch-system-iana-etc"></a>6.31. Iana-Etc-2.30 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.3 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.31.1. Installation of Iana-Etc </h3> <p> The following command converts the raw data provided by IANA into the correct formats for the <code class= "filename">/etc/protocols</code> and <code class= "filename">/etc/services</code> data files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-iana-etc" name= "contents-iana-etc"></a>6.31.2. Contents of Iana-Etc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/protocols and /etc/services</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927438832" name= "idm46504927438832"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="protocols" name="protocols"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/etc/protocols</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Describes the various DARPA Internet protocols that are available from the TCP/IP subsystem </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="services" name="services"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/etc/services</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides a mapping between friendly textual names for internet services, and their underlying assigned port numbers and protocol types </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-bison" name= "ch-system-bison"></a>6.32. Bison-3.5.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bison package contains a parser generator. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">43 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.32.1. Installation of Bison </h3> <p> Prepare Bison for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.5.2</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> There is a circular dependency between bison and flex with regard to the checks. If desired, after installing flex in the next section, the bison package can be rebuilt and the bison checks can be run with <span class= "command"><strong>make check</strong></span>. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-bison" name="contents-bison"></a>6.32.2. Contents of Bison </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bison and yacc</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">liby.a</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/bison</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927404672" name= "idm46504927404672"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bison" name="bison"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bison</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates, from a series of rules, a program for analyzing the structure of text files; Bison is a replacement for Yacc (Yet Another Compiler Compiler) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="yacc" name="yacc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>yacc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper for <span class= "command"><strong>bison</strong></span>, meant for programs that still call <span class= "command"><strong>yacc</strong></span> instead of <span class= "command"><strong>bison</strong></span>; it calls <span class="command"><strong>bison</strong></span> with the <em class="parameter"><code>-y</code></em> option </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="liby" name="liby"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">liby</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Yacc library containing implementations of Yacc-compatible <code class= "function">yyerror</code> and <code class= "function">main</code> functions; this library is normally not very useful, but POSIX requires it </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-flex" name= "ch-system-flex"></a>6.33. Flex-2.6.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">36 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.33.1. Installation of Flex </h3> <p> First, fix a problem introduced with glibc-2.26: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i "/math.h/a #include <malloc.h>" src/flexdef.h</kbd> </pre> <p> The build procedure assumes the <span class= "application">help2man</span> program is available to create a man page from the executable --help option. This is not present, so we use an environment variable to skip this process. Now, prepare Flex for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">HELP2MAN=/tools/bin/true \ ./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> A few programs do not know about <span class= "command"><strong>flex</strong></span> yet and try to run its predecessor, <span class= "command"><strong>lex</strong></span>. To support those programs, create a symbolic link named <code class= "filename">lex</code> that runs <code class= "filename">flex</code> in <span class= "command"><strong>lex</strong></span> emulation mode: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv flex /usr/bin/lex</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-flex" name="contents-flex"></a>6.33.2. Contents of Flex </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">flex, flex++ (link to flex), and lex (link to flex)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libfl.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927353168" name= "idm46504927353168"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="flex" name="flex"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>flex</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A tool for generating programs that recognize patterns in text; it allows for the versatility to specify the rules for pattern-finding, eradicating the need to develop a specialized program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="flexpp" name="flexpp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>flex++</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An extension of flex, is used for generating C++ code and classes. It is a symbolic link to <span class="command"><strong>flex</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lex" name="lex"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lex</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link that runs <span class= "command"><strong>flex</strong></span> in <span class="command"><strong>lex</strong></span> emulation mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libfl" name="libfl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libfl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The <code class="filename">flex</code> library </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-grep" name= "ch-system-grep"></a>6.34. Grep-3.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Grep package contains programs for searching through files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">39 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.34.1. Installation of Grep </h3> <p> Prepare Grep for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --bindir=/bin</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-grep" name="contents-grep"></a>6.34.2. Contents of Grep </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">egrep, fgrep, and grep</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927309584" name= "idm46504927309584"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="egrep" name="egrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints lines matching an extended regular expression </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fgrep" name="fgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints lines matching a list of fixed strings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grep" name="grep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints lines matching a basic regular expression </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-bash" name= "ch-system-bash"></a>6.35. Bash-5.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.9 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">62 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.35.1. Installation of Bash </h3> <p> Incorporate some upstream fixes: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../bash-5.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Bash for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-5.0 \ --without-bash-malloc \ --with-installed-readline</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-installed-readline</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option tells Bash to use the <code class= "filename">readline</code> library that is already installed on the system rather than using its own readline version. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Skip down to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">Install the package</span>”</span> if not running the test suite. </p> <p> To prepare the tests, ensure that the <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> user can write to the sources tree: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .</kbd> </pre> <p> Now, run the tests as the <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> user: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH HOME=/home make tests"</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and move the main executable to <code class="filename">/bin</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install mv -vf /usr/bin/bash /bin</kbd> </pre> <p> Run the newly compiled <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program (replacing the one that is currently being executed): </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">exec /bin/bash --login +h</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The parameters used make the <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> process an interactive login shell and continue to disable hashing so that new programs are found as they become available. </p> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-bash" name="contents-bash"></a>6.35.2. Contents of Bash </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bash, bashbug, and sh (link to bash)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/bash, /usr/lib/bash, and /usr/share/doc/bash-5.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927256640" name= "idm46504927256640"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bash" name="bash"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A widely-used command interpreter; it performs many types of expansions and substitutions on a given command line before executing it, thus making this interpreter a powerful tool </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bashbug" name="bashbug"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bashbug</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A shell script to help the user compose and mail standard formatted bug reports concerning <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sh" name="sh"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symlink to the <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> program; when invoked as <span class= "command"><strong>sh</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of <span class="command"><strong>sh</strong></span> as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-libtool" name= "ch-system-libtool"></a>6.36. Libtool-2.4.6 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.8 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">43 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.36.1. Installation of Libtool </h3> <p> Prepare Libtool for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The test time for libtool can be reduced significantly on a system with multiple cores. To do this, append <span class= "command"><strong>TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j<N></strong></span> to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the test time by over 60 percent. </p> </div> <p> Five tests are known to fail in the LFS build environment due to a circular dependency, but all tests pass if rechecked after automake is installed. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-libtool" name="contents-libtool"></a>6.36.2. Contents of Libtool </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">libtool and libtoolize</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libltdl.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/libltdl and /usr/share/libtool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927212912" name= "idm46504927212912"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtool" name="libtool"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>libtool</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides generalized library-building support services </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtoolize" name= "libtoolize"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides a standard way to add <span class= "command"><strong>libtool</strong></span> support to a package </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libltdl" name="libltdl"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libltdl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Hides the various difficulties of dlopening libraries </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gdbm" name= "ch-system-gdbm"></a>6.37. GDBM-1.18.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that use extensible hashing and work similar to the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">11 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.37.1. Installation of GDBM </h3> <p> Prepare GDBM for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --enable-libgdbm-compat</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">--enable-libgdbm-compat</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch enables the libgdbm compatibility library to be built, as some packages outside of LFS may require the older DBM routines it provides. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gdbm" name="contents-gdbm"></a>6.37.2. Contents of GDBM </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">gdbm_dump, gdbm_load, and gdbmtool</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libgdbm.so and libgdbm_compat.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927171808" name= "idm46504927171808"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gdbm_dump" name="gdbm_dump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gdbm_dump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps a GDBM database to a file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gdbm_load" name="gdbm_load"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gdbm_load</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Recreates a GDBM database from a dump file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gdbmtool" name="gdbmtool"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gdbmtool</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tests and modifies a GDBM database </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgdbm" name="libgdbm"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgdbm</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions to manipulate a hashed database </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgdbm_compat" name= "libgdbm_compat"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libgdbm_compat</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compatibility library containing older DBM functions </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gperf" name= "ch-system-gperf"></a>6.38. Gperf-3.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Gperf generates a perfect hash function from a key set. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">6.3 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.38.1. Installation of Gperf </h3> <p> Prepare Gperf for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The tests are known to fail if running multiple simultaneous tests (-j option greater than 1). To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -j1 check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gperf" name="contents-gperf"></a>6.38.2. Contents of Gperf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">gperf</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927125552" name= "idm46504927125552"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gperf" name="gperf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gperf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates a perfect hash from a key set </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-expat" name= "ch-system-expat"></a>6.39. Expat-2.2.9 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Expat package contains a stream oriented C library for parsing XML. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">11 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.39.1. Installation of Expat </h3> <p> First fix a problem with the regression tests in the LFS environment: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's|usr/bin/env |bin/|' run.sh.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Expat for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, install the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,png,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-expat" name="contents-expat"></a>6.39.2. Contents of Expat </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">xmlwf</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libexpat.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/expat-2.2.9</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927092784" name= "idm46504927092784"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xmlwf" name="xmlwf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xmlwf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a non-validating utility to check whether or not XML documents are well formed </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libexpat" name="libexpat"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libexpat</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains API functions for parsing XML </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-inetutils" name= "ch-system-inetutils"></a>6.40. Inetutils-1.9.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">29 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.40.1. Installation of Inetutils </h3> <p> Prepare Inetutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --localstatedir=/var \ --disable-logger \ --disable-whois \ --disable-rcp \ --disable-rexec \ --disable-rlogin \ --disable-rsh \ --disable-servers</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-logger</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option prevents Inetutils from installing the <span class="command"><strong>logger</strong></span> program, which is used by scripts to pass messages to the System Log Daemon. Do not install it because Util-linux installs a more recent version. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-whois</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option disables the building of the Inetutils <span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span> client, which is out of date. Instructions for a better <span class="command"><strong>whois</strong></span> client are in the BLFS book. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-r*</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These parameters disable building obsolete programs that should not be used due to security issues. The functions provided by these programs can be provided by the <span class="application">openssh</span> package in the BLFS book. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-servers</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This disables the installation of the various network servers included as part of the Inetutils package. These servers are deemed not appropriate in a basic LFS system. Some are insecure by nature and are only considered safe on trusted networks. Note that better replacements are available for many of these servers. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> One test, libls.sh, may fail in the initial chroot environment but will pass if the test is rerun after the LFS system is complete. One test, ping-localhost.sh, will fail if the host system does not have ipv6 capability. </p> </div> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Move some programs so they are available if <code class= "filename">/usr</code> is not accessible: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{hostname,ping,ping6,traceroute} /bin mv -v /usr/bin/ifconfig /sbin</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-inetutils" name= "contents-inetutils"></a>6.40.2. Contents of Inetutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">dnsdomainname, ftp, ifconfig, hostname, ping, ping6, talk, telnet, tftp, and traceroute</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504927044208" name= "idm46504927044208"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dnsdomainname" name= "dnsdomainname"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>dnsdomainname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Show the system's DNS domain name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ftp" name="ftp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ftp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is the file transfer protocol program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="hostname" name="hostname"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>hostname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports or sets the name of the host </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifconfig" name="ifconfig"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifconfig</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Manages network interfaces </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ping" name="ping"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ping</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sends echo-request packets and reports how long the replies take </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ping6" name="ping6"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ping6</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A version of <span class= "command"><strong>ping</strong></span> for IPv6 networks </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="talk" name="talk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>talk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to chat with another user </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="telnet" name="telnet"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>telnet</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An interface to the TELNET protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tftp" name="tftp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tftp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A trivial file transfer program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="traceroute" name= "traceroute"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>traceroute</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Traces the route your packets take from the host you are working on to another host on a network, showing all the intermediate hops (gateways) along the way </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-perl" name= "ch-system-perl"></a>6.41. Perl-5.30.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">9.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">272 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.41.1. Installation of Perl </h3> <p> First create a basic <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file to be referenced in one of Perl's configuration files as well as the optional test suite: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">echo "127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)" > /etc/hosts</kbd> </pre> <p> This version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib and Compress::Raw::BZip2 modules. By default Perl will use an internal copy of the sources for the build. Issue the following command so that Perl will use the libraries installed on the system: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">export BUILD_ZLIB=False export BUILD_BZIP2=0</kbd> </pre> <p> To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can remove the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">-des</span>”</span> options from the following command and hand-pick the way this package is built. Alternatively, use the command exactly as below to use the defaults that Perl auto-detects: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sh Configure -des -Dprefix=/usr \ -Dvendorprefix=/usr \ -Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \ -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \ -Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR" \ -Duseshrplib \ -Dusethreads</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Dvendorprefix=/usr</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures <span class= "command"><strong>perl</strong></span> knows how to tell packages where they should install their perl modules. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR"</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This ensures that <strong class= "userinput"><code>less</code></strong> is used instead of <strong class= "userinput"><code>more</code></strong>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Since Groff is not installed yet, <span class= "command"><strong>Configure</strong></span> thinks that we do not want man pages for Perl. Issuing these parameters overrides this decision. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Duseshrplib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Build a shared libperl needed by some perl modules. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>-Dusethreads</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Build perl with support for threads. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results (approximately 11 SBU), issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package and clean up: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-perl" name="contents-perl"></a>6.41.2. Contents of Perl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">corelist, cpan, enc2xs, encguess, h2ph, h2xs, instmodsh, json_pp, libnetcfg, perl, perl5.30.1 (hard link to perl), perlbug, perldoc, perlivp, perlthanks (hard link to perlbug), piconv, pl2pm, pod2html, pod2man, pod2text, pod2usage, podchecker, podselect, prove, ptar, ptardiff, ptargrep, shasum, splain, xsubpp, and zipdetails</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">Many which cannot all be listed here</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/perl5</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926954080" name= "idm46504926954080"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="corelist" name="corelist"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>corelist</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A commandline frontend to Module::CoreList </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cpan" name="cpan"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cpan</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Interact with the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) from the command line </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="enc2xs" name="enc2xs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>enc2xs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Builds a Perl extension for the Encode module from either Unicode Character Mappings or Tcl Encoding Files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="encguess" name="encguess"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>encguess</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Guess the encoding type of one or several files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="h2ph" name="h2ph"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>h2ph</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header files to <code class="filename">.ph</code> Perl header files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="h2xs" name="h2xs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>h2xs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts <code class="filename">.h</code> C header files to Perl extensions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="instmodsh" name="instmodsh"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>instmodsh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shell script for examining installed Perl modules, and can create a tarball from an installed module </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="json_pp" name="json_pp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>json_pp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts data between certain input and output formats </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libnetcfg" name="libnetcfg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>libnetcfg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be used to configure the <code class= "filename">libnet</code> Perl module </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perl" name="perl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>perl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Combines some of the best features of C, <span class="command"><strong>sed</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>awk</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>sh</strong></span> into a single swiss-army language </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perl-version" name= "perl-version"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>perl5.30.1</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>perl</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perlbug" name="perlbug"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>perlbug</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to generate bug reports about Perl, or the modules that come with it, and mail them </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perldoc" name="perldoc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>perldoc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays a piece of documentation in pod format that is embedded in the Perl installation tree or in a Perl script </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perlivp" name="perlivp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>perlivp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Perl Installation Verification Procedure; it can be used to verify that Perl and its libraries have been installed correctly </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="perlthanks" name= "perlthanks"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>perlthanks</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to generate thank you messages to mail to the Perl developers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="piconv" name="piconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>piconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A Perl version of the character encoding converter <span class="command"><strong>iconv</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pl2pm" name="pl2pm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pl2pm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A rough tool for converting Perl4 <code class= "filename">.pl</code> files to Perl5 <code class= "filename">.pm</code> modules </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pod2html" name="pod2html"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pod2html</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts files from pod format to HTML format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pod2man" name="pod2man"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pod2man</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts pod data to formatted *roff input </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pod2text" name="pod2text"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pod2text</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pod2usage" name="pod2usage"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pod2usage</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints usage messages from embedded pod docs in files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="podchecker" name= "podchecker"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>podchecker</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks the syntax of pod format documentation files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="podselect" name="podselect"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>podselect</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays selected sections of pod documentation </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="prove" name="prove"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>prove</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Command line tool for running tests against the Test::Harness module </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ptar" name="ptar"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ptar</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A <span class= "command"><strong>tar</strong></span>-like program written in Perl </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ptardiff" name="ptardiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ptardiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A Perl program that compares an extracted archive with an unextracted one </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ptargrep" name="ptargrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ptargrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A Perl program that applies pattern matching to the contents of files in a tar archive </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="shasum" name="shasum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>shasum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks SHA checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="splain" name="splain"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>splain</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to force verbose warning diagnostics in Perl </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xsubpp" name="xsubpp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xsubpp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts Perl XS code into C code </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zipdetails" name= "zipdetails"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>zipdetails</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays details about the internal structure of a Zip file </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-xml-parser" name= "ch-system-xml-parser"></a>6.42. XML::Parser-2.46 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The XML::Parser module is a Perl interface to James Clark's XML parser, Expat. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.4 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.42.1. Installation of XML::Parser </h3> <p> Prepare XML::Parser for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">perl Makefile.PL</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-xml-parser" name= "contents-xml-parser"></a>6.42.2. Contents of XML::Parser </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed module:</strong> <span class="segbody">Expat.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926784032" name= "idm46504926784032"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="Expat" name="Expat"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">Expat</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> provides the Perl Expat interface </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-intltool" name= "ch-system-intltool"></a>6.43. Intltool-0.51.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Intltool is an internationalization tool used for extracting translatable strings from source files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.5 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.43.1. Installation of Intltool </h3> <p> First fix a warning that is caused by perl-5.22 and later: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Intltool for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-intltool" name= "contents-intltool"></a>6.43.2. Contents of Intltool </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">intltool-extract, intltool-merge, intltool-prepare, intltool-update, and intltoolize</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0 and /usr/share/intltool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926753376" name= "idm46504926753376"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="intltoolize" name= "intltoolize"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>intltoolize</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prepares a package to use intltool </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="intltool-extract" name= "intltool-extract"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>intltool-extract</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates header files that can be read by <span class= "command"><strong>gettext</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="intltool-merge" name= "intltool-merge"></a><span class= "term"><span class="command"><strong>intltool-merge</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Merges translated strings into various file types </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="intltool-prepare" name= "intltool-prepare"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>intltool-prepare</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates pot files and merges them with translation files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="intltool-update" name= "intltool-update"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>intltool-update</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates the po template files and merges them with the translations </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-autoconf" name= "ch-system-autoconf"></a>6.44. Autoconf-2.69 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU (about 3.2 SBU with tests)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">79 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.44.1. Installation of Autoconf </h3> <p> First, fix a bug generated by Perl 5.28. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed '361 s/{/\\{/' -i bin/autoscan.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Autoconf for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The test suite is currently broken by bash-5 and libtool-2.4.3. To run the tests anyway, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-autoconf" name= "contents-autoconf"></a>6.44.2. Contents of Autoconf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">autoconf, autoheader, autom4te, autoreconf, autoscan, autoupdate, and ifnames</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/autoconf</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926703776" name= "idm46504926703776"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autoconf" name="autoconf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Produces shell scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of Unix-like systems; the configuration scripts it produces are independent—running them does not require the <span class= "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autoheader" name= "autoheader"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A tool for creating template files of C <span class="emphasis"><em>#define</em></span> statements for configure to use </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autom4te" name="autom4te"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>autom4te</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A wrapper for the M4 macro processor </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autoreconf" name= "autoreconf"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoreconf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Automatically runs <span class= "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>autoheader</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>automake</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span>, and <span class= "command"><strong>libtoolize</strong></span> in the correct order to save time when changes are made to <span class= "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>automake</strong></span> template files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autoscan" name="autoscan"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Helps to create a <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> file for a software package; it examines the source files in a directory tree, searching them for common portability issues, and creates a <code class= "filename">configure.scan</code> file that serves as as a preliminary <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> file for the package </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autoupdate" name= "autoupdate"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoupdate</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Modifies a <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> file that still calls <span class= "command"><strong>autoconf</strong></span> macros by their old names to use the current macro names </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifnames" name="ifnames"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifnames</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Helps when writing <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> files for a software package; it prints the identifiers that the package uses in C preprocessor conditionals [If a package has already been set up to have some portability, this program can help determine what <span class= "command"><strong>configure</strong></span> needs to check for. It can also fill in gaps in a <code class="filename">configure.in</code> file generated by <span class= "command"><strong>autoscan</strong></span>.] </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-automake" name= "ch-system-automake"></a>6.45. Automake-1.16.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU (about 8.1 SBU with tests)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">107 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.45.1. Installation of Automake </h3> <p> Prepare Automake for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.16.1</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Using the -j4 make option speeds up the tests, even on systems with only one processor, due to internal delays in individual tests. To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -j4 check</kbd> </pre> <p> One test is known to fail in the LFS environment: subobj.sh. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-automake" name= "contents-automake"></a>6.45.2. Contents of Automake </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">aclocal, aclocal-1.16 (hard linked with aclocal), automake, and automake-1.16 (hard linked with automake)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/aclocal-1.16, /usr/share/automake-1.16, and /usr/share/doc/automake-1.16.1</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926632432" name= "idm46504926632432"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="aclocal" name="aclocal"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates <code class="filename">aclocal.m4</code> files based on the contents of <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="aclocalversion" name= "aclocalversion"></a><span class= "term"><span class="command"><strong>aclocal-1.16</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>aclocal</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="automake" name="automake"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>automake</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A tool for automatically generating <code class= "filename">Makefile.in</code> files from <code class="filename">Makefile.am</code> files [To create all the <code class= "filename">Makefile.in</code> files for a package, run this program in the top-level directory. By scanning the <code class= "filename">configure.in</code> file, it automatically finds each appropriate <code class= "filename">Makefile.am</code> file and generates the corresponding <code class= "filename">Makefile.in</code> file.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="automake-version" name= "automake-version"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>automake-1.16</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>automake</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-kmod" name= "ch-system-kmod"></a>6.46. Kmod-26 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading kernel modules </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">13 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.46.1. Installation of Kmod </h3> <p> Prepare Kmod for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \ --with-xz \ --with-zlib</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>--with-xz, --with-zlib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These options enable Kmod to handle compressed kernel modules. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-rootlibdir=/lib</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option ensures different library related files are placed in the correct directories. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite that can be run in the LFS chroot environment. At a minimum the git program is required and several tests will not run outside of a git repository. </p> <p> Install the package, and create symlinks for compatibility with Module-Init-Tools (the package that previously handled Linux kernel modules): </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install for target in depmod insmod lsmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do ln -sfv ../bin/kmod /sbin/$target done ln -sfv kmod /bin/lsmod</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-kmod" name="contents-kmod"></a>6.46.2. Contents of Kmod </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">depmod (link to kmod), insmod (link to kmod), kmod, lsmod (link to kmod), modinfo (link to kmod), modprobe (link to kmod), and rmmod (link to kmod)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libkmod.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926579312" name= "idm46504926579312"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="depmod" name="depmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>depmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a dependency file based on the symbols it finds in the existing set of modules; this dependency file is used by <span class= "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to automatically load the required modules </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="insmod" name="insmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>insmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Installs a loadable module in the running kernel </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="kmod" name="kmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>kmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads and unloads kernel modules </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsmod" name="lsmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists currently loaded modules </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="modinfo" name="modinfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Examines an object file associated with a kernel module and displays any information that it can glean </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="modprobe" name="modprobe"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Uses a dependency file, created by <span class= "command"><strong>depmod</strong></span>, to automatically load relevant modules </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rmmod" name="rmmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rmmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Unloads modules from the running kernel </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libkmod" name="libkmod"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libkmod</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> This library is used by other programs to load and unload kernel modules </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gettext" name= "ch-system-gettext"></a>6.47. Gettext-0.20.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">249 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.47.1. Installation of Gettext </h3> <p> Prepare Gettext for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.20.1</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs), issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gettext" name="contents-gettext"></a>6.47.2. Contents of Gettext </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">autopoint, envsubst, gettext, gettext.sh, gettextize, msgattrib, msgcat, msgcmp, msgcomm, msgconv, msgen, msgexec, msgfilter, msgfmt, msggrep, msginit, msgmerge, msgunfmt, msguniq, ngettext, recode-sr-latin, and xgettext</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libasprintf.so, libgettextlib.so, libgettextpo.so, libgettextsrc.so, libtextstyle.so, and preloadable_libintl.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/gettext, /usr/share/doc/gettext-0.20.1, /usr/share/gettext, and /usr/share/gettext-0.19.8</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926515040" name= "idm46504926515040"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="autopoint" name="autopoint"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>autopoint</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies standard Gettext infrastructure files into a source package </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="envsubst" name="envsubst"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>envsubst</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Substitutes environment variables in shell format strings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gettext" name="gettext"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gettext</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates a natural language message into the user's language by looking up the translation in a message catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gettext.sh" name= "gettext.sh"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>gettext.sh</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Primarily serves as a shell function library for gettext </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gettextize" name= "gettextize"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>gettextize</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies all standard Gettext files into the given top-level directory of a package to begin internationalizing it </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgattrib" name="msgattrib"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filters the messages of a translation catalog according to their attributes and manipulates the attributes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgcat" name="msgcat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgcat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Concatenates and merges the given <code class= "filename">.po</code> files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgcmp" name="msgcmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares two <code class="filename">.po</code> files to check that both contain the same set of msgid strings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgcomm" name="msgcomm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Finds the messages that are common to the given <code class="filename">.po</code> files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgconv" name="msgconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a translation catalog to a different character encoding </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgen" name="msgen"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgen</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates an English translation catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgexec" name="msgexec"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgexec</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Applies a command to all translations of a translation catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgfilter" name="msgfilter"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgfilter</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Applies a filter to all translations of a translation catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgfmt" name="msgfmt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgfmt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates a binary message catalog from a translation catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msggrep" name="msggrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msggrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that match a given pattern or belong to some given source files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msginit" name="msginit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msginit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a new <code class="filename">.po</code> file, initializing the meta information with values from the user's environment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgmerge" name="msgmerge"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgmerge</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Combines two raw translations into a single file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msgunfmt" name="msgunfmt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msgunfmt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompiles a binary message catalog into raw translation text </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="msguniq" name="msguniq"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>msguniq</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Unifies duplicate translations in a translation catalog </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ngettext" name="ngettext"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ngettext</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays native language translations of a textual message whose grammatical form depends on a number </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="recode-sr-latin" name= "recode-sr-latin"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>recode-sr-latin</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Recodes Serbian text from Cyrillic to Latin script </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xgettext" name="xgettext"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xgettext</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Extracts the translatable message lines from the given source files to make the first translation template </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libasprintf" name= "libasprintf"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libasprintf</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> defines the <span class= "emphasis"><em>autosprintf</em></span> class, which makes C formatted output routines usable in C++ programs, for use with the <span class= "emphasis"><em><string></em></span> strings and the <span class= "emphasis"><em><iostream></em></span> streams </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgettextlib" name= "libgettextlib"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libgettextlib</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> a private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgettextpo" name= "libgettextpo"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libgettextpo</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to write specialized programs that process <code class="filename">.po</code> files; this library is used when the standard applications shipped with Gettext (such as <span class= "command"><strong>msgcomm</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>msgcmp</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>msgattrib</strong></span>, and <span class= "command"><strong>msgen</strong></span>) will not suffice </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libgettextsrc" name= "libgettextsrc"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libgettextsrc</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libtextstyle" name= "libtextstyle"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libtextstyle</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Text styling library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="preloadable_libintl" name= "preloadable_libintl"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">preloadable_libintl</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A library, intended to be used by LD_PRELOAD that assists <code class="filename">libintl</code> in logging untranslated messages </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-libelf" name= "ch-system-libelf"></a>6.48. Libelf from Elfutils-0.178 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Libelf is a library for handling ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.9 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">124 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.48.1. Installation of Libelf </h3> <p> Libelf is part of elfutils-0.178 package. Use the elfutils-0.178.tar.bz2 as the source tarball. </p> <p> Prepare Libelf for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-debuginfod</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> One test, run-elfclassify.sh, is known to fail. </p> <p> Install only Libelf: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -C libelf install install -vm644 config/libelf.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig rm /usr/lib/libelf.a</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-elfutils" name= "contents-elfutils"></a>6.48.2. Contents of Libelf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libelf.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/elfutils</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-libffi" name= "ch-system-libffi"></a>6.49. Libffi-3.3 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Libffi library provides a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to call any function specified by a call interface description at run time. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.9 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">10 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.49.1. Installation of Libffi </h3> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Similar to GMP, libffi builds with optimizations specific to the proccesor in use. If building for another system, export CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to specify a generic build for your architecture. If this is not done, all applications that link to libffi will trigger Illegal Operation Errors. </p> </div> <p> Prepare libffi for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static --with-gcc-arch=native</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-gcc-arch=native</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Ensure gcc optimizes for the current system. If this is not specified, the system is guessed and the code generated may not be correct for some systems. If the generated code will be copied from the native system to a less capable system, use the less capable system as a parameter. For details about alternative system types, see <a class="ulink" href= "https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-9.2.0/gcc/x86-Options.html"> the x86 options in the gcc manual</a>. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Six tests, all related to test-callback.c, are known to fail. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-libffi" name="contents-libffi"></a>6.49.2. Contents of Libffi </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libffi.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926326256" name= "idm46504926326256"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libffi" name="libffi"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libffi</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> contains the libffi API functions. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-openssl" name= "ch-system-openssl"></a>6.50. OpenSSL-1.1.1d </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The OpenSSL package contains management tools and libraries relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing cryptographic functions to other packages, such as OpenSSH, email applications and web browsers (for accessing HTTPS sites). </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">146 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.50.1. Installation of OpenSSL </h3> <p> Prepare OpenSSL for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./config --prefix=/usr \ --openssldir=/etc/ssl \ --libdir=lib \ shared \ zlib-dynamic</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make test</kbd> </pre> <p> One subtest in the test 20-test_enc.t is known to fail. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/INSTALL_LIBS/s/libcrypto.a libssl.a//' Makefile make MANSUFFIX=ssl install</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, install the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">mv -v /usr/share/doc/openssl /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d cp -vfr doc/* /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-openssl" name="contents-openssl"></a>6.50.2. Contents of OpenSSL </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">c_rehash and openssl</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libcrypto.{so,a} and libssl.{so,a}</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/ssl, /usr/include/openssl, /usr/lib/engines and /usr/share/doc/openssl-1.1.1d</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926293760" name= "idm46504926293760"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="c_rehash" name="c_rehash"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>c_rehash</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is a <span class="application">Perl</span> script that scans all files in a directory and adds symbolic links to their hash values. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="openssl-prog" name= "openssl-prog"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>openssl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is a command-line tool for using the various cryptography functions of <span class= "application">OpenSSL</span>'s crypto library from the shell. It can be used for various functions which are documented in <span class= "command"><strong>man 1 openssl</strong></span>. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcrypto" name="libcrypto"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libcrypto.so</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> implements a wide range of cryptographic algorithms used in various Internet standards. The services provided by this library are used by the <span class="application">OpenSSL</span> implementations of SSL, TLS and S/MIME, and they have also been used to implement <span class= "application">OpenSSH</span>, <span class= "application">OpenPGP</span>, and other cryptographic standards. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libssl" name="libssl"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libssl.so</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> implements the Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) protocol. It provides a rich API, documentation on which can be found by running <span class= "command"><strong>man 3 ssl</strong></span>. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-Python" name= "ch-system-Python"></a>6.51. Python-3.8.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs or developing entire applications. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">426 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.51.1. Installation of Python 3 </h3> <p> Prepare Python for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-shared \ --with-system-expat \ --with-system-ffi \ --with-ensurepip=yes</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-system-expat</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch enables linking against system version of <span class="application">Expat</span>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-system-ffi</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch enables linking against system version of <span class="application">libffi</span>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-ensurepip=yes</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch enables building <span class= "command"><strong>pip</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>setuptools</strong></span> packaging programs. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue <span class="command"><strong>make test</strong></span>. Some tests requiring network connection or additional packages are skipped. The test named test_normalization fails because network configuration is not completed yet. For more comprehensive results, the test can be rerun when Python 3 is reinstalled in BLFS. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libpython3.8.so chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libpython3.so ln -sfv pip3.8 /usr/bin/pip3</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the install commands:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libpython3.{8.,}so</strong></span></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Fix permissions for libraries to be consistent with other libraries. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> If desired, install the preformatted documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1/html tar --strip-components=1 \ --no-same-owner \ --no-same-permissions \ -C /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1/html \ -xvf ../python-3.8.1-docs-html.tar.bz2</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the documentation install commands:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "option">--no-same-owner</code> and <code class= "option">--no-same-permissions</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Ensure the installed files have the correct ownership and permissions. Without these options, using <span class="application">tar</span> will install the package files with the upstream creator's values. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-python" name="contents-python"></a>6.51.2. Contents of Python 3 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">2to3, idle3, pip3, pydoc3, python3, and python3-config</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libpython3.8.so and libpython3.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed Directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/python3.8, /usr/lib/python3, and /usr/share/doc/python-3.8.1</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926226176" name= "idm46504926226176"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="python-2to3" name= "python-2to3"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>2to3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is a <span class="application">Python</span> program that reads <span class="application">Python 2.x</span> source code and applies a series of fixes to transform it into valid <span class= "application">Python 3.x</span> code. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="idle3" name="idle3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>idle3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is a wrapper script that opens a <span class= "application">Python</span> aware GUI editor. For this script to run, you must have installed <span class="application">Tk</span> before Python so that the Tkinter Python module is built. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pip3" name="pip3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pip3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The package installer for Python. You can use pip to install packages from Python Package Index and other indexes. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pydoc3" name="pydoc3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pydoc3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is the <span class="application">Python</span> documentation tool. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="python3" name="python3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>python3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-ninja" name= "ch-system-ninja"></a>6.52. Ninja-1.10.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Ninja is a small build system with a focus on speed. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">89 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.52.1. Installation of Ninja </h3> <p> When run, ninja normally runs a maximum number of processes in parallel. By default this is the number of cores on the system plus two. In some cases this can overheat a CPU or run a system out of memory. If run from the command line, passing a -jN parameter will limit the number of parallel processes, but some packages embed the execution of ninja and do not pass a -j parameter. </p> <p> Using the <span class="emphasis"><em>optional</em></span> procedure below allows a user to limit the number of parallel processes via an environment variable, NINJAJOBS. <span class="command"><strong>For example</strong></span>, setting: </p> <pre class="screen"> export NINJAJOBS=4 </pre> <p> will limit ninja to four parallel processes. </p> <p> If desired, add the capability to use the environment variable NINJAJOBS by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/int Guess/a \ int j = 0;\ char* jobs = getenv( "NINJAJOBS" );\ if ( jobs != NULL ) j = atoi( jobs );\ if ( j > 0 ) return j;\ ' src/ninja.cc</kbd> </pre> <p> Build Ninja with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">python3 configure.py --bootstrap</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the build option:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--bootstrap</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This parameter forces ninja to rebuild itself for the current system. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./ninja ninja_test ./ninja_test --gtest_filter=-SubprocessTest.SetWithLots</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">install -vm755 ninja /usr/bin/ install -vDm644 misc/bash-completion /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ninja install -vDm644 misc/zsh-completion /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_ninja</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-ninja" name="contents-ninja"></a>6.52.2. Contents of Ninja </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">ninja</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926169648" name= "idm46504926169648"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ninja" name="ninja"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ninja</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> is the Ninja build system. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-meson" name= "ch-system-meson"></a>6.53. Meson-0.53.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Meson is an open source build system meant to be both extremely fast, and, even more importantly, as user friendly as possible. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">31 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.53.1. Installation of Meson </h3> <p> Compile Meson with the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">python3 setup.py build</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">python3 setup.py install --root=dest cp -rv dest/* /</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the install parameters:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--root=dest</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> By default <span class="command"><strong>python3 setup.py install</strong></span> installs various files (such as man pages) into Python Eggs. With a specified root location, <span class= "command"><strong>setup.py</strong></span> installs these files into a standard hierarchy. Then we can just copy the hierarchy so the files will be in the standard location. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-meson" name="contents-meson"></a>6.53.2. Contents of Meson </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">meson</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class= "segbody">/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/meson-0.53.1-py3.8.egg-info and /usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/mesonbuild</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926139248" name= "idm46504926139248"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="meson" name="meson"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>meson</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A high productivity build system </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-coreutils" name= "ch-system-coreutils"></a>6.54. Coreutils-8.31 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.3 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">202 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.54.1. Installation of Coreutils </h3> <p> POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-8.31-i18n-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible without this patch. </p> </div> <p> Suppress a test which on some machines can loop forever: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/test.lock/s/^/#/' gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk</kbd> </pre> <p> Now prepare Coreutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">autoreconf -fiv FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>autoreconf</strong></span></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This command updates generated configuration files consistent with the latest version of automake. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This environment variable allows the package to be built as the root user. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by other packages later. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Skip down to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">Install the package</span>”</span> if not running the test suite. </p> <p> Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are meant to be run as user <code class= "systemitem">root</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=nobody check-root</kbd> </pre> <p> We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the <code class="systemitem">nobody</code> user. Certain tests, however, require that the user be a member of more than one group. So that these tests are not skipped we'll add a temporary group and make the user <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> a part of it: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo "dummy:x:1000:nobody" >> /etc/group</kbd> </pre> <p> Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile and run the tests: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . </kbd> </pre> <p> Now run the tests. Make sure the PATH in the <strong class= "userinput"><code>su</code></strong> environment includes /tools/bin. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">su nobody -s /bin/bash \ -c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</kbd> </pre> <p> The test program test-getlogin is known to fail in a partially built system environment like the chroot environment here, but passes if run at the end of this chapter. The test program tty.sh is also known to fail. </p> <p> Remove the temporary group: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin mv -v /usr/bin/{false,ln,ls,mkdir,mknod,mv,pwd,rm} /bin mv -v /usr/bin/{rmdir,stty,sync,true,uname} /bin mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8 sed -i s/\"1\"/\"8\"/1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8</kbd> </pre> <p> Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on <span class="command"><strong>head</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nice</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>sleep</strong></span>, and <span class="command"><strong>touch</strong></span>. As <code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available during the early and late stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition to maintain FHS compliance: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/{head,nice,sleep,touch} /bin</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-coreutils" name= "contents-coreutils"></a>6.54.2. Contents of Coreutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">[, b2sum, base32, base64, basename, basenc, cat, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp, mv, nice, nl, nohup, nproc, numfmt, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, realpath, rm, rmdir, runcon, seq, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort, split, stat, stdbuf, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, test, timeout, touch, tr, true, truncate, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libstdbuf.so (in /usr/libexec/coreutils)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/libexec/coreutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504926076128" name= "idm46504926076128"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="base32" name="base32"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>base32</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Encodes and decodes data according to the base32 specification (RFC 4648) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="base64" name="base64"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>base64</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Encodes and decodes data according to the base64 specification (RFC 4648) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="b2sum" name="b2sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>b2sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks BLAKE2 (512-bit) checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="basename" name="basename"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>basename</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="basenc" name="basenc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>basenc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Encodes or decodes data using various algorithms </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cat" name="cat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Concatenates files to standard output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chcon" name="chcon"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chcon</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes security context for files and directories </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chgrp" name="chgrp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chgrp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the group ownership of files and directories </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chmod" name="chmod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chmod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an octal number representing the new permissions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chown" name="chown"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chown</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and directories </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chroot" name="chroot"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a command with the specified directory as the <code class="filename">/</code> directory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cksum" name="cksum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cksum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte counts of each specified file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="comm" name="comm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>comm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines that are unique and the lines that are common </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cp" name="cp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="csplit" name="csplit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>csplit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Splits a given file into several new files, separating them according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte count of each new file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cut" name="cut"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cut</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given fields or positions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="date" name="date"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>date</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the system date </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dd" name="dd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies a file using the given block size and count, while optionally performing conversions on it </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="df" name="df"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>df</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dir" name="dir"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dir</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as the <span class= "command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dircolors" name="dircolors"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dircolors</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Outputs commands to set the <code class= "envar">LS_COLOR</code> environment variable to change the color scheme used by <span class= "command"><strong>ls</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dirname" name="dirname"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dirname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="du" name="du"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>du</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory, by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by each of the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="echo" name="echo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>echo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the given strings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="env" name="env"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>env</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a command in a modified environment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="expand" name="expand"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>expand</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts tabs to spaces </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="expr" name="expr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>expr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Evaluates expressions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="factor" name="factor"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>factor</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="false" name="false"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>false</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code indicating failure </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fmt" name="fmt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fmt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reformats the paragraphs in the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fold" name="fold"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fold</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Wraps the lines in the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groups" name="groups"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groups</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports a user's group memberships </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="head" name="head"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>head</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="hostid" name="hostid"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>hostid</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="id" name="id"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>id</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships of the current user or specified user </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="install" name="install"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>install</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="join" name="join"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>join</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two separate files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="link" name="link"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>link</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a hard link with the given name to a file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ln" name="ln"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ln</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="logname" name="logname"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>logname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the current user's login name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ls" name="ls"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ls</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the contents of each given directory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="md5sum" name="md5sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>md5sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkdir" name="mkdir"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkdir</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates directories with the given names </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfifo" name="mkfifo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfifo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a "named pipe" in UNIX parlance, with the given names </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mknod" name="mknod"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mknod</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mktemp" name="mktemp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mktemp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is used in scripts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mv" name="mv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Moves or renames files or directories </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nice" name="nice"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nice</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a program with modified scheduling priority </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nl" name="nl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Numbers the lines from the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nohup" name="nohup"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nohup</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to a log file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nproc" name="nproc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nproc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the number of processing units available to a process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="numfmt" name="numfmt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>numfmt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts numbers to or from human-readable strings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="od" name="od"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>od</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps files in octal and other formats </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="paste" name="paste"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>paste</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab characters </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pathchk" name="pathchk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pathchk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks if file names are valid or portable </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pinky" name="pinky"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pinky</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information about the given users </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pr" name="pr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Paginates and columnates files for printing </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="printenv" name="printenv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>printenv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the environment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="printf" name="printf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>printf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much like the C printf function </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ptx" name="ptx"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ptx</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files, with each keyword in its context </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pwd" name="pwd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pwd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the name of the current working directory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="readlink" name="readlink"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>readlink</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the value of the given symbolic link </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="realpath" name="realpath"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>realpath</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the resolved path </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rm" name="rm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes files or directories </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rmdir" name="rmdir"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rmdir</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes directories if they are empty </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="runcon" name="runcon"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>runcon</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a command with specified security context </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="seq" name="seq"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>seq</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a given increment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sha1sum" name="sha1sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sha224sum" name="sha224sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sha224sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sha256sum" name="sha256sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sha256sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sha384sum" name="sha384sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sha384sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sha512sum" name="sha512sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sha512sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="shred" name="shred"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>shred</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns, making it difficult to recover the data </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="shuf" name="shuf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>shuf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shuffles lines of text </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sleep" name="sleep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sleep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Pauses for the given amount of time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sort" name="sort"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sort</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sorts the lines from the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="split" name="split"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>split</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of lines </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="stat" name="stat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>stat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays file or filesystem status </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="stdbuf" name="stdbuf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs commands with altered buffering operations for its standard streams </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="stty" name="stty"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>stty</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets or reports terminal line settings </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sum" name="sum"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sum</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints checksum and block counts for each given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sync" name="sync"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sync</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk and updates the super block </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tac" name="tac"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tac</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Concatenates the given files in reverse </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tail" name="tail"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tail</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tee" name="tee"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tee</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output and to the given files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="test" name="test"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>test</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares values and checks file types </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="timeout" name="timeout"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>timeout</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a command with a time limit </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="touch" name="touch"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>touch</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist are created with zero length </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tr" name="tr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from standard input </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="true" name="true"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>true</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code indicating success </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="truncate" name="truncate"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>truncate</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tsort" name="tsort"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tsort</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list according to the partial ordering in a given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tty" name="tty"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tty</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard input </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uname" name="uname"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports system information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unexpand" name="unexpand"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>unexpand</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts spaces to tabs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uniq" name="uniq"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uniq</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Discards all but one of successive identical lines </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unlink" name="unlink"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>unlink</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes the given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="users" name="users"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>users</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the names of the users currently logged on </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vdir" name="vdir"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vdir</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is the same as <span class="command"><strong>ls -l</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="wc" name="wc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>wc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="who" name="who"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>who</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports who is logged on </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="whoami" name="whoami"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>whoami</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the user name associated with the current effective user ID </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="yes" name="yes"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>yes</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Repeatedly outputs <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">y</span>”</span> or a given string until killed </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libstdbuf" name="libstdbuf"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libstdbuf</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Library used by <span class= "command"><strong>stdbuf</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-check" name= "ch-system-check"></a>6.55. Check-0.14.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Check is a unit testing framework for C. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU (about 3.5 SBU with tests)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">13 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.55.1. Installation of Check </h3> <p> Prepare Check for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Build the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Compilation is now complete. To run the Check test suite, issue the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Note that the Check test suite may take a relatively long (up to 4 SBU) time. </p> <p> Install the package and fix a script: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">make docdir=/usr/share/doc/check-0.14.0 install && sed -i '1 s/tools/usr/' /usr/bin/checkmk</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-check" name="contents-check"></a>6.55.2. Contents of Check </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">checkmk</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libcheck.{a,so}</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925590624" name= "idm46504925590624"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="checkmk" name="checkmk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>checkmk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Awk script for generating C unit tests for use with the Check unit testing framework </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcheck" name="libcheck"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libcheck.{a,so}</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains functions that allow Check to be called from a test program </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-diffutils" name= "ch-system-diffutils"></a>6.56. Diffutils-3.7 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">36 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.56.1. Installation of Diffutils </h3> <p> Prepare Diffutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-diffutils" name= "contents-diffutils"></a>6.56.2. Contents of Diffutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">cmp, diff, diff3, and sdiff</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925558464" name= "idm46504925558464"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cmp" name="cmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares two files and reports whether or in which bytes they differ </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="diff" name="diff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares two files or directories and reports which lines in the files differ </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="diff3" name="diff3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>diff3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compares three files line by line </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sdiff" name="sdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Merges two files and interactively outputs the results </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gawk" name= "ch-system-gawk"></a>6.57. Gawk-5.0.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.4 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">47 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.57.1. Installation of Gawk </h3> <p> First, ensure some unneeded files are not installed: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Gawk for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, install the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1 cp -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gawk" name="contents-gawk"></a>6.57.2. Contents of Gawk </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">awk (link to gawk), gawk, and awk-5.0.1</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">filefuncs.so, fnmatch.so, fork.so, inplace.so, intdiv.so, ordchr.so, readdir.so, readfile.so, revoutput.so, revtwoway.so, rwarray.so, and time.so (all in /usr/lib/gawk)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/gawk, /usr/libexec/awk, /usr/share/awk, and /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.0.1</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925512432" name= "idm46504925512432"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="awk" name="awk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>awk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A link to <span class= "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gawk" name="gawk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A program for manipulating text files; it is the GNU implementation of <span class= "command"><strong>awk</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gawk-version" name= "gawk-version"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>gawk-5.0.1</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>gawk</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-findutils" name= "ch-system-findutils"></a>6.58. Findutils-4.7.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but unreliable if the database has not been recently updated). </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">57 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.58.1. Installation of Findutils </h3> <p> Prepare Findutils for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--localstatedir</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option changes the location of the <span class= "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database to be in <code class="filename">/var/lib/locate</code>, which is FHS-compliant. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Two tests are known to fail in the chroot environment: sv-bug-54171.old-O3 and sv-bug-54171.new-O3. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on <span class="command"><strong>find</strong></span>. As <code class="filename">/usr</code> may not be available during the early stages of booting, this program needs to be on the root partition. The <span class= "command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span> script also needs to be modified to correct an explicit path: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/find /bin sed -i 's|find:=${BINDIR}|find:=/bin|' /usr/bin/updatedb</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-findutils" name= "contents-findutils"></a>6.58.2. Contents of Findutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">find, locate, updatedb, and xargs</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/var/lib/locate</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925463840" name= "idm46504925463840"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="find" name="find"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>find</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches given directory trees for files matching the specified criteria </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="locate" name="locate"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>locate</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches through a database of file names and reports the names that contain a given string or match a given pattern </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="updatedb" name="updatedb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>updatedb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Updates the <span class= "command"><strong>locate</strong></span> database; it scans the entire file system (including other file systems that are currently mounted, unless told not to) and puts every file name it finds into the database </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xargs" name="xargs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xargs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be used to apply a given command to a list of files </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-groff" name= "ch-system-groff"></a>6.59. Groff-1.22.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">95 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.59.1. Installation of Groff </h3> <p> Groff expects the environment variable <code class= "envar">PAGE</code> to contain the default paper size. For users in the United States, <em class= "parameter"><code>PAGE=letter</code></em> is appropriate. Elsewhere, <em class="parameter"><code>PAGE=A4</code></em> may be more suitable. While the default paper size is configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by echoing either <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">A4</span>”</span> or <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">letter</span>”</span> to the <code class= "filename">/etc/papersize</code> file. </p> <p> Prepare Groff for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">PAGE=<em class= "replaceable"><code><paper_size></code></em> ./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not support parallel build. Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make -j1</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-groff" name="contents-groff"></a>6.59.2. Contents of Groff </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">addftinfo, afmtodit, chem, eqn, eqn2graph, gdiffmk, glilypond, gperl, gpinyin, grap2graph, grn, grodvi, groff, groffer, grog, grolbp, grolj4, gropdf, grops, grotty, hpftodit, indxbib, lkbib, lookbib, mmroff, neqn, nroff, pdfmom, pdfroff, pfbtops, pic, pic2graph, post-grohtml, preconv, pre-grohtml, refer, roff2dvi, roff2html, roff2pdf, roff2ps, roff2text, roff2x, soelim, tbl, tfmtodit, and troff</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/groff and /usr/share/doc/groff-1.22.4, /usr/share/groff</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925417600" name= "idm46504925417600"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="addftinfo" name="addftinfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>addftinfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads a troff font file and adds some additional font-metric information that is used by the <span class="command"><strong>groff</strong></span> system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="afmtodit" name="afmtodit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>afmtodit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a font file for use with <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>grops</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chem" name="chem"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chem</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Groff preprocessor for producing chemical structure diagrams </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="eqn" name="eqn"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>eqn</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="eqn2graph" name="eqn2graph"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>eqn2graph</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a troff EQN (equation) into a cropped image </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gdiffmk" name="gdiffmk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gdiffmk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="glilypond" name="glilypond"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>glilypond</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms sheet music written in the lilypond language into the groff language </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gperl" name="gperl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gperl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of perl code into groff files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gpinyin" name="gpinyin"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gpinyin</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of Chinese European-like language Pinyin into groff files. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grap2graph" name= "grap2graph"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grap2graph</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a grap diagram into a cropped bitmap image </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grn" name="grn"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grn</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> preprocessor for gremlin files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grodvi" name="grodvi"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grodvi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A driver for <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that produces TeX dvi format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groff" name="groff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A front-end to the groff document formatting system; normally, it runs the <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> program and a post-processor appropriate for the selected device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="groffer" name="groffer"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>groffer</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays groff files and man pages on X and tty terminals </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grog" name="grog"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grog</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads files and guesses which of the <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> options <code class="option">-e</code>, <code class= "option">-man</code>, <code class= "option">-me</code>, <code class= "option">-mm</code>, <code class= "option">-ms</code>, <code class= "option">-p</code>, <code class="option">-s</code>, and <code class="option">-t</code> are required for printing files, and reports the <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command including those options </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grolbp" name="grolbp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grolbp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> driver for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grolj4" name="grolj4"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grolj4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a driver for <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> that produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP LaserJet 4 printer </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gropdf" name="gropdf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gropdf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the output of GNU <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to PDF </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grops" name="grops"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grops</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the output of GNU <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to PostScript </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grotty" name="grotty"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grotty</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the output of GNU <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="hpftodit" name="hpftodit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>hpftodit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a font file for use with <span class= "command"><strong>groff -Tlj4</strong></span> from an HP-tagged font metric file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="indxbib" name="indxbib"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>indxbib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates an inverted index for the bibliographic databases with a specified file for use with <span class= "command"><strong>refer</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span>, and <span class="command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lkbib" name="lkbib"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lkbib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches bibliographic databases for references that contain specified keys and reports any references found </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lookbib" name="lookbib"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lookbib</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads a line containing a set of keywords from the standard input, searches the bibliographic databases in a specified file for references containing those keywords, prints any references found on the standard output, and repeats this process until the end of input </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mmroff" name="mmroff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mmroff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A simple preprocessor for <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="neqn" name="neqn"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>neqn</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Formats equations for American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nroff" name="nroff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A script that emulates the <span class= "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> command using <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pdfmom" name="pdfmom"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pdfmom</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a wrapper around groff that facilitates the production of PDF documents from files formatted with the mom macros. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pdfroff" name="pdfroff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pdfroff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates pdf documents using groff </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pfbtops" name="pfbtops"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pfbtops</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates a PostScript font in <code class= "filename">.pfb</code> format to ASCII </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pic" name="pic"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pic</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands understood by TeX or <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pic2graph" name="pic2graph"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pic2graph</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a PIC diagram into a cropped image </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="post-grohtml" name= "post-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>post-grohtml</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the output of GNU <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="preconv" name="preconv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>preconv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts encoding of input files to something GNU <span class="command"><strong>troff</strong></span> understands </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pre-grohtml" name= "pre-grohtml"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>pre-grohtml</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the output of GNU <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> to HTML </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="refer" name="refer"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>refer</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Copies the contents of a file to the standard output, except that lines between <span class= "emphasis"><em>.[</em></span> and <span class= "emphasis"><em>.]</em></span> are interpreted as citations, and lines between <span class= "emphasis"><em>.R1</em></span> and <span class= "emphasis"><em>.R2</em></span> are interpreted as commands for how citations are to be processed </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2dvi" name="roff2dvi"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2dvi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into DVI format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2html" name="roff2html"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2html</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into HTML format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2pdf" name="roff2pdf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2pdf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into PDFs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2ps" name="roff2ps"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2ps</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into ps files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2text" name="roff2text"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2text</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into text files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="roff2x" name="roff2x"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>roff2x</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transforms roff files into other formats </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="soelim" name="soelim"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>soelim</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads files and replaces lines of the form <span class="emphasis"><em>.so file</em></span> by the contents of the mentioned <span class= "emphasis"><em>file</em></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tbl" name="tbl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tbl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compiles descriptions of tables embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tfmtodit" name="tfmtodit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tfmtodit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a font file for use with <span class= "command"><strong>groff -Tdvi</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="troff" name="troff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is highly compatible with Unix <span class= "command"><strong>troff</strong></span>; it should usually be invoked using the <span class= "command"><strong>groff</strong></span> command, which will also run preprocessors and post-processors in the appropriate order and with the appropriate options </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-grub" name= "ch-system-grub"></a>6.60. GRUB-2.04 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.8 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">161 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.60.1. Installation of GRUB </h3> <p> Prepare GRUB for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --sbindir=/sbin \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --disable-efiemu \ --disable-werror</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the new configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-werror</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This allows the build to complete with warnings introduced by more recent Flex versions. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-efiemu</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option minimizes what is built by disabling a feature and testing programs not needed for LFS. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install mv -v /etc/bash_completion.d/grub /usr/share/bash-completion/completions</kbd> </pre> <p> Using GRUB to make your LFS system bootable will be discussed in <a class="xref" href="#ch-bootable-grub" title= "8.4. Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process">Section 8.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”</a>. </p> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gRUB" name="contents-gRUB"></a>6.60.2. Contents of GRUB </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">grub-bios-setup, grub-editenv, grub-file, grub-fstest, grub-glue-efi, grub-install, grub-kbdcomp, grub-macbless, grub-menulst2cfg, grub-mkconfig, grub-mkimage, grub-mklayout, grub-mknetdir, grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, grub-mkrelpath, grub-mkrescue, grub-mkstandalone, grub-ofpathname, grub-probe, grub-reboot, grub-render-label, grub-script-check, grub-set-default, grub-sparc64-setup, and grub-syslinux2cfg</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/grub, /etc/grub.d, /usr/share/grub, and /boot/grub (when grub-install is first run)</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925158160" name= "idm46504925158160"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-bios-setup" name= "grub-bios-setup"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-bios-setup</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a helper program for grub-install </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-editenv" name= "grub-editenv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-editenv</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A tool to edit the environment block </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-file" name="grub-file"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-file</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks if FILE is of the specified type. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-fstest" name= "grub-fstest"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-fstest</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tool to debug the filesystem driver </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-glue-efi" name= "grub-glue-efi"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-glue-efi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Processes ia32 and amd64 EFI images and glues them according to Apple format. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-install" name= "grub-install"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-install</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Install GRUB on your drive </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-kbdcomp" name= "grub-kbdcomp"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-kbdcomp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Script that converts an xkb layout into one recognized by GRUB </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-macbless" name= "grub-macbless"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-macbless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Mac-style bless on HFS or HFS+ files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-menulst2cfg" name= "grub-menulst2cfg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-menulst2cfg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a GRUB Legacy <code class= "filename">menu.lst</code> into a <code class= "filename">grub.cfg</code> for use with GRUB 2 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkconfig" name= "grub-mkconfig"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mkconfig</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generate a grub config file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkimage" name= "grub-mkimage"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mkimage</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Make a bootable image of GRUB </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mklayout" name= "grub-mklayout"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mklayout</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates a GRUB keyboard layout file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mknetdir" name= "grub-mknetdir"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mknetdir</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prepares a GRUB netboot directory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2" name= "grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in the boot menu </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkrelpath" name= "grub-mkrelpath"></a><span class= "term"><span class="command"><strong>grub-mkrelpath</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes a system pathname relative to its root </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkrescue" name= "grub-mkrescue"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mkrescue</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Make a bootable image of GRUB suitable for a floppy disk or CDROM/DVD </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-mkstandalone" name= "grub-mkstandalone"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-mkstandalone</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates a standalone image </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-ofpathname" name= "grub-ofpathname"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-ofpathname</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a helper program that prints the path of a GRUB device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-probe" name= "grub-probe"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-probe</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Probe device information for a given path or device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-reboot" name= "grub-reboot"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-reboot</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the default boot entry for GRUB for the next boot only </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-render-label" name= "grub-render-label"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-render-label</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Render Apple .disk_label for Apple Macs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-script-check" name= "grub-script-check"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-script-check</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks GRUB configuration script for syntax errors </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-set-default" name= "grub-set-default"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-set-default</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the default boot entry for GRUB </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-sparc64-setup" name= "grub-sparc64-setup"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-sparc64-setup</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a helper program for grub-setup </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="grub-syslinux2cfg" name= "grub-syslinux2cfg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>grub-syslinux2cfg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Transform a syslinux config file into grub.cfg format </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-less" name= "ch-system-less"></a>6.61. Less-551 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Less package contains a text file viewer. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.1 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.61.1. Installation of Less </h3> <p> Prepare Less for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--sysconfdir=/etc</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option tells the programs created by the package to look in <code class="filename">/etc</code> for the configuration files. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-less" name="contents-less"></a>6.61.2. Contents of Less </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">less, lessecho, and lesskey</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504925020864" name= "idm46504925020864"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="less" name="less"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A file viewer or pager; it displays the contents of the given file, letting the user scroll, find strings, and jump to marks </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lessecho" name="lessecho"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lessecho</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Needed to expand meta-characters, such as <span class="emphasis"><em>*</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>?</em></span>, in filenames on Unix systems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lesskey" name="lesskey"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lesskey</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to specify the key bindings for <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-gzip" name= "ch-system-gzip"></a>6.62. Gzip-1.10 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">20 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.62.1. Installation of Gzip </h3> <p> Prepare Gzip for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Two tests are known to fail in the LFS environment: help-version and zmore. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Move a program that needs to be on the root filesystem: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/gzip /bin</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-gzip" name="contents-gzip"></a>6.62.2. Contents of Gzip </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">gunzip, gzexe, gzip, uncompress (hard link with gunzip), zcat, zcmp, zdiff, zegrep, zfgrep, zforce, zgrep, zless, zmore, and znew</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924980752" name= "idm46504924980752"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gunzip" name="gunzip"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gunzip</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gzexe" name="gzexe"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gzexe</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates self-decompressing executable files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="gzip" name="gzip"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compresses the given files using Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) coding </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uncompress" name= "uncompress"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>uncompress</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zcat" name="zcat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zcat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Decompresses the given gzipped files to standard output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zcmp" name="zcmp"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zcmp</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>cmp</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zdiff" name="zdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zegrep" name="zegrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zegrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>egrep</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zfgrep" name="zfgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zfgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>fgrep</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zforce" name="zforce"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zforce</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Forces a <code class="filename">.gz</code> extension on all given files that are gzipped files, so that <span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> will not compress them again; this can be useful when file names were truncated during a file transfer </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zgrep" name="zgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zless" name="zless"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zmore" name="zmore"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zmore</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>more</strong></span> on gzipped files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="znew" name="znew"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>znew</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Re-compresses files from <span class= "command"><strong>compress</strong></span> format to <span class= "command"><strong>gzip</strong></span> format—<code class="filename">.Z</code> to <code class="filename">.gz</code> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-zstd" name= "ch-system-zstd"></a>6.63. Zstd-1.4.4 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs, while being backed by a very fast decoder. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">16 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.63.1. Installation of Zstd </h3> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make prefix=/usr install</kbd> </pre> <p> Remove the static library and move the shared library to <code class="filename">/lib</code>. Also, the <code class= "filename">.so</code> file in <code class= "filename">/usr/lib</code> will need to be recreated: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -v /usr/lib/libzstd.a mv -v /usr/lib/libzstd.so.* /lib ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libzstd.so) /usr/lib/libzstd.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-zstd" name="contents-zstd"></a>6.63.2. Contents of Zstd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">zstd, zstdcat (link to zstd), zstdgrep, zstdless, zstdmt (link to zstd), and unzstd (link to zstd)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libzstd.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924883552" name= "idm46504924883552"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zstd" name="zstd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zstd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Compresses or decompresses files using the ZSTD format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zstdgrep" name="zstdgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zstdgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>grep</strong></span> on ZSTD compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zstdless" name="zstdless"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zstdless</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs <span class= "command"><strong>less</strong></span> on ZSTD compressed files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libzstd" name="libzstd"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libzstd</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The library implementing lossless data compression, using the ZSTD algorithm </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-iproute2" name= "ch-system-iproute2"></a>6.64. IPRoute2-5.5.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">14 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.64.1. Installation of IPRoute2 </h3> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> program included in this package will not be built since it is dependent on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, a directory for <span class= "command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> and a man page will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands below. If the <span class= "command"><strong>arpd</strong></span> binary is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS Book at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/server/databases.html#db"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/server/databases.html#db</a>. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile rm -fv man/man8/arpd.8</kbd> </pre> <p> It is also necessary to disable building two modules that requires <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/iptables.html"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/iptables.html</a>. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/.m_ipt.o//' tc/Makefile</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not have a working test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.5.0 install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-iproute2" name= "contents-iproute2"></a>6.64.2. Contents of IPRoute2 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bridge, ctstat (link to lnstat), genl, ifcfg, ifstat, ip, lnstat, nstat, routef, routel, rtacct, rtmon, rtpr, rtstat (link to lnstat), ss, and tc</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/iproute2, /usr/lib/tc, and /usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.5.0,</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924835280" name= "idm46504924835280"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bridge" name="bridge"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bridge</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Configures network bridges </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ctstat" name="ctstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ctstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Connection status utility </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="genl" name="genl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>genl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generic netlink utility frontend </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifcfg" name="ifcfg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifcfg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A shell script wrapper for the <span class= "command"><strong>ip</strong></span> command [Note that it requires the <span class= "command"><strong>arping</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>rdisk</strong></span> programs from the iputils package found at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/">http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/</a>.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifstat" name="ifstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows the interface statistics, including the amount of transmitted and received packets by interface </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ip" name="ip"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ip</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The main executable. It has several different functions: </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip link <em class= "replaceable"><code><device></code></em></strong></span> allows users to look at the state of devices and to make changes </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip addr</strong></span> allows users to look at addresses and their properties, add new addresses, and delete old ones </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip neighbor</strong></span> allows users to look at neighbor bindings and their properties, add new neighbor entries, and delete old ones </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip rule</strong></span> allows users to look at the routing policies and change them </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip route</strong></span> allows users to look at the routing table and change routing table rules </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip tunnel</strong></span> allows users to look at the IP tunnels and their properties, and change them </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip maddr</strong></span> allows users to look at the multicast addresses and their properties, and change them </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip mroute</strong></span> allows users to set, change, or delete the multicast routing </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>ip monitor</strong></span> allows users to continuously monitor the state of devices, addresses and routes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lnstat" name="lnstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lnstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides Linux network statistics; it is a generalized and more feature-complete replacement for the old <span class= "command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span> program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nstat" name="nstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows network statistics </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="routef" name="routef"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>routef</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip route</strong></span>. This is for flushing the routing tables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="routel" name="routel"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>routel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A component of <span class="command"><strong>ip route</strong></span>. This is for listing the routing tables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rtacct" name="rtacct"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rtacct</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the contents of <code class= "filename">/proc/net/rt_acct</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rtmon" name="rtmon"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rtmon</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Route monitoring utility </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rtpr" name="rtpr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rtpr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts the output of <span class= "command"><strong>ip -o</strong></span> back into a readable form </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rtstat" name="rtstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rtstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Route status utility </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ss" name="ss"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ss</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Similar to the <span class= "command"><strong>netstat</strong></span> command; shows active connections </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tc" name="tc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Traffic Controlling Executable; this is for Quality Of Service (QOS) and Class Of Service (COS) implementations </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>tc qdisc</strong></span> allows users to setup the queueing discipline </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>tc class</strong></span> allows users to setup classes based on the queuing discipline scheduling </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>tc estimator</strong></span> allows users to estimate the network flow into a network </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>tc filter</strong></span> allows users to setup the QOS/COS packet filtering </p> <p> <span class="command"><strong>tc policy</strong></span> allows users to setup the QOS/COS policies </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-kbd" name= "ch-system-kbd"></a>6.65. Kbd-2.2.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and keyboard utilities. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">36 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.65.1. Installation of Kbd </h3> <p> The behaviour of the Backspace and Delete keys is not consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.2.0-backspace-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <p> After patching, the Backspace key generates the character with code 127, and the Delete key generates a well-known escape sequence. </p> <p> Remove the redundant <span class= "command"><strong>resizecons</strong></span> program (it requires the defunct svgalib to provide the video mode files - for normal use <span class= "command"><strong>setfont</strong></span> sizes the console appropriately) together with its manpage. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i 's/\(RESIZECONS_PROGS=\)yes/\1no/g' configure sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Kbd for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/tools/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-vlock</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This option prevents the vlock utility from being built, as it requires the PAM library, which isn't available in the chroot environment. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> For some languages (e.g., Belarusian) the Kbd package doesn't provide a useful keymap where the stock <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by</span>”</span> keymap assumes the ISO-8859-5 encoding, and the CP1251 keymap is normally used. Users of such languages have to download working keymaps separately. </p> </div> <p> If desired, install the documentation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0 cp -R -v docs/doc/* /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-kbd" name="contents-kbd"></a>6.65.2. Contents of Kbd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">chvt, deallocvt, dumpkeys, fgconsole, getkeycodes, kbdinfo, kbd_mode, kbdrate, loadkeys, loadunimap, mapscrn, openvt, psfaddtable (link to psfxtable), psfgettable (link to psfxtable), psfstriptable (link to psfxtable), psfxtable, setfont, setkeycodes, setleds, setmetamode, setvtrgb, showconsolefont, showkey, unicode_start, and unicode_stop</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/consolefonts, /usr/share/consoletrans, /usr/share/keymaps, /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.2.0, and /usr/share/unimaps</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924705056" name= "idm46504924705056"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chvt" name="chvt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chvt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the foreground virtual terminal </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="deallocvt" name="deallocvt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>deallocvt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Deallocates unused virtual terminals </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dumpkeys" name="dumpkeys"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dumpkeys</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps the keyboard translation tables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fgconsole" name="fgconsole"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fgconsole</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the number of the active virtual terminal </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getkeycodes" name= "getkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>getkeycodes</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="kbdinfo" name="kbdinfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>kbdinfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Obtains information about the status of a console </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="kbd_mode" name="kbd_mode"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports or sets the keyboard mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="kbdrate" name="kbdrate"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>kbdrate</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the keyboard repeat and delay rates </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="loadkeys" name="loadkeys"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads the keyboard translation tables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="loadunimap" name= "loadunimap"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>loadunimap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mapscrn" name="mapscrn"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mapscrn</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An obsolete program that used to load a user-defined output character mapping table into the console driver; this is now done by <span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="openvt" name="openvt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>openvt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Starts a program on a new virtual terminal (VT) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="psfaddtable" name= "psfaddtable"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>psfaddtable</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Adds a Unicode character table to a console font </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="psfgettable" name= "psfgettable"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>psfgettable</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Extracts the embedded Unicode character table from a console font </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="psfstriptable" name= "psfstriptable"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>psfstriptable</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes the embedded Unicode character table from a console font </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="psfxtable" name="psfxtable"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>psfxtable</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Handles Unicode character tables for console fonts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setfont" name="setfont"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setfont</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) and Video Graphics Array (VGA) fonts on the console </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setkeycodes" name= "setkeycodes"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table entries; this is useful if there are unusual keys on the keyboard </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setleds" name="setleds"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setleds</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the keyboard flags and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setmetamode" name= "setmetamode"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>setmetamode</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Defines the keyboard meta-key handling </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setvtrgb" name="setvtrgb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setvtrgb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the console color map in all virtual terminals </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="showconsolefont" name= "showconsolefont"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>showconsolefont</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows the current EGA/VGA console screen font </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="showkey" name="showkey"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>showkey</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the scancodes, keycodes, and ASCII codes of the keys pressed on the keyboard </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unicode_start" name= "unicode_start"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>unicode_start</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Puts the keyboard and console in UNICODE mode [Don't use this program unless your keymap file is in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. For other encodings, this utility produces incorrect results.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unicode_stop" name= "unicode_stop"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>unicode_stop</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reverts keyboard and console from UNICODE mode </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-libpipeline" name= "ch-system-libpipeline"></a>6.66. Libpipeline-1.5.2 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">9.2 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.66.1. Installation of Libpipeline </h3> <p> Prepare Libpipeline for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-libpipeline" name= "contents-libpipeline"></a>6.66.2. Contents of Libpipeline </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libpipeline.so</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924570128" name= "idm46504924570128"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libpipeline" name= "libpipeline"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libpipeline</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> This library is used to safely construct pipelines between subprocesses </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-make" name= "ch-system-make"></a>6.67. Make-4.3 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Make package contains a program for compiling packages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">16 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.67.1. Installation of Make </h3> <p> Prepare Make for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The test suite needs to know where supporting perl files are located. We use an environment variable to accomplish this. To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make PERL5LIB=$PWD/tests/ check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-make" name="contents-make"></a>6.67.2. Contents of Make </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924541984" name= "idm46504924541984"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="make" name="make"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>make</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Automatically determines which pieces of a package need to be (re)compiled and then issues the relevant commands </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-patch" name= "ch-system-patch"></a>6.68. Patch-2.7.6 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">patch</span>”</span> file typically created by the <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">13 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.68.1. Installation of Patch </h3> <p> Prepare Patch for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-patch" name="contents-patch"></a>6.68.2. Contents of Patch </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed program:</strong> <span class="segbody">patch</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924513408" name= "idm46504924513408"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="patch" name="patch"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>patch</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Modifies files according to a patch file [A patch file is normally a difference listing created with the <span class= "command"><strong>diff</strong></span> program. By applying these differences to the original files, <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> creates the patched versions.] </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-man-db" name= "ch-system-man-db"></a>6.69. Man-DB-2.9.0 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.5 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">40 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.69.1. Installation of Man-DB </h3> <p> Prepare Man-DB for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.9.0 \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --disable-setuid \ --enable-cache-owner=bin \ --with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \ --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \ --with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \ --with-systemdtmpfilesdir= \ --with-systemdsystemunitdir=</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-setuid</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This disables making the <span class= "command"><strong>man</strong></span> program setuid to user <code class="systemitem">man</code>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-cache-owner=bin</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This makes the system-wide cache files be owned by user bin. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These three parameters are used to set some default programs. <span class= "command"><strong>lynx</strong></span> is a text-based web browser (see BLFS for installation instructions), <span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span> converts program sources to Groff input, and <span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span> is useful for typesetting graphs in Groff documents. The <span class="command"><strong>vgrind</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>grap</strong></span> programs are not normally needed for viewing manual pages. They are not part of LFS or BLFS, but you should be able to install them yourself after finishing LFS if you wish to do so. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-systemd...</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> These parameters prevent installing unneeded systemd directories and files. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.69.2. Non-English Manual Pages in LFS </h3> <p> The following table shows the character set that Man-DB assumes manual pages installed under <code class= "filename">/usr/share/man/<ll></code> will be encoded with. In addition to this, Man-DB correctly determines if manual pages installed in that directory are UTF-8 encoded. </p> <div class="table"> <a id="idm46504924468512" name="idm46504924468512"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Table 6.1. Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages</strong> </p> <div class="table-contents"> <table summary= "Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages" border="1"> <colgroup> <col width="1.5in" /> <col width="1in" /> <col width="2.5in" /> <col width="1in" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th> Language (code) </th> <th> Encoding </th> <th> Language (code) </th> <th> Encoding </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> Danish (da) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Croatian (hr) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> German (de) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Hungarian (hu) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> English (en) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Japanese (ja) </td> <td> EUC-JP </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Spanish (es) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Korean (ko) </td> <td> EUC-KR </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Estonian (et) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Lithuanian (lt) </td> <td> ISO-8859-13 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Finnish (fi) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Latvian (lv) </td> <td> ISO-8859-13 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> French (fr) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Macedonian (mk) </td> <td> ISO-8859-5 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Irish (ga) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Polish (pl) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Galician (gl) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Romanian (ro) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Indonesian (id) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Russian (ru) </td> <td> KOI8-R </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Icelandic (is) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Slovak (sk) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Italian (it) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Slovenian (sl) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Norwegian Bokmal (nb) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Serbian Latin (sr@latin) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Dutch (nl) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Serbian (sr) </td> <td> ISO-8859-5 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Norwegian Nynorsk (nn) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Turkish (tr) </td> <td> ISO-8859-9 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Norwegian (no) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Ukrainian (uk) </td> <td> KOI8-U </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Portuguese (pt) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Vietnamese (vi) </td> <td> TCVN5712-1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Swedish (sv) </td> <td> ISO-8859-1 </td> <td> Simplified Chinese (zh_CN) </td> <td> GBK </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Belarusian (be) </td> <td> CP1251 </td> <td> Simplified Chinese, Singapore (zh_SG) </td> <td> GBK </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Bulgarian (bg) </td> <td> CP1251 </td> <td> Traditional Chinese, Hong Kong (zh_HK) </td> <td> BIG5HKSCS </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Czech (cs) </td> <td> ISO-8859-2 </td> <td> Traditional Chinese (zh_TW) </td> <td> BIG5 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Greek (el) </td> <td> ISO-8859-7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div><br class="table-break" /> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Manual pages in languages not in the list are not supported. </p> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-man-db" name="contents-man-db"></a>6.69.3. Contents of Man-DB </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">accessdb, apropos (link to whatis), catman, lexgrog, man, mandb, manpath, and whatis</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libman.so and libmandb.so (both in /usr/lib/man-db)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/lib/man-db, /usr/libexec/man-db, and /usr/share/doc/man-db-2.9.0</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924409888" name= "idm46504924409888"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="accessdb" name="accessdb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>accessdb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps the <span class= "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database contents in human-readable form </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="apropos" name="apropos"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>apropos</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches the <span class= "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain a given string </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="catman" name="catman"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>catman</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates or updates the pre-formatted manual pages </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lexgrog" name="lexgrog"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lexgrog</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays one-line summary information about a given manual page </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="man" name="man"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>man</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Formats and displays the requested manual page </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mandb" name="mandb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mandb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates or updates the <span class= "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="manpath" name="manpath"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>manpath</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the contents of $MANPATH or (if $MANPATH is not set) a suitable search path based on the settings in man.conf and the user's environment </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="whatis" name="whatis"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches the <span class= "command"><strong>whatis</strong></span> database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain the given keyword as a separate word </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libman" name="libman"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libman</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains run-time support for <span class= "command"><strong>man</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmandb" name="libmandb"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libmandb</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains run-time support for <span class= "command"><strong>man</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-tar" name= "ch-system-tar"></a>6.70. Tar-1.32 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Tar package contains an archiving program. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">2.0 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">45 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.70.1. Installation of Tar </h3> <p> Prepare Tar for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \ ./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><code class= "envar">FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1</code></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This forces the test for <code class= "function">mknod</code> to be run as root. It is generally considered dangerous to run this test as the root user, but as it is being run on a system that has only been partially built, overriding it is OK. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results (about 3 SBU), issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.32</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-tar" name="contents-tar"></a>6.70.2. Contents of Tar </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">tar</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/doc/tar-1.32</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924333616" name= "idm46504924333616"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tar" name="tar"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tar</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates, extracts files from, and lists the contents of archives, also known as tarballs </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-texinfo" name= "ch-system-texinfo"></a>6.71. Texinfo-6.7 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">116 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.71.1. Installation of Texinfo </h3> <p> Prepare Texinfo for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-static</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> In this case, the top-level configure script will complain that this is an unrecognized option, but the configure script for XSParagraph recognizes it and uses it to disable installing a static <code class= "filename">XSParagraph.a</code> to <code class= "filename">/usr/lib/texinfo</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX installation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the make parameter:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The <code class="envar">TEXMF</code> makefile variable holds the location of the root of the TeX tree if, for example, a TeX package will be installed later. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold its list of menu entries. The file is located at <code class= "filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code>. Unfortunately, due to occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed on the system. If the <code class= "filename">/usr/share/info/dir</code> file ever needs to be recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish the task: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">pushd /usr/share/info rm -v dir for f in * do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null done popd</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-texinfo" name="contents-texinfo"></a>6.71.2. Contents of Texinfo </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">info, install-info, makeinfo (link to texi2any), pdftexi2dvi, pod2texi, texi2any, texi2dvi, texi2pdf, and texindex</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">MiscXS.so, Parsetexi.so, and XSParagraph.so (all in /usr/lib/texinfo)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/texinfo and /usr/lib/texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924290096" name= "idm46504924290096"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="info" name="info"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>info</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to read info pages which are similar to man pages, but often go much deeper than just explaining all the available command line options [For example, compare <span class= "command"><strong>man bison</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>info bison</strong></span>.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="install-info" name= "install-info"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>install-info</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to install info pages; it updates entries in the <span class= "command"><strong>info</strong></span> index file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="makeinfo" name="makeinfo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>makeinfo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translates the given Texinfo source documents into info pages, plain text, or HTML </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pdftexi2dvi" name= "pdftexi2dvi"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>pdftexi2dvi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pod2texi" name="pod2texi"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pod2texi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts Pod to Texinfo format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="texi2any" name="texi2any"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>texi2any</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Translate Texinfo source documentation to various other formats </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="texi2dvi" name="texi2dvi"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>texi2dvi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to format the given Texinfo document into a device-independent file that can be printed </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="texi2pdf" name="texi2pdf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>texi2pdf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="texindex" name="texindex"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>texindex</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to sort Texinfo index files </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-vim" name= "ch-system-vim"></a>6.72. Vim-8.2.0190 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Vim package contains a powerful text editor. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.7 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">202 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="admon tip"> <h3> Alternatives to Vim </h3> <p> If you prefer another editor—such as Emacs, Joe, or Nano—please refer to <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/editors.html"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/editors.html</a> for suggested installation instructions. </p> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.72.1. Installation of Vim </h3> <p> First, change the default location of the <code class= "filename">vimrc</code> configuration file to <code class= "filename">/etc</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.h</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare Vim for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To prepare the tests, ensure that the <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> user can write to the sources tree: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody .</kbd> </pre> <p> Now run the tests as the <code class= "systemitem">nobody</code> user: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "LANG=en_US.UTF-8 make -j1 test" &> vim-test.log</kbd> </pre> <p> The test suite outputs a lot of binary data to the screen. This can cause issues with the settings of the current terminal. The problem can be avoided by redirecting the output to a log file as shown above. A successful test will result in the words "ALL DONE" in the log file at completion. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Many users are used to using <span class= "command"><strong>vi</strong></span> instead of <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>. To allow execution of <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> when users habitually enter <span class= "command"><strong>vi</strong></span>, create a symlink for both the binary and the man page in the provided languages: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi for L in /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1 done</kbd> </pre> <p> By default, Vim's documentation is installed in <code class= "filename">/usr/share/vim</code>. The following symlink allows the documentation to be accessed via <code class= "filename">/usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.0190</code>, making it consistent with the location of documentation for other packages: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">ln -sv ../vim/vim82/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.0190</kbd> </pre> <p> If an X Window System is going to be installed on the LFS system, it may be necessary to recompile Vim after installing X. Vim comes with a GUI version of the editor that requires X and some additional libraries to be installed. For more information on this process, refer to the Vim documentation and the Vim installation page in the BLFS book at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/vim.html"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/vim.html</a>. </p> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-vim" name="conf-vim"></a>6.72.2. Configuring Vim </h3> <p> By default, <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> runs in vi-incompatible mode. This may be new to users who have used other editors in the past. The <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">nocompatible</span>”</span> setting is included below to highlight the fact that a new behavior is being used. It also reminds those who would change to <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">compatible</span>”</span> mode that it should be the first setting in the configuration file. This is necessary because it changes other settings, and overrides must come after this setting. Create a default <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> configuration file by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF" <code class="literal">" Begin /etc/vimrc " Ensure defaults are set before customizing settings, not after source $VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim let skip_defaults_vim=1 set nocompatible set backspace=2 set mouse= syntax on if (&term == "xterm") || (&term == "putty") set background=dark endif " End /etc/vimrc</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The <em class="parameter"><code>set nocompatible</code></em> setting makes <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> behave in a more useful way (the default) than the vi-compatible manner. Remove the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">no</span>”</span> to keep the old <span class= "command"><strong>vi</strong></span> behavior. The <em class= "parameter"><code>set backspace=2</code></em> setting allows backspacing over line breaks, autoindents, and the start of insert. The <em class="parameter"><code>syntax on</code></em> parameter enables vim's syntax highlighting. The <em class= "parameter"><code>set mouse=</code></em> setting enables proper pasting of text with the mouse when working in chroot or over a remote connection. Finally, the <span class= "emphasis"><em>if</em></span> statement with the <em class= "parameter"><code>set background=dark</code></em> setting corrects <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span>'s guess about the background color of some terminal emulators. This gives the highlighting a better color scheme for use on the black background of these programs. </p> <p> Documentation for other available options can be obtained by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">vim -c ':options'</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> By default, Vim only installs spell files for the English language. To install spell files for your preferred language, download the <code class="filename">*.spl</code> and optionally, the <code class="filename">*.sug</code> files for your language and character encoding from <a class="ulink" href= "ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/">ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/</a> and save them to <code class= "filename">/usr/share/vim/vim82/spell/</code>. </p> <p> To use these spell files, some configuration in <code class="filename">/etc/vimrc</code> is needed, e.g.: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">set spelllang=en,ru set spell</code> </pre> <p> For more information, see the appropriate README file located at the URL above. </p> </div> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-vim" name="contents-vim"></a>6.72.3. Contents of Vim </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">ex (link to vim), rview (link to vim), rvim (link to vim), vi (link to vim), view (link to vim), vim, vimdiff (link to vim), vimtutor, and xxd</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/share/vim</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924177424" name= "idm46504924177424"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ex" name="ex"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ex</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Starts <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in ex mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rview" name="rview"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rview</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a restricted version of <span class= "command"><strong>view</strong></span>; no shell commands can be started and <span class= "command"><strong>view</strong></span> cannot be suspended </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rvim" name="rvim"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rvim</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a restricted version of <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span>; no shell commands can be started and <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> cannot be suspended </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vi" name="vi"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vi</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Link to <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="view" name="view"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>view</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Starts <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> in read-only mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vim" name="vim"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is the editor </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vimdiff" name="vimdiff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vimdiff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Edits two or three versions of a file with <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> and shows differences </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vimtutor" name="vimtutor"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vimtutor</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Teaches the basic keys and commands of <span class= "command"><strong>vim</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="xxd" name="xxd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>xxd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a hex dump of the given file; it can also do the reverse, so it can be used for binary patching </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-procps" name= "ch-system-procps"></a>6.73. Procps-ng-3.3.15 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring processes. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">17 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.73.1. Installation of Procps-ng </h3> <p> Prepare procps-ng for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --exec-prefix= \ --libdir=/usr/lib \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.15 \ --disable-static \ --disable-kill</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-kill</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This switch disables building the <span class= "command"><strong>kill</strong></span> command that will be installed by the Util-linux package. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> The test suite needs some custom modifications for LFS. Remove a test that fails when scripting does not use a tty device and fix two others. To run the test suite, run the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i -r 's|(pmap_initname)\\\$|\1|' testsuite/pmap.test/pmap.exp sed -i '/set tty/d' testsuite/pkill.test/pkill.exp rm testsuite/pgrep.test/pgrep.exp make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Finally, move essential libraries to a location that can be found if <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/lib/libprocps.so.* /lib ln -sfv ../../lib/$(readlink /usr/lib/libprocps.so) /usr/lib/libprocps.so</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-procps" name="contents-procps"></a>6.73.2. Contents of Procps-ng </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">free, pgrep, pidof, pkill, pmap, ps, pwdx, slabtop, sysctl, tload, top, uptime, vmstat, w, and watch</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed library:</strong> <span class="segbody">libprocps.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/proc and /usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.15</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504924099520" name= "idm46504924099520"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="free" name="free"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>free</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap memory) in the system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pgrep" name="pgrep"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pgrep</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Looks up processes based on their name and other attributes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pidof" name="pidof"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pidof</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the PIDs of the given programs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pkill" name="pkill"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pkill</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Signals processes based on their name and other attributes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pmap" name="pmap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pmap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the memory map of the given process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ps" name="ps"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ps</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the current running processes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pwdx" name="pwdx"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>pwdx</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the current working directory of a process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="slabtop" name="slabtop"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>slabtop</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays detailed kernel slab cache information in real time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sysctl" name="sysctl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Modifies kernel parameters at run time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tload" name="tload"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tload</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints a graph of the current system load average </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="top" name="top"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>top</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays a list of the most CPU intensive processes; it provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uptime" name="uptime"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uptime</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports how long the system has been running, how many users are logged on, and the system load averages </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="vmstat" name="vmstat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>vmstat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports virtual memory statistics, giving information about processes, memory, paging, block Input/Output (IO), traps, and CPU activity </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="w" name="w"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>w</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows which users are currently logged on, where, and since when </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="watch" name="watch"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>watch</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a given command repeatedly, displaying the first screen-full of its output; this allows a user to watch the output change over time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libprocps" name="libprocps"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libprocps</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains the functions used by most programs in this package </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-util-linux" name= "ch-system-util-linux"></a>6.74. Util-linux-2.35.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">289 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.74.1. FHS compliance notes </h3> <p> The FHS recommends using the <code class= "filename">/var/lib/hwclock</code> directory instead of the usual <code class="filename">/etc</code> directory as the location for the <code class="filename">adjtime</code> file. First create a directory to enable storage for the <span class="command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> program: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.74.2. Installation of Util-linux </h3> <p> Prepare Util-linux for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.35.1 \ --disable-chfn-chsh \ --disable-login \ --disable-nologin \ --disable-su \ --disable-setpriv \ --disable-runuser \ --disable-pylibmount \ --disable-static \ --without-python \ --without-systemd \ --without-systemdsystemunitdir</kbd> </pre> <p> The --disable and --without options prevent warnings about building components that require packages not in LFS or are inconsistent with programs installed by other packages. </p> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, run the test suite as a non-root user: </p> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> Running the test suite as the root user can be harmful to your system. To run it, the CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG option for the kernel must be available in the currently running system, and must be built as a module. Building it into the kernel will prevent booting. For complete coverage, other BLFS packages must be installed. If desired, this test can be run after rebooting into the completed LFS system and running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">bash tests/run.sh --srcdir=$PWD --builddir=$PWD</kbd> </pre> </div> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">chown -Rv nobody . su nobody -s /bin/bash -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-utillinux" name= "contents-utillinux"></a>6.74.3. Contents of Util-linux </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">addpart, agetty, blkdiscard, blkid, blkzone, blockdev, cal, cfdisk, chcpu, chmem, choom, chrt, col, colcrt, colrm, column, ctrlaltdel, delpart, dmesg, eject, fallocate, fdformat, fdisk, fincore, findfs, findmnt, flock, fsck, fsck.cramfs, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, getopt, hexdump, hwclock, i386, ionice, ipcmk, ipcrm, ipcs, isosize, kill, last, lastb (link to last), ldattach, linux32, linux64, logger, look, losetup, lsblk, lscpu, lsipc, lslocks, lslogins, lsmem, lsns, mcookie, mesg, mkfs, mkfs.bfs, mkfs.cramfs, mkfs.minix, mkswap, more, mount, mountpoint, namei, nsenter, partx, pivot_root, prlimit, raw, readprofile, rename, renice, resizepart, rev, rfkill, rtcwake, script, scriptreplay, setarch, setsid, setterm, sfdisk, sulogin, swaplabel, swapoff (link to swapon), swapon, switch_root, taskset, ul, umount, uname26, unshare, utmpdump, uuidd, uuidgen, uuidparse, wall, wdctl, whereis, wipefs, x86_64, and zramctl</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libblkid.so, libfdisk.so, libmount.so, libsmartcols.so, and libuuid.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/blkid, /usr/include/libfdisk, /usr/include/libmount, /usr/include/libsmartcols, /usr/include/uuid, /usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.35.1, and /var/lib/hwclock</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504923991952" name= "idm46504923991952"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="addpart" name="addpart"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>addpart</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Informs the Linux kernel of new partitions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="agetty" name="agetty"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>agetty</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and then invokes the <span class= "command"><strong>login</strong></span> program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="blkdiscard" name= "blkdiscard"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>blkdiscard</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Discards sectors on a device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="blkid" name="blkid"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>blkid</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A command line utility to locate and print block device attributes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="blkzone" name="blkzone"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>blkzone</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs zone command on the given block device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="blockdev" name="blockdev"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>blockdev</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Allows users to call block device ioctls from the command line </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cal" name="cal"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cal</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays a simple calendar </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cfdisk" name="cfdisk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cfdisk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Manipulates the partition table of the given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chcpu" name="chcpu"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chcpu</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Modifies the state of CPUs </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chmem" name="chmem"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chmem</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Configures memory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="choom" name="choom"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>choom</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays and adjusts OOM-killer score </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chrt" name="chrt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chrt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Manipulates real-time attributes of a process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="col" name="col"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>col</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filters out reverse line feeds </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="colcrt" name="colcrt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>colcrt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filters <span class= "command"><strong>nroff</strong></span> output for terminals that lack some capabilities, such as overstriking and half-lines </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="colrm" name="colrm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>colrm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filters out the given columns </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="column" name="column"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>column</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Formats a given file into multiple columns </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ctrlaltdel" name= "ctrlaltdel"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>ctrlaltdel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination to a hard or a soft reset </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="delpart" name="delpart"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>delpart</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Asks the Linux kernel to remove a partition </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dmesg" name="dmesg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps the kernel boot messages </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="eject" name="eject"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>eject</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Ejects removable media </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fallocate" name="fallocate"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fallocate</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Preallocates space to a file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fdformat" name="fdformat"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fdformat</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Low-level formats a floppy disk </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fdisk" name="fdisk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fdisk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Manipulates the partition table of the given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fincore" name="fincore"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fincore</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Counts pages of file contents in core </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="findfs" name="findfs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>findfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Finds a file system by label or Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="findmnt" name="findmnt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>findmnt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a command line interface to the libmount library for work with mountinfo, fstab and mtab files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="flock" name="flock"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>flock</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Acquires a file lock and then executes a command with the lock held </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck" name="fsck"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to check, and optionally repair, file systems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck.cramfs" name= "fsck.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck.cramfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Performs a consistency check on the Cramfs file system on the given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck.minix" name= "fsck.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck.minix</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Performs a consistency check on the Minix file system on the given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsfreeze" name="fsfreeze"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsfreeze</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is a very simple wrapper around FIFREEZE/FITHAW ioctl kernel driver operations </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fstrim" name="fstrim"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fstrim</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Discards unused blocks on a mounted filesystem </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="getopt" name="getopt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>getopt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Parses options in the given command line </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="hexdump" name="hexdump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>hexdump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dumps the given file in hexadecimal or in another given format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="hwclock" name="hwclock"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads or sets the system's hardware clock, also called the Real-Time Clock (RTC) or Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) clock </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="i386" name="i386"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>i386</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link to setarch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ionice" name="ionice"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ionice</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Gets or sets the io scheduling class and priority for a program </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ipcmk" name="ipcmk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ipcmk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates various IPC resources </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ipcrm" name="ipcrm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ipcrm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC) resource </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ipcs" name="ipcs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ipcs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides IPC status information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="isosize" name="isosize"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>isosize</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the size of an iso9660 file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="kill" name="kill"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>kill</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sends signals to processes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="last" name="last"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>last</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows which users last logged in (and out), searching back through the <code class= "filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> file; it also shows system boots, shutdowns, and run-level changes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lastb" name="lastb"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lastb</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows the failed login attempts, as logged in <code class="filename">/var/log/btmp</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ldattach" name="ldattach"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ldattach</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Attaches a line discipline to a serial line </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="linux32" name="linux32"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>linux32</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link to setarch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="linux64" name="linux64"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>linux64</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link to setarch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="logger" name="logger"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>logger</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Enters the given message into the system log </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="look" name="look"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>look</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays lines that begin with the given string </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="losetup" name="losetup"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>losetup</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets up and controls loop devices </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsblk" name="lsblk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsblk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists information about all or selected block devices in a tree-like format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lscpu" name="lscpu"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lscpu</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints CPU architecture information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsipc" name="lsipc"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsipc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints information on IPC facilities currently employed in the system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lslocks" name="lslocks"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lslocks</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists local system locks </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lslogins" name="lslogins"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lslogins</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists information about users, groups and system accounts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsmem" name="lsmem"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsmem</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the ranges of available memory with their online status </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsns" name="lsns"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsns</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists namespaces </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mcookie" name="mcookie"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mcookie</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generates magic cookies (128-bit random hexadecimal numbers) for <span class= "command"><strong>xauth</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mesg" name="mesg"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mesg</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Controls whether other users can send messages to the current user's terminal </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs" name="mkfs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Builds a file system on a device (usually a hard disk partition) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.bfs" name="mkfs.bfs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.bfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.cramfs" name= "mkfs.cramfs"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.cramfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a cramfs file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.minix" name= "mkfs.minix"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.minix</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates a Minix file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkswap" name="mkswap"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkswap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Initializes the given device or file to be used as a swap area </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="more" name="more"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>more</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A filter for paging through text one screen at a time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mount" name="mount"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mount</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Attaches the file system on the given device to a specified directory in the file-system tree </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mountpoint" name= "mountpoint"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>mountpoint</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks if the directory is a mountpoint </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="namei" name="namei"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>namei</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows the symbolic links in the given pathnames </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="nsenter" name="nsenter"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>nsenter</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a program with namespaces of other processes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="partx" name="partx"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>partx</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tells the kernel about the presence and numbering of on-disk partitions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="pivot_root" name= "pivot_root"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>pivot_root</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes the given file system the new root file system of the current process </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="prlimit" name="prlimit"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>prlimit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Get and set a process' resource limits </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="raw" name="raw"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>raw</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Bind a Linux raw character device to a block device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="readprofile" name= "readprofile"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>readprofile</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reads kernel profiling information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rename" name="rename"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rename</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Renames the given files, replacing a given string with another </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="renice" name="renice"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>renice</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Alters the priority of running processes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="resizepart" name= "resizepart"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>resizepart</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Asks the Linux kernel to resize a partition </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rev" name="rev"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rev</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reverses the lines of a given file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rkfill" name="rkfill"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rkfill</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tool for enabling and disabling wireless devices </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rtcwake" name="rtcwake"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>rtcwake</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="script" name="script"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>script</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes a typescript of a terminal session </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="scriptreplay" name= "scriptreplay"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>scriptreplay</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Plays back typescripts using timing information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setarch" name="setarch"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setarch</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes reported architecture in a new program environment and sets personality flags </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setsid" name="setsid"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setsid</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs the given program in a new session </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setterm" name="setterm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setterm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets terminal attributes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sfdisk" name="sfdisk"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sfdisk</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A disk partition table manipulator </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sulogin" name="sulogin"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sulogin</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Allows <code class="systemitem">root</code> to log in; it is normally invoked by <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span> when the system goes into single user mode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="swaplabel" name="swaplabel"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>swaplabel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Allows to change swaparea UUID and label </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="swapoff" name="swapoff"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>swapoff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Disables devices and files for paging and swapping </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="swapon" name="swapon"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>swapon</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Enables devices and files for paging and swapping and lists the devices and files currently in use </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="switch_root" name= "switch_root"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>switch_root</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Switches to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tailf" name="tailf"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tailf</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tracks the growth of a log file; displays the last 10 lines of a log file, then continues displaying any new entries in the log file as they are created </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="taskset" name="taskset"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>taskset</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Retrieves or sets a process' CPU affinity </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ul" name="ul"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ul</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A filter for translating underscores into escape sequences indicating underlining for the terminal in use </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="umount" name="umount"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>umount</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Disconnects a file system from the system's file tree </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uname26" name="uname26"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uname26</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link to setarch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="unshare" name="unshare"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>unshare</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Runs a program with some namespaces unshared from parent </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="utmpdump" name="utmpdump"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>utmpdump</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the content of the given login file in a more user-friendly format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uuidd" name="uuidd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uuidd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A daemon used by the UUID library to generate time-based UUIDs in a secure and guaranteed-unique fashion </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uuidgen" name="uuidgen"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uuidgen</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates new UUIDs. Each new UUID can reasonably be considered unique among all UUIDs created, on the local system and on other systems, in the past and in the future </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="uuidparse" name="uuidparse"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>uuidparse</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An utility to parse unique identifiers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="wall" name="wall"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>wall</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays the contents of a file or, by default, its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="wdctl" name="wdctl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>wdctl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Shows hardware watchdog status </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="whereis" name="whereis"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>whereis</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the location of the binary, source, and man page for the given command </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="wipefs" name="wipefs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>wipefs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Wipes a filesystem signature from a device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="x86_64" name="x86_64"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>x86_64</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A symbolic link to setarch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="zramctl" name="zramctl"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>zramctl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A program to set up and control zram (compressed ram disk) devices </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libblkid" name="libblkid"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libblkid</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for device identification and token extraction </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libfdisk" name="libfdisk"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libfdisk</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for manipulating partition tables </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libmount" name="libmount"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libmount</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for block device mounting and unmounting </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libsmartcols" name= "libsmartcols"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libsmartcols</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for aiding screen output in tabular form </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libuuid" name="libuuid"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libuuid</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines for generating unique identifiers for objects that may be accessible beyond the local system </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-e2fsprogs" name= "ch-system-e2fsprogs"></a>6.75. E2fsprogs-1.45.5 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The E2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system. It also supports the <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> and <code class="systemitem">ext4</code> journaling file systems. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.6 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">108 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.75.1. Installation of E2fsprogs </h3> <p> The E2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be built in a subdirectory of the source tree: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -v build cd build</kbd> </pre> <p> Prepare E2fsprogs for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">../configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/bin \ --with-root-prefix="" \ --enable-elf-shlibs \ --disable-libblkid \ --disable-libuuid \ --disable-uuidd \ --disable-fsck</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of the environment variable and configure options:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--with-root-prefix=""</code></em> and <em class= "parameter"><code>--bindir=/bin</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Certain programs (such as the <span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> program) are considered essential programs. When, for example, <code class="filename">/usr</code> is not mounted, these programs still need to be available. They belong in directories like <code class="filename">/lib</code> and <code class="filename">/sbin</code>. If this option is not passed to E2fsprogs' configure, the programs are installed into the <code class="filename">/usr</code> directory. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--enable-elf-shlibs</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This creates the shared libraries which some programs in this package use. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>--disable-*</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This prevents E2fsprogs from building and installing the <code class="systemitem">libuuid</code> and <code class="systemitem">libblkid</code> libraries, the <code class="systemitem">uuidd</code> daemon, and the <span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span> wrapper, as Util-Linux installs more recent versions. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> To run the tests, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> One of the E2fsprogs tests will attempt to allocate 256 MB of memory. If you do not have significantly more RAM than this, be sure to enable sufficient swap space for the test. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-creatingfilesystem" title= "2.5. Creating a File System on the Partition">Section 2.5, “Creating a File System on the Partition”</a> and <a class="xref" href="#ch-partitioning-mounting" title= "2.7. Mounting the New Partition">Section 2.7, “Mounting the New Partition”</a> for details on creating and enabling swap space. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Make the installed static libraries writable so debugging symbols can be removed later: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a</kbd> </pre> <p> This package installs a gzipped <code class= "filename">.info</code> file but doesn't update the system-wide <code class="filename">dir</code> file. Unzip this file and then update the system <code class= "filename">dir</code> file using the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info</kbd> </pre> <p> If desired, create and install some additional documentation by issuing the following commands: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">makeinfo -o doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-e2fsprogs" name= "contents-e2fsprogs"></a>6.75.2. Contents of E2fsprogs </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">badblocks, chattr, compile_et, debugfs, dumpe2fs,e2freefrag, e2fsck, e2image, e2label, e2mmpstatus, e2scrub, e2scrub_all, e2undo, e4crypt, e4defrag, filefrag, fsck.ext2, fsck.ext3, fsck.ext4, logsave, lsattr, mk_cmds, mke2fs, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.ext3, mkfs.ext4, mklost+found, resize2fs, and tune2fs</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libcom_err.so, libe2p.so, libext2fs.so, and libss.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/usr/include/e2p, /usr/include/et, /usr/include/ext2fs, /usr/include/ss, /usr/lib/e2fsprogs, /usr/share/et, and /usr/share/ss</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504923349280" name= "idm46504923349280"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="badblocks" name="badblocks"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>badblocks</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Searches a device (usually a disk partition) for bad blocks </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="chattr" name="chattr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>chattr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Changes the attributes of files on an <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file system; it also changes <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file systems, the journaling version of <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="compile_et" name= "compile_et"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>compile_et</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> An error table compiler; it converts a table of error-code names and messages into a C source file suitable for use with the <code class= "filename">com_err</code> library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="debugfs" name="debugfs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A file system debugger; it can be used to examine and change the state of an <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="dumpe2fs" name="dumpe2fs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prints the super block and blocks group information for the file system present on a given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2freefrag" name= "e2freefrag"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2freefrag</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports free space fragmentation information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2fsck" name="e2fsck"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to check, and optionally repair <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file systems and <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file systems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2image" name="e2image"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2image</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Is used to save critical <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file system data to a file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2label" name="e2label"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2label</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Displays or changes the file system label on the <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system present on a given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2mmpstatus" name= "e2mmpstatus"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2mmpstatus</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks MMP status of an ext4 filesystem </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2scrub" name="e2scrub"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2scrub</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks the contents of a mounted ext[234] filesystem </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2scrub_all" name= "e2scrub_all"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2scrub_all</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks all mounted ext[234] filesystems for errors </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e2undo" name="e2undo"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e2undo</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem found on a device [This can be used to undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program.] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e4crypt" name="e4crypt"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e4crypt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Ext4 filesystem encryption utility </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="e4defrag" name="e4defrag"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>e4defrag</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Online defragmenter for ext4 filesystems </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="filefrag" name="filefrag"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>filefrag</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports on how badly fragmented a particular file might be </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck.ext2" name="fsck.ext2"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck.ext2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default checks <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck.ext3" name="fsck.ext3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck.ext3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default checks <code class= "systemitem">ext3</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fsck.ext4" name="fsck.ext4"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>fsck.ext4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default checks <code class= "systemitem">ext4</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="logsave" name="logsave"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>logsave</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Saves the output of a command in a log file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lsattr" name="lsattr"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Lists the attributes of files on a second extended file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mk_cmds" name="mk_cmds"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mk_cmds</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Converts a table of command names and help messages into a C source file suitable for use with the <code class="filename">libss</code> subsystem library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mke2fs" name="mke2fs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Creates an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> or <code class="systemitem">ext3</code> file system on the given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.ext2" name="mkfs.ext2"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.ext2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default creates <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.ext3" name="mkfs.ext3"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.ext3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default creates <code class= "systemitem">ext3</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mkfs.ext4" name="mkfs.ext4"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mkfs.ext4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> By default creates <code class= "systemitem">ext4</code> file systems and is a hard link to <span class= "command"><strong>mke2fs</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mklost-found" name= "mklost-found"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>mklost+found</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used to create a <code class= "filename">lost+found</code> directory on an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system; it pre-allocates disk blocks to this directory to lighten the task of <span class= "command"><strong>e2fsck</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="resize2fs" name="resize2fs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>resize2fs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Can be used to enlarge or shrink an <code class= "systemitem">ext2</code> file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="tune2fs" name="tune2fs"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>tune2fs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Adjusts tunable file system parameters on an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libcom_err" name= "libcom_err"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">libcom_err</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The common error display routine </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libe2p" name="libe2p"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libe2p</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used by <span class= "command"><strong>dumpe2fs</strong></span>, <span class= "command"><strong>chattr</strong></span>, and <span class= "command"><strong>lsattr</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libext2fs" name="libext2fs"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">libext2fs</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains routines to enable user-level programs to manipulate an <code class="systemitem">ext2</code> file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libss" name="libss"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libss</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Used by <span class= "command"><strong>debugfs</strong></span> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-sysklogd" name= "ch-system-sysklogd"></a>6.76. Sysklogd-1.5.1 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual things happen. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.6 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.76.1. Installation of Sysklogd </h3> <p> First, fix problems that causes a segmentation fault under some conditions in klogd and fix an obsolete program construct: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">sed -i '/Error loading kernel symbols/{n;n;d}' ksym_mod.c sed -i 's/union wait/int/' syslogd.c</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make BINDIR=/sbin install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-sysklogd" name="conf-sysklogd"></a>6.76.2. Configuring Sysklogd </h3> <p> Create a new <code class="filename">/etc/syslog.conf</code> file by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/syslog.conf auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log *.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log kern.* -/var/log/kern.log mail.* -/var/log/mail.log user.* -/var/log/user.log *.emerg * # End /etc/syslog.conf</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-sysklogd" name= "contents-sysklogd"></a>6.76.3. Contents of Sysklogd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">klogd and syslogd</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504923168032" name= "idm46504923168032"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="klogd" name="klogd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>klogd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A system daemon for intercepting and logging kernel messages </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="syslogd" name="syslogd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Logs the messages that system programs offer for logging [Every logged message contains at least a date stamp and a hostname, and normally the program's name too, but that depends on how trusting the logging daemon is told to be.] </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-sysvinit" name= "ch-system-sysvinit"></a>6.77. Sysvinit-2.96 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">1.4 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.77.1. Installation of Sysvinit </h3> <p> First, apply a patch that removes several programs installed by other packages, clarifies a message, and fixes a compiler warning: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">patch -Np1 -i ../sysvinit-2.96-consolidated-1.patch</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> This package does not come with a test suite. </p> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-sysvinit" name= "contents-sysvinit"></a>6.77.2. Contents of Sysvinit </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">bootlogd, fstab-decode, halt, init, killall5, poweroff (link to halt), reboot (link to halt), runlevel, shutdown, and telinit (link to init)</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504923135168" name= "idm46504923135168"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="bootlogd" name="bootlogd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>bootlogd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Logs boot messages to a log file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="fstab-decode" name= "fstab-decode"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>fstab-decode</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Run a command with fstab-encoded arguments </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="halt-sysv" name="halt-sysv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Normally invokes <span class= "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the <em class="parameter"><code>-h</code></em> option, except when already in run-level 0, then it tells the kernel to halt the system; it notes in the file <code class="filename">/var/log/wtmp</code> that the system is being brought down </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="init-sysv" name="init-sysv"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The first process to be started when the kernel has initialized the hardware which takes over the boot process and starts all the proceses specified in its configuration file </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="killall5" name="killall5"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>killall5</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sends a signal to all processes, except the processes in its own session so it will not kill its parent shell </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="poweroff-sysv" name= "poweroff-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>poweroff</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off the computer (see <span class= "command"><strong>halt</strong></span>) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="reboot-sysv" name= "reboot-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see <span class="command"><strong>halt</strong></span>) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="runlevel-sysv" name= "runlevel-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>runlevel</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reports the previous and the current run-level, as noted in the last run-level record in <code class= "filename">/var/run/utmp</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="shutdown-sysv" name= "shutdown-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling all processes and notifying all logged-in users </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="telinit-sysv" name= "telinit-sysv"></a><span class="term"><span class= "command"><strong>telinit</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Tells <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span> which run-level to change to </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-eudev" name= "ch-system-eudev"></a>6.78. Eudev-3.2.9 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Eudev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">83 MB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 6.78.1. Installation of Eudev </h3> <p> Prepare Eudev for compilation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/sbin \ --sbindir=/sbin \ --libdir=/usr/lib \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --libexecdir=/lib \ --with-rootprefix= \ --with-rootlibdir=/lib \ --enable-manpages \ --disable-static</kbd> </pre> <p> Compile the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> Create some directories now that are needed for tests, but will also be used as a part of installation: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mkdir -pv /lib/udev/rules.d mkdir -pv /etc/udev/rules.d</kbd> </pre> <p> To test the results, issue: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make check</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> <p> Install some custom rules and support files useful in an LFS environment: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">tar -xvf ../udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz make -f udev-lfs-20171102/Makefile.lfs install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-eudev" name="conf-eudev"></a>6.78.2. Configuring Eudev </h3> <p> Information about hardware devices is maintained in the <code class="filename">/etc/udev/hwdb.d</code> and <code class="filename">/lib/udev/hwdb.d</code> directories. <span class="application">Eudev</span> needs that information to be compiled into a binary database <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/hwdb.bin</code>. Create the initial database: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">udevadm hwdb --update</kbd> </pre> <p> This command needs to be run each time the hardware information is updated. </p> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-eudev" name="contents-eudev"></a>6.78.3. Contents of Eudev </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong> <span class="segbody">udevadm and udevd</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed libraries:</strong> <span class="segbody">libudev.so</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/udev, /lib/udev, and /usr/share/doc/udev-udev-lfs-20171102</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504923041920" name= "idm46504923041920"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="udevadm" name="udevadm"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>udevadm</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Generic udev administration tool: controls the udevd daemon, provides info from the Udev database, monitors uevents, waits for uevents to finish, tests Udev configuration, and triggers uevents for a given device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="udevd" name="udevd"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink socket, creates devices and runs the configured external programs in response to these uevents </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="libudev" name="libudev"></a><span class= "term"><code class="filename">libudev</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A library interface to udev device information </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="etc-udev" name="etc-udev"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">/etc/udev</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains Udev configuration files, device permissions, and rules for device naming </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-aboutdebug" name= "ch-system-aboutdebug"></a>6.79. About Debugging Symbols </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with debugging symbols included (with <span class= "command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>'s <em class= "parameter"><code>-g</code></em> option). This means that when debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging information included, the debugger can provide not only memory addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables. </p> <p> However, the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a program or library significantly. The following is an example of the amount of space these symbols occupy: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> binary with debugging symbols: 1200 KB </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> A <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Glibc and GCC files (<code class="filename">/lib</code> and <code class="filename">/usr/lib</code>) with debugging symbols: 87 MB </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Sizes may vary depending on which compiler and C library were used, but when comparing programs with and without debugging symbols, the difference will usually be a factor between two and five. </p> <p> Because most users will never use a debugger on their system software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-strippingagain" name= "ch-system-strippingagain"></a>6.80. Stripping Again </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This section is optional. If the intended user is not a programmer and does not plan to do any debugging on the system software, the system size can be decreased by about 90 MB by removing the debugging symbols from binaries and libraries. This causes no inconvenience other than not being able to debug the software fully anymore. </p> <p> Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a typo and render the new system unusable, so before running the <span class="command"><strong>strip</strong></span> commands, it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its current state. </p> <p> First place the debugging symbols for selected libraries in separate files. This debugging information is needed if running regression tests that use <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//general/valgrind.html"> valgrind</a> or <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//general/gdb.html"> gdb</a> later in BLFS. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">save_lib="ld-2.31.so libc-2.31.so libpthread-2.31.so libthread_db-1.0.so" cd /lib for LIB in $save_lib; do objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg strip --strip-unneeded $LIB objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB done save_usrlib="libquadmath.so.0.0.0 libstdc++.so.6.0.27 libitm.so.1.0.0 libatomic.so.1.2.0" cd /usr/lib for LIB in $save_usrlib; do objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg strip --strip-unneeded $LIB objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg $LIB done unset LIB save_lib save_usrlib</kbd> </pre> <p> Before performing the stripping, take special care to ensure that none of the binaries that are about to be stripped are running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">exec /tools/bin/bash</kbd> </pre> <p> Now the binaries and libraries can be safely stripped: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">/tools/bin/find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a \ -exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-debug {} ';' /tools/bin/find /lib /usr/lib -type f \( -name \*.so* -a ! -name \*dbg \) \ -exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-unneeded {} ';' /tools/bin/find /{bin,sbin} /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f \ -exec /tools/bin/strip --strip-all {} ';'</kbd> </pre> <p> A large number of files will be reported as having their file format not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored. These warnings indicate that those files are scripts instead of binaries. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-system-revisedchroot" name= "ch-system-revisedchroot"></a>6.81. Cleaning Up </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Finally, clean up some extra files left around from running tests: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -rf /tmp/*</kbd> </pre> <p> Now log out and reenter the chroot environment with an updated chroot command. From now on, use this updated chroot command any time you need to reenter the chroot environment after exiting: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">logout chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \ HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" \ PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \ PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \ /bin/bash --login</kbd> </pre> <p> The reason for this is that the programs in <code class= "filename">/tools</code> are no longer needed. For this reason you can delete the <code class="filename">/tools</code> directory if so desired. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> Removing <code class="filename">/tools</code> will also remove the temporary copies of Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU which were used for running the toolchain tests. If you need these programs later on, they will need to be recompiled and re-installed. The BLFS book has instructions for this (see <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>). </p> </div> <p> If the virtual kernel file systems have been unmounted, either manually or through a reboot, ensure that the virtual kernel file systems are mounted when reentering the chroot. This process was explained in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-system-bindmount" title= "6.2.2. Mounting and Populating /dev">Section 6.2.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev”</a> and <a class= "xref" href="#ch-system-kernfsmount" title= "6.2.3. Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems">Section 6.2.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems”</a>. </p> <p> There were several static libraries that were not suppressed earlier in the chapter in order to satisfy the regression tests in several packages. These libraries are from binutils, bzip2, e2fsprogs, flex, libtool, and zlib. If desired, remove them now: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">rm -f /usr/lib/lib{bfd,opcodes}.a rm -f /usr/lib/libbz2.a rm -f /usr/lib/lib{com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss}.a rm -f /usr/lib/libltdl.a rm -f /usr/lib/libfl.a rm -f /usr/lib/libz.a</kbd> </pre> <p> There are also several files installed in the /usr/lib and /usr/libexec directories with a file name extention of .la. These are "libtool archive" files and generally unneeded on a linux system. None of these are necessary at this point. To remove them, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete</kbd> </pre> <p> For more information about libtool archive files, see the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1//introduction/la-files.html"> BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files"</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-config" name= "chapter-config"></a>Chapter 7. System Configuration </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-introduction" name= "ch-config-introduction"></a>7.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Booting a Linux system involves several tasks. The process must mount both virtual and real file systems, initialize devices, activate swap, check file systems for integrity, mount any swap partitions or files, set the system clock, bring up networking, start any daemons required by the system, and accomplish any other custom tasks needed by the user. This process must be organized to ensure the tasks are performed in the correct order but, at the same time, be executed as fast as possible. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="sysv-desc" name="sysv-desc"></a>7.1.1. System V </h3> <p> System V is the classic boot process that has been used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux since about 1983. It consists of a small program, <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span>, that sets up basic programs such as <span class= "command"><strong>login</strong></span> (via getty) and runs a script. This script, usually named <span class= "command"><strong>rc</strong></span>, controls the execution of a set of additional scripts that perform the tasks required to initialize the system. </p> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span> program is controlled by the <code class= "filename">/etc/inittab</code> file and is organized into run levels that can be run by the user: </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> 0 — halt<br /> 1 — Single user mode<br /> 2 — Multiuser, without networking<br /> 3 — Full multiuser mode<br /> 4 — User definable<br /> 5 — Full multiuser mode with display manager<br /> 6 — reboot<br /> </p> </div> <p> The usual default run level is 3 or 5. </p> <h4> <a id="idm46504922964592" name= "idm46504922964592"></a>Advantages </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Established, well understood system. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Easy to customize. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h4> <a id="idm46504922961904" name= "idm46504922961904"></a>Disadvantages </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Slower to boot. A medium speed base LFS system takes 8-12 seconds where the boot time is measured from the first kernel message to the login prompt. Network connectivity is typically established about 2 seconds after the login prompt. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Serial processing of boot tasks. This is related to the previous point. A delay in any process such as a file system check, will delay the entire boot process. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Does not directly support advanced features like control groups (cgroups), and per-user fair share scheduling. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Adding scripts requires manual, static sequencing decisions. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-bootscripts" name= "ch-config-bootscripts"></a>7.2. LFS-Bootscripts-20191031 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown. The configuration files and procedures needed to customize the boot process are described in the following sections. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">less than 0.1 SBU</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">244 KB</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.2.1. Installation of LFS-Bootscripts </h3> <p> Install the package: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make install</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-bootscripts" name= "contents-bootscripts"></a>7.2.2. Contents of LFS-Bootscripts </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed scripts:</strong> <span class="segbody">checkfs, cleanfs, console, functions, halt, ifdown, ifup, localnet, modules, mountfs, mountvirtfs, network, rc, reboot, sendsignals, setclock, ipv4-static, swap, sysctl, sysklogd, template, udev, and udev_retry</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/etc/rc.d, /etc/init.d (symbolic link), /etc/sysconfig, /lib/services, /lib/lsb (symbolic link)</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504922934448" name= "idm46504922934448"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="checkfs-bootscripts" name= "checkfs-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>checkfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Checks the integrity of the file systems before they are mounted (with the exception of journal and network based file systems) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="cleanfs-bootscripts" name= "cleanfs-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>cleanfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Removes files that should not be preserved between reboots, such as those in <code class= "filename">/var/run/</code> and <code class= "filename">/var/lock/</code>; it re-creates <code class="filename">/var/run/utmp</code> and removes the possibly present <code class= "filename">/etc/nologin</code>, <code class= "filename">/fastboot</code>, and <code class= "filename">/forcefsck</code> files </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="console-bootscripts" name= "console-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>console</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads the correct keymap table for the desired keyboard layout; it also sets the screen font </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="functions-bootscripts" name= "functions-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>functions</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains common functions, such as error and status checking, that are used by several bootscripts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="halt-bootscripts" name= "halt-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>halt</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Halts the system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifdown-bootscripts" name= "ifdown-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Stops a network device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ifup-bootscripts" name= "ifup-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ifup</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Initializes a network device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="localnet-bootscripts" name= "localnet-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>localnet</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets up the system's hostname and local loopback device </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="modules-bootscripts" name= "modules-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>modules</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads kernel modules listed in <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code>, using arguments that are also given there </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mountfs-bootscripts" name= "mountfs-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Mounts all file systems, except ones that are marked <span class= "emphasis"><em>noauto</em></span> or are network based </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="mountvirtfs-bootscripts" name= "mountvirtfs-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>mountvirtfs</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Mounts virtual kernel file systems, such as <code class="systemitem">proc</code> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="network-bootscripts" name= "network-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>network</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Sets up network interfaces, such as network cards, and sets up the default gateway (where applicable) </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="rc-bootscripts" name= "rc-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class="command"><strong>rc</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The master run-level control script; it is responsible for running all the other bootscripts one-by-one, in a sequence determined by the name of the symbolic links being processed </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="reboot-bootscripts" name= "reboot-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>reboot</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Reboots the system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sendsignals-bootscripts" name= "sendsignals-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Makes sure every process is terminated before the system reboots or halts </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="setclock-bootscripts" name= "setclock-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>setclock</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Resets the kernel clock to local time in case the hardware clock is not set to UTC time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="ipv4-static-bootscripts" name= "ipv4-static-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>ipv4-static</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Provides the functionality needed to assign a static Internet Protocol (IP) address to a network interface </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="swap-bootscripts" name= "swap-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>swap</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Enables and disables swap files and partitions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sysctl-bootscripts" name= "sysctl-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sysctl</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Loads system configuration values from <code class= "filename">/etc/sysctl.conf</code>, if that file exists, into the running kernel </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="sysklogd-bootscripts" name= "sysklogd-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>sysklogd</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Starts and stops the system and kernel log daemons </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="template-bootscripts" name= "template-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>template</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A template to create custom bootscripts for other daemons </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="udev-bootscripts" name= "udev-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>udev</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Prepares the <code class="filename">/dev</code> directory and starts Udev </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="udev-retry-bootscripts" name= "udev-retry-bootscripts"></a><span class= "term"><span class= "command"><strong>udev_retry</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Retries failed udev uevents, and copies generated rules files from <code class= "filename">/run/udev</code> to <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code> if required </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-udev" name= "ch-config-udev"></a>7.3. Overview of Device and Module Handling </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> In <a class="xref" href="#chapter-building-system" title= "Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Chapter 6</a>, we installed the Udev package when <span class= "phrase">eudev</span> was built. Before we go into the details regarding how this works, a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in order. </p> <p> Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created under <code class="filename">/dev</code> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via a <span class="command"><strong>MAKEDEV</strong></span> script, which contains a number of calls to the <span class= "command"><strong>mknod</strong></span> program with the relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world. </p> <p> Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by the kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be created each time the system boots, they will be stored on a <code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code> file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the memory that is used is negligible. </p> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.3.1. History </h3> <p> In February 2000, a new filesystem called <code class= "systemitem">devfs</code> was merged into the 2.3.46 kernel and was made available during the 2.4 series of stable kernels. Although it was present in the kernel source itself, this method of creating devices dynamically never received overwhelming support from the core kernel developers. </p> <p> The main problem with the approach adopted by <code class= "systemitem">devfs</code> was the way it handled device detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if device names are allowed to be configurable, then the device naming policy should be up to a system administrator, not imposed on them by any particular developer(s). The <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> file system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent in its design and could not be fixed without a substantial revision to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a long period – due to a lack of maintenance – and was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006. </p> <p> With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> came to be. The job of <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> is to export a view of the system's hardware configuration to userspace processes. With this userspace-visible representation, the possibility of developing a userspace replacement for <code class="systemitem">devfs</code> became much more realistic. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.3.2. Udev Implementation </h3> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922798864" name= "idm46504922798864"></a>7.3.2.1. Sysfs </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem was mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <code class= "systemitem">sysfs</code> knows about the devices present on a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that have been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with a <code class= "systemitem">sysfs</code> (devtmpfs internally) as they are detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, this registration will happen when the module is loaded. Once the <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> filesystem is mounted (on /sys), data which the drivers register with <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> are available to userspace processes and to udevd for processing (including modifications to device nodes). </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922792128" name= "idm46504922792128"></a>7.3.2.2. Device Node Creation </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Device files are created by the kernel by the <code class= "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> filesystem. Any driver that wishes to register a device node will go through the <code class="systemitem">devtmpfs</code> (via the driver core) to do it. When a <code class= "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> instance is mounted on <code class="filename">/dev</code>, the device node will initially be created with a fixed name, permissions, and owner. </p> <p> A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>. Based on the rules specified in the files within the <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d</code>, <code class= "filename">/lib/udev/rules.d</code>, and <code class= "filename">/run/udev/rules.d</code> directories, <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> will create additional symlinks to the device node, or change its permissions, owner, or group, or modify the internal <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> database entry (name) for that object. </p> <p> The rules in these three directories are numbered and all three directories are merged together. If <span class= "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> can't find a rule for the device it is creating, it will leave the permissions and ownership at whatever <code class= "systemitem">devtmpfs</code> used initially. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="module-loading" name= "module-loading"></a>7.3.2.3. Module Loading </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built into them. Aliases are visible in the output of the <span class="command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span> program and are usually related to the bus-specific identifiers of devices supported by a module. For example, the <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span> driver supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID 0x0801, and has an alias of <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</span>”</span>. For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the driver that would handle the device via <code class= "systemitem">sysfs</code>. E.g., the <code class= "filename">/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</code> file might contain the string <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</span>”</span>. The default rules provided with Udev will cause <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> to call out to <span class= "command"><strong>/sbin/modprobe</strong></span> with the contents of the <code class="envar">MODALIAS</code> uevent environment variable (which should be the same as the contents of the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file in sysfs), thus loading all modules whose aliases match this string after wildcard expansion. </p> <p> In this example, this means that, in addition to <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-fm801</em></span>, the obsolete (and unwanted) <span class= "emphasis"><em>forte</em></span> driver will be loaded if it is available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can be prevented. </p> <p> The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922767968" name= "idm46504922767968"></a>7.3.2.4. Handling Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) MP3 player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and generates a uevent. This uevent is then handled by <span class= "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> as described above. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.3.3. Problems with Loading Modules and Creating Devices </h3> <p> There are a few possible problems when it comes to automatically creating device nodes. </p> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922764496" name= "idm46504922764496"></a>7.3.3.1. A kernel module is not loaded automatically </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias and the bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases to <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>. In other cases, one should arrange module loading by other means. With Linux-5.5.3, Udev is known to load properly-written drivers for INPUT, IDE, PCI, USB, SCSI, SERIO, and FireWire devices. </p> <p> To determine if the device driver you require has the necessary support for Udev, run <span class= "command"><strong>modinfo</strong></span> with the module name as the argument. Now try locating the device directory under <code class="filename">/sys/bus</code> and check whether there is a <code class="filename">modalias</code> file there. </p> <p> If the <code class="filename">modalias</code> file exists in <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code>, the driver supports the device and can talk to it directly, but doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the driver. Load the driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue to be fixed later. </p> <p> If there is no <code class="filename">modalias</code> file in the relevant directory under <code class= "filename">/sys/bus</code>, this means that the kernel developers have not yet added modalias support to this bus type. With Linux-5.5.3, this is the case with ISA busses. Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions. </p> <p> Udev is not intended to load <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">wrapper</span>”</span> drivers such as <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> and non-hardware drivers such as <span class= "emphasis"><em>loop</em></span> at all. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922752416" name= "idm46504922752416"></a>7.3.3.2. A kernel module is not loaded automatically, and Udev is not intended to load it </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> If the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">wrapper</span>”</span> module only enhances the functionality provided by some other module (e.g., <span class="emphasis"><em>snd-pcm-oss</em></span> enhances the functionality of <span class= "emphasis"><em>snd-pcm</em></span> by making the sound cards available to OSS applications), configure <span class="command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> to load the wrapper after Udev loads the wrapped module. To do this, add a <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">softdep</span>”</span> line to the corresponding <code class= "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/<em class= "replaceable"><code><filename></code></em>.conf</code> file. For example: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">softdep snd-pcm post: snd-pcm-oss</code> </pre> <p> Note that the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">softdep</span>”</span> command also allows <code class="literal">pre:</code> dependencies, or a mixture of both <code class="literal">pre:</code> and <code class="literal">post:</code>. See the <code class= "filename">modprobe.d(5)</code> manual page for more information on <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">softdep</span>”</span> syntax and capabilities. </p> <p> If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by itself, configure the <span class= "command"><strong>modules</strong></span> bootscript to load this module on system boot. To do this, add the module name to the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/modules</code> file on a separate line. This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal in that case. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922739424" name= "idm46504922739424"></a>7.3.3.3. Udev loads some unwanted module </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a <code class= "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</code> file as done with the <span class="emphasis"><em>forte</em></span> module in the example below: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">blacklist forte</code> </pre> <p> Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the explicit <span class= "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> command. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922734368" name= "idm46504922734368"></a>7.3.3.4. Udev creates a device incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. For example, a poorly-written rule can match both a SCSI disk (as desired) and the corresponding SCSI generic device (incorrectly) by vendor. Find the offending rule and make it more specific, with the help of the <span class= "command"><strong>udevadm info</strong></span> command. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922732096" name= "idm46504922732096"></a>7.3.3.5. Udev rule works unreliably </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not, and your rule uses <code class= "systemitem">sysfs</code> attributes, it may be a kernel timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels. For now, you can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the used <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> attribute and appending it to the <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules</code> file (create this file if it does not exist). Please notify the LFS Development list if you do so and it helps. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922727744" name= "idm46504922727744"></a>7.3.3.6. Udev does not create a device </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked that Udev doesn't create a misnamed device. </p> <p> Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a kernel driver does not export its data to <code class= "systemitem">sysfs</code>. This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel tree. Create a static device node in <code class= "filename">/lib/udev/devices</code> with the appropriate major/minor numbers (see the file <code class= "filename">devices.txt</code> inside the kernel documentation or the documentation provided by the third party driver vendor). The static device node will be copied to <code class="filename">/dev</code> by <span class= "command"><strong>udev</strong></span>. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922721424" name= "idm46504922721424"></a>7.3.3.7. Device naming order changes randomly after rebooting </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles uevents and loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. This will never be <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">fixed</span>”</span>. You should not rely upon the kernel device names being stable. Instead, create your own rules that make symlinks with stable names based on some stable attributes of the device, such as a serial number or the output of various *_id utilities installed by Udev. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-symlinks" title= "7.4. Managing Devices">Section 7.4, “Managing Devices”</a> and <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-network" title= "7.5. General Network Configuration">Section 7.5, “General Network Configuration”</a> for examples. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.3.4. Useful Reading </h3> <p> Additional helpful documentation is available at the following sites: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> A Userspace Implementation of <code class= "systemitem">devfs</code> <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf"> http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf</a> </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The <code class="systemitem">sysfs</code> Filesystem <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf"> http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-symlinks" name= "ch-config-symlinks"></a>7.4. Managing Devices </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.4.1. Network Devices </h3> <p> Udev, by default, names network devices according to Firmware/BIOS data or physical characteristics like the bus, slot, or MAC address. The purpose of this naming convention is to ensure that network devices are named consistently and not based on the time the network card was discovered. For example, on a computer having two network cards made by Intel and Realtek, the network card manufactured by Intel may become eth0 and the Realtek card becomes eth1. In some cases, after a reboot the cards get renumbered the other way around. </p> <p> In the new naming scheme, typical network device names would then be something like enp5s0 or wlp3s0. If this naming convention is not desired, the traditional naming scheme or a custom scheme can be implemented. </p> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922706752" name= "idm46504922706752"></a>7.4.1.1. Disabling Persistent Naming on the Kernel Command Line </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> The traditional naming scheme using eth0, eth1, etc can be restored by adding <strong class= "userinput"><code>net.ifnames=0</code></strong> on the kernel command line. This is most appropriate for those systems that have only one ethernet device of the same type. Laptops often have multiple ethernet connections that are named eth0 and wlan0 and are also candidates for this method. The command line is passed in the GRUB configuration file. See <a class="xref" href="#grub-cfg" title= "8.4.4. Creating the GRUB Configuration File">Section 8.4.4, “Creating the GRUB Configuration File”</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922703488" name= "idm46504922703488"></a>7.4.1.2. Creating Custom Udev Rules </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> The naming scheme can be customized by creating custom Udev rules. A script has been included that generates the initial rules. Generate these rules by running: </p> <pre class="install"> <kbd class="command">bash /lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh</kbd> </pre> <p> Now, inspect the <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</code> file, to find out which name was assigned to which network device: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> In some cases such as when MAC addresses have been assigned to a network card manually or in a virtual environment such as Qemu or Xen, the network rules file may not have been generated because addresses are not consistently assigned. In these cases, this method cannot be used. </p> </div> <p> The file begins with a comment block followed by two lines for each NIC. The first line for each NIC is a commented description showing its hardware IDs (e.g. its PCI vendor and device IDs, if it's a PCI card), along with its driver in parentheses, if the driver can be found. Neither the hardware ID nor the driver is used to determine which name to give an interface; this information is only for reference. The second line is the Udev rule that matches this NIC and actually assigns it a name. </p> <p> All Udev rules are made up of several keys, separated by commas and optional whitespace. This rule's keys and an explanation of each of them are as follows: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">SUBSYSTEM=="net"</code> - This tells Udev to ignore devices that are not network cards. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">ACTION=="add"</code> - This tells Udev to ignore this rule for a uevent that isn't an add ("remove" and "change" uevents also happen, but don't need to rename network interfaces). </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">DRIVERS=="?*"</code> - This exists so that Udev will ignore VLAN or bridge sub-interfaces (because these sub-interfaces do not have drivers). These sub-interfaces are skipped because the name that would be assigned would collide with their parent devices. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">ATTR{address}</code> - The value of this key is the NIC's MAC address. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">ATTR{type}=="1"</code> - This ensures the rule only matches the primary interface in the case of certain wireless drivers, which create multiple virtual interfaces. The secondary interfaces are skipped for the same reason that VLAN and bridge sub-interfaces are skipped: there would be a name collision otherwise. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <code class="literal">NAME</code> - The value of this key is the name that Udev will assign to this interface. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> The value of <code class="literal">NAME</code> is the important part. Make sure you know which name has been assigned to each of your network cards before proceeding, and be sure to use that <code class="literal">NAME</code> value when creating your configuration files below. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.4.2. CD-ROM symlinks </h3> <p> Some software that you may want to install later (e.g., various media players) expect the <code class= "filename">/dev/cdrom</code> and <code class= "filename">/dev/dvd</code> symlinks to exist, and to point to a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM device. Also, it may be convenient to put references to those symlinks into <code class= "filename">/etc/fstab</code>. Udev comes with a script that will generate rules files to create these symlinks for you, depending on the capabilities of each device, but you need to decide which of two modes of operation you wish to have the script use. </p> <p> First, the script can operate in <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">by-path</span>”</span> mode (used by default for USB and FireWire devices), where the rules it creates depend on the physical path to the CD or DVD device. Second, it can operate in <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-id</span>”</span> mode (default for IDE and SCSI devices), where the rules it creates depend on identification strings stored in the CD or DVD device itself. The path is determined by Udev's <span class= "command"><strong>path_id</strong></span> script, and the identification strings are read from the hardware by its <span class="command"><strong>ata_id</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>scsi_id</strong></span> programs, depending on which type of device you have. </p> <p> There are advantages to each approach; the correct approach to use will depend on what kinds of device changes may happen. If you expect the physical path to the device (that is, the ports and/or slots that it plugs into) to change, for example because you plan on moving the drive to a different IDE port or a different USB connector, then you should use the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-id</span>”</span> mode. On the other hand, if you expect the device's identification to change, for example because it may die, and you would replace it with a different device with the same capabilities and which is plugged into the same connectors, then you should use the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-path</span>”</span> mode. </p> <p> If either type of change is possible with your drive, then choose a mode based on the type of change you expect to happen more often. </p> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> External devices (for example, a USB-connected CD drive) should not use by-path persistence, because each time the device is plugged into a new external port, its physical path will change. All externally-connected devices will have this problem if you write Udev rules to recognize them by their physical path; the problem is not limited to CD and DVD drives. </p> </div> <p> If you wish to see the values that the Udev scripts will use, then for the appropriate CD-ROM device, find the corresponding directory under <code class= "filename">/sys</code> (e.g., this can be <code class= "filename">/sys/block/hdd</code>) and run a command similar to the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">udevadm test /sys/block/hdd</kbd> </pre> <p> Look at the lines containing the output of various *_id programs. The <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-id</span>”</span> mode will use the ID_SERIAL value if it exists and is not empty, otherwise it will use a combination of ID_MODEL and ID_REVISION. The <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-path</span>”</span> mode will use the ID_PATH value. </p> <p> If the default mode is not suitable for your situation, then the following modification can be made to the <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</code> file, as follows (where <em class= "replaceable"><code>mode</code></em> is one of <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">by-id</span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">by-path</span>”</span>): </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">sed -i -e 's/"write_cd_rules"/"write_cd_rules <em class= "replaceable"><code>mode</code></em>"/' \ /etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules</kbd> </pre> <p> Note that it is not necessary to create the rules files or symlinks at this time, because you have bind-mounted the host's <code class="filename">/dev</code> directory into the LFS system, and we assume the symlinks exist on the host. The rules and symlinks will be created the first time you boot your LFS system. </p> <p> However, if you have multiple CD-ROM devices, then the symlinks generated at that time may point to different devices than they point to on your host, because devices are not discovered in a predictable order. The assignments created when you first boot the LFS system will be stable, so this is only an issue if you need the symlinks on both systems to point to the same device. If you need that, then inspect (and possibly edit) the generated <code class= "filename">/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules</code> file after booting, to make sure the assigned symlinks match what you need. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.4.3. Dealing with duplicate devices </h3> <p> As explained in <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-udev" title= "7.3. Overview of Device and Module Handling">Section 7.3, “Overview of Device and Module Handling”</a>, the order in which devices with the same function appear in <code class="filename">/dev</code> is essentially random. E.g., if you have a USB web camera and a TV tuner, sometimes <code class="filename">/dev/video0</code> refers to the camera and <code class="filename">/dev/video1</code> refers to the tuner, and sometimes after a reboot the order changes to the opposite one. For all classes of hardware except sound cards and network cards, this is fixable by creating Udev rules for custom persistent symlinks. The case of network cards is covered separately in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-config-network" title= "7.5. General Network Configuration">Section 7.5, “General Network Configuration”</a>, and sound card configuration can be found in <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/devices.html"> BLFS</a>. </p> <p> For each of your devices that is likely to have this problem (even if the problem doesn't exist in your current Linux distribution), find the corresponding directory under <code class="filename">/sys/class</code> or <code class= "filename">/sys/block</code>. For video devices, this may be <code class="filename">/sys/class/video4linux/video<em class= "replaceable"><code>X</code></em></code>. Figure out the attributes that identify the device uniquely (usually, vendor and product IDs and/or serial numbers work): </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/video4linux/video0</kbd> </pre> <p> Then write rules that create the symlinks, e.g.: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">cat > /etc/udev/rules.d/83-duplicate_devs.rules << "EOF" <code class="literal"> # Persistent symlinks for webcam and tuner KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1910", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0d81", \ SYMLINK+="webcam" KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{device}=="0x036f", ATTRS{vendor}=="0x109e", \ SYMLINK+="tvtuner" </code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The result is that <code class="filename">/dev/video0</code> and <code class="filename">/dev/video1</code> devices still refer randomly to the tuner and the web camera (and thus should never be used directly), but there are symlinks <code class="filename">/dev/tvtuner</code> and <code class= "filename">/dev/webcam</code> that always point to the correct device. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-network" name= "ch-config-network"></a>7.5. General Network Configuration </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.5.1. Creating Network Interface Configuration Files </h3> <p> Which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script usually depends on the files in <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code>. This directory should contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as <code class="filename">ifconfig.xyz</code>, where <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">xyz</span>”</span> should describe the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate. Inside this file are attributes to this interface, such as its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. It is necessary that the stem of the filename be <span class= "emphasis"><em>ifconfig</em></span>. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If the procedure in the previous section was not used, Udev will assign network card interface names based on system physical characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are not sure what your interface name is, you can always run <span class="command"><strong>ip link</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>ls /sys/class/net</strong></span> after you have booted your system. </p> </div> <p> The following command creates a sample file for the <span class="emphasis"><em>eth0</em></span> device with a static IP address: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cd /etc/sysconfig/ cat > ifconfig.<em class= "replaceable"><code>eth0</code></em> << "EOF" <code class="literal">ONBOOT=<em class="replaceable"><code>yes</code></em> IFACE=<em class="replaceable"><code>eth0</code></em> SERVICE=<em class="replaceable"><code>ipv4-static</code></em> IP=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.2</code></em> GATEWAY=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.1</code></em> PREFIX=<em class="replaceable"><code>24</code></em> BROADCAST=<em class="replaceable"><code>192.168.1.255</code></em></code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The values in italics must be changed in every file to match the proper setup. </p> <p> If the <code class="envar">ONBOOT</code> variable is set to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">yes</span>”</span> the System V network script will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during booting of the system. If set to anything but <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">yes</span>”</span> the NIC will be ignored by the network script and not be automatically brought up. The interface can be manually started or stopped with the <span class= "command"><strong>ifup</strong></span> and <span class= "command"><strong>ifdown</strong></span> commands. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">IFACE</code> variable defines the interface name, for example, eth0. It is required for all network device configuration files. The filename extension must match this value. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">SERVICE</code> variable defines the method used for obtaining the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts package has a modular IP assignment format, and creating additional files in the <code class= "filename">/lib/services/</code> directory allows other IP assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS book. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">GATEWAY</code> variable should contain the default gateway IP address, if one is present. If not, then comment out the variable entirely. </p> <p> The <code class="envar">PREFIX</code> variable contains the number of bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP address is 8 bits. If the subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0, then it is using the first three octets (24 bits) to specify the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240, it would be using the first 28 bits. Prefixes longer than 24 bits are commonly used by DSL and cable-based Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In this example (PREFIX=24), the netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the <code class= "envar">PREFIX</code> variable according to your specific subnet. If omitted, the PREFIX defaults to 24. </p> <p> For more information see the <span class= "command"><strong>ifup</strong></span> man page. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="resolv.conf" name="resolv.conf"></a>7.5.2. Creating the /etc/resolv.conf File </h3> <p> The system will need some means of obtaining Domain Name Service (DNS) name resolution to resolve Internet domain names to IP addresses, and vice versa. This is best achieved by placing the IP address of the DNS server, available from the ISP or network administrator, into <code class= "filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. Create the file by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/resolv.conf domain <em class="replaceable"><code><Your Domain Name></code></em> nameserver <em class= "replaceable"><code><IP address of your primary nameserver></code></em> nameserver <em class= "replaceable"><code><IP address of your secondary nameserver></code></em> # End /etc/resolv.conf</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The <code class="varname">domain</code> statement can be omitted or replaced with a <code class= "varname">search</code> statement. See the man page for resolv.conf for more details. </p> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><IP address of the nameserver></code></em> with the IP address of the DNS most appropriate for the setup. There will often be more than one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for fallback capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove the second <span class="emphasis"><em>nameserver</em></span> line from the file. The IP address may also be a router on the local network. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-hostname" name= "ch-config-hostname"></a>7.5.3. Configuring the system hostname </h3> <p> During the boot process, the file <code class= "filename">/etc/hostname</code> is used for establishing the system's hostname. </p> <p> Create the <code class="filename">/etc/hostname</code> file and enter a hostname by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo "<em class= "replaceable"><code><lfs></code></em>" > /etc/hostname</kbd> </pre> <p> <em class="replaceable"><code><lfs></code></em> needs to be replaced with the name given to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) here. That information is put in the <code class= "filename">/etc/hosts</code> file. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-hosts" name="ch-config-hosts"></a>7.5.4. Customizing the /etc/hosts File </h3> <p> Decide on the IP address, fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and possible aliases for use in the <code class= "filename">/etc/hosts</code> file. The syntax is: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</code> </pre> <p> Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e., there is a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP addresses—most users do not have this), make sure that the IP address is in the private network IP address range. Valid ranges are: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">Private Network Address Range Normal Prefix 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 8 172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254 16 192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254 24</code> </pre> <p> x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in the range 0-255. </p> <p> A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN for this IP could be lfs.example.org. </p> <p> Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still required. This is necessary for certain programs to operate correctly. </p> <p> Create the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts</code> file by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.1.1 <em class="replaceable"><code><FQDN></code></em> <em class= "replaceable"><code><HOSTNAME></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><192.168.1.1></code></em> <em class= "replaceable"><code><FQDN></code></em> <em class= "replaceable"><code><HOSTNAME></code></em> <em class= "replaceable"><code>[alias1] [alias2 ...]</code></em> ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6-allrouters # End /etc/hosts</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The <em class= "replaceable"><code><192.168.1.1></code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code><FQDN></code></em>, and <em class="replaceable"><code><HOSTNAME></code></em> values need to be changed for specific uses or requirements (if assigned an IP address by a network/system administrator and the machine will be connected to an existing network). The optional alias name(s) can be omitted. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-usage" name= "ch-config-usage"></a>7.6. System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.6.1. How Do the System V Bootscripts Work? </h3> <p> Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is based on a concept of <span class= "emphasis"><em>run-levels</em></span>. It can be quite different from one system to another, so it cannot be assumed that because things worked in one particular Linux distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it respects generally accepted standards. </p> <p> SysVinit (which will be referred to as <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">init</span>”</span> from now on) works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven (numbered 0 to 6) run-levels (actually, there are more run-levels, but they are for special cases and are generally not used. See <code class="filename">init(8)</code> for more details), and each one of those corresponds to the actions the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up. The default run-level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the different run-levels as they are implemented: </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> 0: halt the computer<br /> 1: single-user mode<br /> 2: multi-user mode without networking<br /> 3: multi-user mode with networking<br /> 4: reserved for customization, otherwise does the same as 3<br /> 5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like X's <span class="command"><strong>xdm</strong></span> or KDE's <span class="command"><strong>kdm</strong></span>)<br /> 6: reboot the computer </p> </div> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-sysvinit" name="conf-sysvinit"></a>7.6.2. Configuring Sysvinit </h3> <p> During the kernel initialization, the first program that is run is either specified on the command line or, by default <span class="command"><strong>init</strong></span>. This program reads the initialization file <code class= "filename">/etc/inittab</code>. Create this file with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/inittab << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inittab id:3:initdefault: si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0 l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1 l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2 l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3 l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4 l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5 l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6 ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600 2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600 3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600 4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600 5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600 6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600 # End /etc/inittab</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page for <span class="emphasis"><em>inittab</em></span>. For LFS, the key command that is run is <span class= "command"><strong>rc</strong></span>. The initialization file above will instruct <span class= "command"><strong>rc</strong></span> to run all the scripts starting with an S in the <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</code> directory followed by all the scripts starting with an S in the <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d/rc?.d</code> directory where the question mark is specified by the initdefault value. </p> <p> As a convenience, the <span class= "command"><strong>rc</strong></span> script reads a library of functions in <code class= "filename">/lib/lsb/init-functions</code>. This library also reads an optional configuration file, <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code>. Any of the system configuration file parameters described in subsequent sections can be alternatively placed in this file allowing consolidation of all system parameters in this one file. </p> <p> As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs all output to <code class="filename">/run/var/bootlog</code>. Since the <code class="filename">/run</code> directory is a tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots, however it is appended to the more permanent file <code class= "filename">/var/log/boot.log</code> at the end of the boot process. </p> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="init-levels" name= "init-levels"></a>7.6.2.1. Changing Run Levels </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> Changing run-levels is done with <span class= "command"><strong>init <em class= "replaceable"><code><runlevel></code></em></strong></span>, where <em class= "replaceable"><code><runlevel></code></em> is the target run-level. For example, to reboot the computer, a user could issue the <span class="command"><strong>init 6</strong></span> command, which is an alias for the <span class="command"><strong>reboot</strong></span> command. Likewise, <span class="command"><strong>init 0</strong></span> is an alias for the <span class= "command"><strong>halt</strong></span> command. </p> <p> There are a number of directories under <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d</code> that look like <code class= "filename">rc?.d</code> (where ? is the number of the run-level) and <code class="filename">rcsysinit.d</code>, all containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with a <span class="emphasis"><em>K</em></span>, the others begin with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>, and all of them have two numbers following the initial letter. The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to start a service. The numbers determine the order in which the scripts are run, from 00 to 99—the lower the number the earlier it gets executed. When <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span> switches to another run-level, the appropriate services are either started or stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen. </p> <p> The real scripts are in <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. They do the actual work, and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S links point to the same script in <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. This is because the scripts can be called with different parameters like <em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em>, <em class= "parameter"><code>stop</code></em>, <em class= "parameter"><code>restart</code></em>, <em class= "parameter"><code>reload</code></em>, and <em class= "parameter"><code>status</code></em>. When a K link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with the <em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> argument. When an S link is encountered, the appropriate script is run with the <em class="parameter"><code>start</code></em> argument. </p> <p> There is one exception to this explanation. Links that start with an <span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span> in the <code class="filename">rc0.d</code> and <code class= "filename">rc6.d</code> directories will not cause anything to be started. They will be called with the parameter <em class="parameter"><code>stop</code></em> to stop something. The logic behind this is that when a user is going to reboot or halt the system, nothing needs to be started. The system only needs to be stopped. </p> <p> These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts do: </p> <div class="variablelist"> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>start</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The service is started. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>stop</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The service is stopped. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>restart</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The service is stopped and then started again. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>reload</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> The configuration of the service is updated. This is used after the configuration file of a service was modified, when the service does not need to be restarted. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>status</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all, it is your own LFS system). The files given here are an example of how it can be done. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 7.6.3. Udev Bootscripts </h3> <p> The <code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</code> initscript starts <span class= "command"><strong>udevd</strong></span>, triggers any "coldplug" devices that have already been created by the kernel and waits for any rules to complete. The script also unsets the uevent handler from the default of <code class= "filename">/sbin/hotplug</code> . This is done because the kernel no longer needs to call out to an external binary. Instead <span class="command"><strong>udevd</strong></span> will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel raises. </p> <p> The <span class= "command"><strong>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</strong></span> initscript takes care of re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on filesystems that are not mounted until the <span class= "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script is run (in particular, <code class="filename">/usr</code> and <code class="filename">/var</code> may cause this). This script runs after the <span class= "command"><strong>mountfs</strong></span> script, so those rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time around. It is configured from the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</code> file; any words in this file other than comments are considered subsystem names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a device, use <span class="command"><strong>udevadm info --attribute-walk <device></strong></span> where <device> is an absolute path in /dev or /sys such as /dev/sr0 or /sys/class/rtc. </p> <p> For information on kernel module loading and udev, see <a class="xref" href="#module-loading" title= "7.3.2.3. Module Loading">Section 7.3.2.3, “Module Loading”</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-clock" name="ch-config-clock"></a>7.6.4. Configuring the System Clock </h3> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span> script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the hardware clock's time to the local time using the <code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code> file (which tells the <span class= "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> program which timezone the user is in). There is no way to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this needs to be configured manually. </p> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>setclock</strong></span> is run via <span class="application">udev</span> when the kernel detects the hardware capability upon boot. It can also be run manually with the stop parameter to store the system time to the CMOS clock. </p> <p> If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, find out by running the <strong class= "userinput"><code>hwclock --localtime --show</code></strong> command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If the output from <span class= "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span> is not local time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to the time shown by <span class= "command"><strong>hwclock</strong></span>. For example, if you are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time. </p> <p> Change the value of the <code class="envar">UTC</code> variable below to a value of <em class= "parameter"><code>0</code></em> (zero) if the hardware clock is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> set to UTC time. </p> <p> Create a new file <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/clock</code> by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock UTC=1 # Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock, # such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas. CLOCKPARAMS= # End /etc/sysconfig/clock</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is available at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt</a>. It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, and the <code class="envar">TZ</code> environment variable. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC paramaters may be alternatively set in the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-console" name="ch-config-console"></a>7.6.5. Configuring the Linux Console </h3> <p> This section discusses how to configure the <span class= "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript that sets up the keyboard map, console font and console kernel log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, (or equivalent settings in <code class="filename">rc.site</code>), the <span class= "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript will do nothing. </p> <p> The <span class="command"><strong>console</strong></span> script reads the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file for configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html</a>. If still in doubt, look in the <code class= "filename">/usr/share/keymaps</code> and <code class= "filename">/usr/share/consolefonts</code> directories for valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read <code class= "filename">loadkeys(1)</code> and <code class= "filename">setfont(8)</code> manual pages to determine the correct arguments for these programs. </p> <p> The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file should contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The following variables are recognized: </p> <div class="variablelist"> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term">LOGLEVEL</span> </dt> <dd> <p> This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the console as set by <span class= "command"><strong>dmesg</strong></span>. Valid levels are from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is "7". </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">KEYMAP</span> </dt> <dd> <p> This variable specifies the arguments for the <span class="command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g., <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">it</span>”</span>. If this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the <span class= "command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program, and the default kernel keymap will be used. Note that a few keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be specified (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS</span> </dt> <dd> <p> This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to the <span class= "command"><strong>loadkeys</strong></span> program. This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set this variable to <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">euro2</span>”</span>. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">FONT</span> </dt> <dd> <p> This variable specifies the arguments for the <span class="command"><strong>setfont</strong></span> program. Typically, this includes the font name, <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">-m</span>”</span>, and the name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">lat1-16</span>”</span> font together with the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">8859-1</span>”</span> application character map (as it is appropriate in the USA), set this variable to <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">lat1-16 -m 8859-1</span>”</span>. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map for conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">UNICODE</span> </dt> <dd> <p> Set this variable to <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">1</span>”</span>, <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">yes</span>”</span> or <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">true</span>”</span> in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term">LEGACY_CHARSET</span> </dt> <dd> <p> For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in the Kbd package. The <span class= "command"><strong>console</strong></span> bootscript will convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is set to the encoding of the available non-UTF-8 keymap. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Some examples: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console KEYMAP="pl2" FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2" # End /etc/sysconfig/console</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the Euro symbol to the German keymap: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console KEYMAP="de-latin1" KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15" UNICODE="1" # End /etc/sysconfig/console</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian, where a stock UTF-8 keymap exists: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8" FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16" # End /etc/sysconfig/console</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the previous example, bright colors are no longer available on the Linux console unless a framebuffer is used. If one wants to have bright colors without framebuffer and can live without characters not belonging to his language, it is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph font, as illustrated below: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8" FONT="cyr-sun16" # End /etc/sysconfig/console</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in Unicode mode: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console UNICODE="1" KEYMAP="de-latin1" KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15" FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15" # End /etc/sysconfig/console</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't produce a character by themselves, but put an accent on the character produced by the next key) or define composition rules (such as: <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">press Ctrl+. A E to get �</span>”</span> in the default keymap). Linux-5.5.3 interprets dead keys and composition rules in the keymap correctly only when the source characters to be composed together are not multibyte. This deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for European languages, because there accents are added to unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters are composed together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a problem, e.g., for the Greek language, where one sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">alpha</span>”</span>. The solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to install the X window system that doesn't have this limitation in its input handling. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> For Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other languages, the Linux console cannot be configured to display the needed characters. Users who need such languages should install the X Window System, fonts that cover the necessary character ranges, and the proper input method (e.g., SCIM, it supports a wide variety of languages). </p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> The <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/console</code> file only controls the Linux text console localization. It has nothing to do with setting the proper keyboard layout and terminal fonts in the X Window System, with ssh sessions or with a serial console. In such situations, limitations mentioned in the last two list items above do not apply. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-createfiles" name= "ch-config-createfiles"></a>7.6.6. Creating Files at Boot </h3> <p> At times, it is desired to create files at boot time. For instance, the <code class="filename">/tmp/.ICE-unix</code> directory may be desired. This can be done by creating an entry in the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</code> configuration script. The format of this file is embedded in the comments of the default configuration file. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-sysklogd" name= "ch-config-sysklogd"></a>7.6.7. Configuring the sysklogd Script </h3> <p> The <code class="filename">sysklogd</code> script invokes the <span class="command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> program as a part of System V initialization. The <em class= "parameter"><code>-m 0</code></em> option turns off the periodic timestamp mark that <span class= "command"><strong>syslogd</strong></span> writes to the log files every 20 minutes by default. If you want to turn on this periodic timestamp mark, edit <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> and define the variable SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value. For instance, to remove all parameters, set the variable to a null value: </p> <pre class="screen"> SYSKLOGD_PARMS= </pre> <p> See <strong class="userinput"><code>man syslogd</code></strong> for more options. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="ch-config-site" name="ch-config-site"></a>7.6.8. The rc.site File </h3> <p> The optional <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file contains settings that are automatically set for each SystemV boot script. It can alternatively set the values specified in the <code class="filename">hostname</code>, <code class= "filename">console</code>, and <code class= "filename">clock</code> files in the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/</code> directory. If the associated variables are present in both these separate files and <code class="filename">rc.site</code>, the values in the script specific files have precedence. </p> <p> <code class="filename">rc.site</code> also contains parameters that can customize other aspects of the boot process. Setting the IPROMPT variable will enable selective running of bootscripts. Other options are described in the file comments. The default version of the file is as follows: </p> <pre class="auto"> # rc.site # Optional parameters for boot scripts. # Distro Information # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #DISTRO="Linux From Scratch" # The distro name #DISTRO_CONTACT="lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org" # Bug report address #DISTRO_MINI="LFS" # Short name used in filenames for distro config # Define custom colors used in messages printed to the screen # Please consult `man console_codes` for more information # under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section # # Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font, # the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to # the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does # not affect framebuffer consoles # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Blue #FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Red #INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Cyan #NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Grey #SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Green #WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Yellow # Use a colored prefix # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #BMPREFIX=" " #SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} " #FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} " #WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} " # Manually seet the right edge of message output (characters) # Useful when resetting console font during boot to override # automatic screen width detection #COLUMNS=120 # Interactive startup #IPROMPT="yes" # Whether to display the interactive boot prompt #itime="3" # The amount of time (in seconds) to display the prompt # The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes #wlen=$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c ) #welcome_message="Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}" # The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes #ilen=$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c ) #i_message="Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup" # Set scripts to skip the file system check on reboot #FASTBOOT=yes # Skip reading from the console #HEADLESS=yes # Write out fsck progress if yes #VERBOSE_FSCK=no # Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev #OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y # Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev_retry #OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=yes # Skip cleaning /tmp if yes #SKIPTMPCLEAN=no # For setclock #UTC=1 #CLOCKPARAMS= # For consolelog (Note that the default, 7=debug, is noisy) #LOGLEVEL=7 # For network #HOSTNAME=mylfs # Delay between TERM and KILL signals at shutdown #KILLDELAY=3 # Optional sysklogd parameters #SYSKLOGD_PARMS="-m 0" # Console parameters #UNICODE=1 #KEYMAP="de-latin1" #KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" #FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15" #LEGACY_CHARSET= </pre> <div class="sect3"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h4 class="title"> <a id="idm46504922378304" name= "idm46504922378304"></a>7.6.8.1. Customizing the Boot and Shutdown Scripts </h4> </div> </div> </div> <p> The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a fairly efficient manner, but there are a few tweaks that you can make in the rc.site file to improve speed even more and to adjust messages according to your preferences. To do this, adjust the settings in the <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</code> file above. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> During the boot script <code class= "filename">udev</code>, there is a call to <span class="command"><strong>udev settle</strong></span> that requires some time to complete. This time may or may not be required depending on devices present in the system. If you only have simple partitions and a single ethernet card, the boot process will probably not need to wait for this command. To skip it, set the variable OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The boot script <code class= "filename">udev_retry</code> also runs <span class= "command"><strong>udev settle</strong></span> by default. This command is only needed by default if the <code class="filename">/var</code> directory is separately mounted. This is because the clock needs the file <code class= "filename">/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</code>. Other customizations may also need to wait for udev to complete, but in many installations it is not needed. Skip the command by setting the variable OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> By default, the file system checks are silent. This can appear to be a delay during the bootup process. To turn on the <span class= "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span> output, set the variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem check, <span class= "command"><strong>fsck</strong></span>, completely. To do this, either create the file <code class= "filename">/fastboot</code> or reboot the system with the command <span class= "command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -f -r now</strong></span>. On the other hand, you can force all file systems to be checked by creating <code class="filename">/forcefsck</code> or running <span class= "command"><strong>shutdown</strong></span> with the <em class="parameter"><code>-F</code></em> parameter instead of <em class= "parameter"><code>-f</code></em>. </p> <p> Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable <span class="command"><strong>fsck</strong></span> during the boot process until it is removed. This is not recommended on a permanent basis. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Normally, all files in the <code class= "filename">/tmp</code> directory are deleted at boot time. Depending on the number of files or directories present, this can cause a noticeable delay in the boot process. To skip removing these files set the variable SKIPTMPCLEAN=y. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> During shutdown, the <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span> program sends a TERM signal to each program it has started (e.g. agetty), waits for a set time (default 3 seconds), and sends each process a KILL signal and waits again. This process is repeated in the <span class= "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script for any processes that are not shut down by their own scripts. The delay for <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span> can be set by passing a parameter. For example to remove the delay in <span class= "command"><strong>init</strong></span>, pass the -t0 parameter when shutting down or rebooting (e.g. <span class="command"><strong>/sbin/shutdown -t0 -r now</strong></span>). The delay for the <span class= "command"><strong>sendsignals</strong></span> script can be skipped by setting the parameter KILLDELAY=0. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-profile" name= "ch-config-profile"></a>7.7. The Bash Shell Startup Files </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The shell program <span class= "command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span> (hereafter referred to as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">the shell</span>”</span>) uses a collection of startup files to help create an environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect login and interactive environments differently. The files in the <code class= "filename">/etc</code> directory provide global settings. If an equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override the global settings. </p> <p> An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using <span class="command"><strong>/bin/login</strong></span>, by reading the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file. An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line (e.g., <code class="prompt">[prompt]$</code><span class= "command"><strong>/bin/bash</strong></span>). A non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and not waiting for user input between commands. </p> <p> For more information, see <span class="command"><strong>info bash</strong></span> under the <span class="emphasis"><em>Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells</em></span> section. </p> <p> The files <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> and <code class="filename">~/.bash_profile</code> are read when the shell is invoked as an interactive login shell. </p> <p> The base <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> below sets some environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting them properly results in: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> The output of programs translated into the native language </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other classes. This is necessary for <span class= "command"><strong>bash</strong></span> to properly accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Appropriate default paper size </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><ll></code></em> below with the two-letter code for the desired language (e.g., <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">en</span>”</span>) and <em class= "replaceable"><code><CC></code></em> with the two-letter code for the appropriate country (e.g., <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">GB</span>”</span>). <em class="replaceable"><code><charmap></code></em> should be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale. Optional modifiers such as <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">@euro</span>”</span> may also be present. </p> <p> The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">locale -a</kbd> </pre> <p> Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">ISO-8859-1</span>”</span> is also referred to as <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">iso8859-1</span>”</span> and <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">iso88591</span>”</span>. Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require that <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">UTF-8</span>”</span> is written as <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">UTF-8</span>”</span>, not <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">utf8</span>”</span>), so it is safest in most cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine the canonical name, run the following command, where <em class="replaceable"><code><locale name></code></em> is the output given by <span class="command"><strong>locale -a</strong></span> for your preferred locale (<span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>”</span> in our example). </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">LC_ALL=<em class= "replaceable"><code><locale name></code></em> locale charmap</kbd> </pre> <p> For the <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>”</span> locale, the above command will print: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="computeroutput">ISO-8859-1</code> </pre> <p> This results in a final locale setting of <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">en_GB.ISO-8859-1</span>”</span>. It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior to it being added to the Bash startup files: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">LC_ALL=<locale name> locale language LC_ALL=<locale name> locale charmap LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_curr_symbol LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_prefix</kbd> </pre> <p> The above commands should print the language name, the character encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and the prefix to dial before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means that your locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 or is not supported by the default installation of Glibc. </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</code> </pre> <p> If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the <span class= "command"><strong>localedef</strong></span> command, or consider choosing a different locale. Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from Glibc. </p> <p> Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. One example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs the following error message if the locale does not exactly match one of the character map names in its internal files: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "computeroutput">Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</code> </pre> <p> In several cases Xlib expects that the character map will be listed in uppercase notation with canonical dashes. For instance, "ISO-8859-1" rather than "iso88591". It is also possible to find an appropriate specification by removing the charmap part of the locale specification. This can be checked by running the <span class="command"><strong>locale charmap</strong></span> command in both locales. For example, one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib. </p> <p> Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations. In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale might provide some useful information. </p> <p> Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code> file: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/profile << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/profile export LANG=<em class= "replaceable"><code><ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers></code></em> # End /etc/profile</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">C</span>”</span> (default) and <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">en_US</span>”</span> (the recommended one for United States English users) locales are different. <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">C</span>”</span> uses the US-ASCII 7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set as invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the <span class= "command"><strong>ls</strong></span> command substitutes them with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in non-RFC-conforming messages being sent (the charset in the outgoing mail is indicated as <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">unknown 8-bit</span>”</span>). So you can use the <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">C</span>”</span> locale only if you are sure that you will never need 8-bit characters. </p> <p> UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by some programs. Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems, see <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/introduction/locale-issues.html"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/introduction/locale-issues.html</a>. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-inputrc" name= "ch-config-inputrc"></a>7.8. Creating the /etc/inputrc File </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="filename">inputrc</code> file is the configuration file for the Readline library, which provides editing capabilities while the user is entering a line from the terminal. It works by translating keyboard inputs into specific actions. Readline is used by Bash and most other shells as well as many other applications. </p> <p> Most people do not need user-specific functionality so the command below creates a global <code class= "filename">/etc/inputrc</code> used by everyone who logs in. If you later decide you need to override the defaults on a per-user basis, you can create a <code class= "filename">.inputrc</code> file in the user's home directory with the modified mappings. </p> <p> For more information on how to edit the <code class= "filename">inputrc</code> file, see <span class= "command"><strong>info bash</strong></span> under the <span class="emphasis"><em>Readline Init File</em></span> section. <span class="command"><strong>info readline</strong></span> is also a good source of information. </p> <p> Below is a generic global <code class="filename">inputrc</code> along with comments to explain what the various options do. Note that comments cannot be on the same line as commands. Create the file using the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/inputrc << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/inputrc # Modified by Chris Lynn <roryo@roryo.dynup.net> # Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line set horizontal-scroll-mode Off # Enable 8bit input set meta-flag On set input-meta On # Turns off 8th bit stripping set convert-meta Off # Keep the 8th bit for display set output-meta On # none, visible or audible set bell-style none # All of the following map the escape sequence of the value # contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions "\eOd": backward-word "\eOc": forward-word # for linux console "\e[1~": beginning-of-line "\e[4~": end-of-line "\e[5~": beginning-of-history "\e[6~": end-of-history "\e[3~": delete-char "\e[2~": quoted-insert # for xterm "\eOH": beginning-of-line "\eOF": end-of-line # for Konsole "\e[H": beginning-of-line "\e[F": end-of-line # End /etc/inputrc</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-config-shells" name= "ch-config-shells"></a>7.9. Creating the /etc/shells File </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="filename">shells</code> file contains a list of login shells on the system. Applications use this file to determine whether a shell is valid. For each shell a single line should be present, consisting of the shell's path, relative to the root of the directory structure (/). </p> <p> For example, this file is consulted by <span class= "command"><strong>chsh</strong></span> to determine whether an unprivileged user may change the login shell for her own account. If the command name is not listed, the user will be denied of change. </p> <p> It is a requirement for applications such as <span class= "application">GDM</span> which does not populate the face browser if it can't find <code class= "filename">/etc/shells</code>, or FTP daemons which traditionally disallow access to users with shells not included in this file. </p> <pre class="root"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/shells << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/shells /bin/sh /bin/bash # End /etc/shells</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-bootable" name= "chapter-bootable"></a>Chapter 8. Making the LFS System Bootable </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-bootable-introduction" name= "ch-bootable-introduction"></a>8.1. Introduction </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> It is time to make the LFS system bootable. This chapter discusses creating an <code class="filename">fstab</code> file, building a kernel for the new LFS system, and installing the GRUB boot loader so that the LFS system can be selected for booting at startup. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-bootable-fstab" name= "ch-bootable-fstab"></a>8.2. Creating the /etc/fstab File </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code> file is used by some programs to determine where file systems are to be mounted by default, in which order, and which must be checked (for integrity errors) prior to mounting. Create a new file systems table like this: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/fstab << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/fstab # file system mount-point type options dump fsck # order /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em> / <em class= "replaceable"><code><fff></code></em> defaults 1 1 /dev/<em class= "replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em> swap swap pri=1 0 0 proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0 # End /etc/fstab</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><code><xxx></code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code><yyy></code></em>, and <em class="replaceable"><code><fff></code></em> with the values appropriate for the system, for example, <code class= "filename">sda2</code>, <code class="filename">sda5</code>, and <code class="systemitem">ext4</code>. For details on the six fields in this file, see <span class="command"><strong>man 5 fstab</strong></span>. </p> <p> Filesystems with MS-DOS or Windows origin (i.e. vfat, ntfs, smbfs, cifs, iso9660, udf) need a special option, utf8, in order for non-ASCII characters in file names to be interpreted properly. For non-UTF-8 locales, the value of <code class= "option">iocharset</code> should be set to be the same as the character set of the locale, adjusted in such a way that the kernel understands it. This works if the relevant character set definition (found under File systems -> Native Language Support when configuring the kernel) has been compiled into the kernel or built as a module. However, if the character set of the locale is UTF-8, the corresponding option <code class= "option">iocharset=utf8</code> would make the file system case sensitive. To fix this, use the special option <code class= "option">utf8</code> instead of <code class= "option">iocharset=utf8</code>, for UTF-8 locales. The <span class="quote">“<span class= "quote">codepage</span>”</span> option is also needed for vfat and smbfs filesystems. It should be set to the codepage number used under MS-DOS in your country. For example, in order to mount USB flash drives, a ru_RU.KOI8-R user would need the following in the options portion of its mount line in <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class= "literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8r</code> </pre> <p> The corresponding options fragment for ru_RU.UTF-8 users is: </p> <pre class="screen"> <code class="literal">noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,utf8</code> </pre> <p> Note that using <code class="option">iocharset</code> is the default for <code class="literal">iso8859-1</code> (which keeps the file system case insensitive), and the <code class= "option">utf8</code> option tells the kernel to convert the file names using UTF-8 so they can be interpreted in the UTF-8 locale. </p> <p> It is also possible to specify default codepage and iocharset values for some filesystems during kernel configuration. The relevant parameters are named <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">Default NLS Option</span>”</span> (<code class= "option">CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT)</code>, <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">Default Remote NLS Option</span>”</span> (<code class= "option">CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT</code>), <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">Default codepage for FAT</span>”</span> (<code class= "option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE</code>), and <span class= "quote">“<span class="quote">Default iocharset for FAT</span>”</span> (<code class= "option">CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET</code>). There is no way to specify these settings for the ntfs filesystem at kernel compilation time. </p> <p> It is possible to make the ext3 filesystem reliable across power failures for some hard disk types. To do this, add the <code class="option">barrier=1</code> mount option to the appropriate entry in <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>. To check if the disk drive supports this option, run <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/hdparm.html"> hdparm</a> on the applicable disk drive. For example, if: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">hdparm -I /dev/sda | grep NCQ</kbd> </pre> <p> returns non-empty output, the option is supported. </p> <p> Note: Logical Volume Management (LVM) based partitions cannot use the <code class="option">barrier</code> option. </p> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-bootable-kernel" name= "ch-bootable-kernel"></a>8.3. Linux-5.5.3 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <p> The Linux package contains the Linux kernel. </p> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong> <span class="segbody">4.4 - 66.0 SBU (typically about 6 SBU)</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong> <span class="segbody">960 - 4250 MB (typically about 1100 MB)</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 8.3.1. Installation of the kernel </h3> <p> Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration, compilation, and installation. Read the <code class= "filename">README</code> file in the kernel source tree for alternative methods to the way this book configures the kernel. </p> <p> Prepare for compilation by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make mrproper</kbd> </pre> <p> This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to each kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being clean after un-tarring. </p> <p> Configure the kernel via a menu-driven interface. For general information on kernel configuration see <a class="ulink" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt</a>. BLFS has some information regarding particular kernel configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index</a>. Additional information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.kroah.com/lkn/">http://www.kroah.com/lkn/</a> </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to run <span class="command"><strong>make defconfig</strong></span>. This will set the base configuration to a good state that takes your current system architecture into account. </p> <p> Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the system might not work correctly or boot at all: </p> <pre class="screen"> Device Drivers ---> Generic Driver Options ---> [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER] [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS] Kernel hacking ---> Choose kernel unwinder (Frame pointer unwinder) ---> [CONFIG_UNWINDER_FRAME_POINTER] </pre> </div> <p> There are several other options that may be desired depending on the requirements for the system. For a list of options needed for BLFS packages, see the <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index"> BLFS Index of Kernel Settings</a> (http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index). </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If your host hardware is using UEFI, then the 'make defconfig' above should automatically add in some EFI-related kernel options. </p> <p> In order to allow your LFS kernel to be booted from within your host's UEFI boot environment, your kernel must have this option selected: </p> <pre class="screen"> Processor type and features ---> [*] EFI stub support [CONFIG_EFI_STUB] </pre> <p> A fuller description of managing UEFI environments from within LFS is covered by the lfs-uefi.txt hint at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt"> http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt</a>. </p> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The rationale for the above configuration items:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>Support for uevent helper</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> Having this option set may interfere with device management when using Udev/Eudev. </p> </dd> <dt> <span class="term"><em class="parameter"><code>Maintain a devtmpfs</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the kernel, even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this, managing permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration item is required for all users of Udev/Eudev. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make menuconfig</kbd> </pre> <div class="variablelist"> <p class="title"> <strong>The meaning of optional make environment variables:</strong> </p> <dl class="variablelist"> <dt> <span class="term"><em class= "parameter"><code>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</code></em></span> </dt> <dd> <p> This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the host. This may be needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface line drawing on a UTF-8 linux text console. </p> <p> If used, be sure to replace <em class= "replaceable"><code><host_LANG_value></code></em> by the value of the <code class="envar">$LANG</code> variable from your host. You can alternatively use instead the host's value of <code class= "envar">$LC_ALL</code> or <code class= "envar">$LC_CTYPE</code>. </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p> Alternatively, <span class="command"><strong>make oldconfig</strong></span> may be more appropriate in some situations. See the <code class="filename">README</code> file for more information. </p> <p> If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel config file, <code class="filename">.config</code>, from the host system (assuming it is available) to the unpacked <code class="filename">linux-5.5.3</code> directory. However, we do not recommend this option. It is often better to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel configuration from scratch. </p> <p> Compile the kernel image and modules: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make</kbd> </pre> <p> If using kernel modules, module configuration in <code class= "filename">/etc/modprobe.d</code> may be required. Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is located in <a class="xref" href="#ch-config-udev" title= "7.3. Overview of Device and Module Handling">Section 7.3, “Overview of Device and Module Handling”</a> and in the kernel documentation in the <code class= "filename">linux-5.5.3/Documentation</code> directory. Also, <code class="filename">modprobe.d(5)</code> may be of interest. </p> <p> Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel configuration, install the modules with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">make modules_install</kbd> </pre> <p> After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are required to complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to the <code class="filename">/boot</code> directory. </p> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> If the host system has a separate /boot partition, the files copied below should go there. The easiest way to do that is to bind /boot on the host (outside chroot) to /mnt/lfs/boot before proceeding. As the root user in the <span class="emphasis"><em>host system</em></span>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot</kbd> </pre> </div> <p> The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being used. The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of the filename should be <span class="emphasis"><em>vmlinuz</em></span> to be compatible with the automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The following command assumes an x86 architecture: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class= "command">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1</kbd> </pre> <p> <code class="filename">System.map</code> is a symbol file for the kernel. It maps the function entry points of every function in the kernel API, as well as the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is used as a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the following command to install the map file: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-5.5.3</kbd> </pre> <p> The kernel configuration file <code class= "filename">.config</code> produced by the <span class= "command"><strong>make menuconfig</strong></span> step above contains all the configuration selections for the kernel that was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for future reference: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cp -iv .config /boot/config-5.5.3</kbd> </pre> <p> Install the documentation for the Linux kernel: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3 cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3</kbd> </pre> <p> It is important to note that the files in the kernel source directory are not owned by <span class= "emphasis"><em>root</em></span>. Whenever a package is unpacked as user <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> (like we did inside chroot), the files have the user and group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer. This is usually not a problem for any other package to be installed because the source tree is removed after the installation. However, the Linux source tree is often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody on the machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel source. </p> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be updated for packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is not necessary to remove the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel is installed. </p> <p> If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run <span class="command"><strong>chown -R 0:0</strong></span> on the <code class="filename">linux-5.5.3</code> directory to ensure all files are owned by user <span class= "emphasis"><em>root</em></span>. </p> </div> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from <code class="filename">/usr/src/linux</code> pointing to the kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the 2.6 series and <span class="emphasis"><em>must not</em></span> be created on an LFS system as it can cause problems for packages you may wish to build once your base LFS system is complete. </p> </div> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> The headers in the system's <code class= "filename">include</code> directory (<code class= "filename">/usr/include</code>) should <span class= "emphasis"><em>always</em></span> be the ones against which Glibc was compiled, that is, the sanitised headers installed in <a class="xref" href= "#ch-system-linux-headers" title= "6.7. Linux-5.5.3 API Headers">Section 6.7, “Linux-5.5.3 API Headers”</a>. Therefore, they should <span class="emphasis"><em>never</em></span> be replaced by either the raw kernel headers or any other kernel sanitized headers. </p> </div> </div> <div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="conf-modprobe" name="conf-modprobe"></a>8.3.2. Configuring Linux Module Load Order </h3> <p> Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that loads modules, <span class= "command"><strong>modprobe</strong></span> or <span class= "command"><strong>insmod</strong></span>, uses <code class= "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> for this purpose. This file needs to be created so that if the USB drivers (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have been built as modules, they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd needs to be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a warning being output at boot time. </p> <p> Create a new file <code class= "filename">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> by running the following: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true # End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> </div> <div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="contents-kernel" name="contents-kernel"></a>8.3.3. Contents of Linux </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed files:</strong> <span class="segbody">config-5.5.3, <span class= "phrase">vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1,</span> and System.map-5.5.3</span> </div> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installed directories:</strong> <span class="segbody">/lib/modules, /usr/share/doc/linux-5.5.3</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <h4> <a id="idm46504922141632" name= "idm46504922141632"></a>Short Descriptions </h4> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="config" name="config"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">config-5.5.3</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="lfskernel" name="lfskernel"></a><span class= "term"><code class= "filename">vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer, the kernel is the first part of the operating system that gets loaded. It detects and initializes all components of the computer's hardware, then makes these components available as a tree of files to the software and turns a single CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs seemingly at the same time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <a id="System.map" name= "System.map"></a><span class="term"><code class= "filename">System.map-5.5.3</code></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and addresses of all the functions and data structures in the kernel </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-bootable-grub" name= "ch-bootable-grub"></a>8.4. Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 8.4.1. Introduction </h3> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> Configuring GRUB incorrectly can render your system inoperable without an alternate boot device such as a CD-ROM. This section is not required to boot your LFS system. You may just want to modify your current boot loader, e.g. Grub-Legacy, GRUB2, or LILO. </p> </div> <p> Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <span class= "quote">“<span class= "quote">rescue</span>”</span> the computer if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS and install <strong class= "userinput"><code>xorriso</code></strong> from the <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/multimedia/libisoburn.html"> libisoburn</a> package. </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cd /tmp grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> To boot LFS on host systems that have UEFI enabled, the kernel needs to have been built with the CONFIG_EFI_STUB capabality described in the previous section. However, LFS can be booted using GRUB2 without such an addition. To do this, the UEFI Mode and Secure Boot capabilities in the host system's BIOS need to be turned off. For details, see <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt"> the lfs-uefi.txt hint</a> at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/lfs-uefi.txt. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 8.4.2. GRUB Naming Conventions </h3> <p> GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions in the form of <span class= "emphasis"><em>(hdn,m)</em></span>, where <span class= "emphasis"><em>n</em></span> is the hard drive number and <span class="emphasis"><em>m</em></span> is the partition number. The hard drive number starts from zero, but the partition number starts from one for normal partitions and five for extended partitions. Note that this is different from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero. For example, partition <code class="filename">sda1</code> is <span class="emphasis"><em>(hd0,1)</em></span> to GRUB and <code class="filename">sdb3</code> is <span class= "emphasis"><em>(hd1,3)</em></span>. In contrast to Linux, GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For example, if using a CD on <code class="filename">hdb</code> and a second hard drive on <code class="filename">hdc</code>, that second hard drive would still be <span class= "emphasis"><em>(hd1)</em></span>. </p> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> 8.4.3. Setting Up the Configuration </h3> <p> GRUB works by writing data to the first physical track of the hard disk. This area is not part of any file system. The programs there access GRUB modules in the boot partition. The default location is /boot/grub/. </p> <p> The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user that affects the configuration. One recommendation is to have a separate small (suggested size is 100 MB) partition just for boot information. That way each build, whether LFS or some commercial distro, can access the same boot files and access can be made from any booted system. If you choose to do this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move all files in the current <code class="filename">/boot</code> directory (e.g. the linux kernel you just built in the previous section) to the new partition. You will then need to unmount the partition and remount it as <code class= "filename">/boot</code>. If you do this, be sure to update <code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>. </p> <p> Using the current lfs partition will also work, but configuration for multiple systems is more difficult. </p> <p> Using the above information, determine the appropriate designator for the root partition (or boot partition, if a separate one is used). For the following example, it is assumed that the root (or separate boot) partition is <code class="filename">sda2</code>. </p> <p> Install the GRUB files into <code class= "filename">/boot/grub</code> and set up the boot track: </p> <div class="admon warning"> <h3> Warning </h3> <p> The following command will overwrite the current boot loader. Do not run the command if this is not desired, for example, if using a third party boot manager to manage the Master Boot Record (MBR). </p> </div> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">grub-install /dev/sda</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> If the system has been booted using UEFI, <span class= "command"><strong>grub-install</strong></span> will try to install files for the <span class= "emphasis"><em>x86_64-efi</em></span> target, but those files have not been installed in chapter 6. If this is the case, add <code class="option">--target i386-pc</code> to the command above. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <h3 class="sect2"> <a id="grub-cfg" name="grub-cfg"></a>8.4.4. Creating the GRUB Configuration File </h3> <p> Generate <code class="filename">/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /boot/grub/grub.cfg << "EOF" <code class="literal"># Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg set default=0 set timeout=5 insmod ext2 set root=(hd0,2) menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux 5.5.3-lfs-9.1" { linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.5.3-lfs-9.1 root=/dev/sda2 ro }</code> EOF</kbd> </pre> <div class="admon note"> <h3> Note </h3> <p> From <span class="application">GRUB</span>'s perspective, the kernel files are relative to the partition used. If you used a separate /boot partition, remove /boot from the above <span class="emphasis"><em>linux</em></span> line. You will also need to change the <span class= "emphasis"><em>set root</em></span> line to point to the boot partition. </p> </div> <p> GRUB is an extremely powerful program and it provides a tremendous number of options for booting from a wide variety of devices, operating systems, and partition types. There are also many options for customization such as graphical splash screens, playing sounds, mouse input, etc. The details of these options are beyond the scope of this introduction. </p> <div class="admon caution"> <h3> Caution </h3> <p> There is a command, <span class= "application">grub-mkconfig</span>, that can write a configuration file automatically. It uses a set of scripts in /etc/grub.d/ and will destroy any customizations that you make. These scripts are designed primarily for non-source distributions and are not recommended for LFS. If you install a commercial Linux distribution, there is a good chance that this program will be run. Be sure to back up your grub.cfg file. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="chapter-finalizing" name= "chapter-finalizing"></a>Chapter 9. The End </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-finish-theend" name= "ch-finish-theend"></a>9.1. The End </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system. </p> <p> It may be a good idea to create an <code class= "filename">/etc/lfs-release</code> file. By having this file, it is very easy for you (and for us if you need to ask for help at some point) to find out which LFS version is installed on the system. Create this file by running: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">echo 9.1 > /etc/lfs-release</kbd> </pre> <p> Two files describing the installed system may be used by packages that will be installed on the system, either in binary form or by building them. </p> <p> The first one shows the status of your new system with respect to the Linux Standards Base (LSB). To create this file, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/lsb-release << "EOF" DISTRIB_ID="Linux From Scratch" DISTRIB_RELEASE="9.1" DISTRIB_CODENAME="<your name here>" DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Linux From Scratch" EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> The second one contains roughly the same information, and is used by systemd and some graphical desktop environments. To create this file, run: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">cat > /etc/os-release << "EOF" NAME="Linux From Scratch" VERSION="9.1" ID=lfs PRETTY_NAME="Linux From Scratch 9.1" VERSION_CODENAME="<your name here>" EOF</kbd> </pre> <p> Be sure to put some sort of customization for the fields 'DISTRIB_CODENAME' and 'VERSION_CODENAME' to make the system uniquely yours. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-finish-getcounted" name= "ch-finish-getcounted"></a>9.2. Get Counted </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Now that you have finished the book, do you want to be counted as an LFS user? Head over to <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php</a> and register as an LFS user by entering your name and the first LFS version you have used. </p> <p> Let's reboot into LFS now. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-finish-reboot" name= "ch-finish-reboot"></a>9.3. Rebooting the System </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Now that all of the software has been installed, it is time to reboot your computer. However, you should be aware of a few things. The system you have created in this book is quite minimal, and most likely will not have the functionality you would need to be able to continue forward. By installing a few extra packages from the BLFS book while still in our current chroot environment, you can leave yourself in a much better position to continue on once you reboot into your new LFS installation. Here are some suggestions: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> A text mode browser such as <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/lynx.html"> Lynx</a> will allow you to easily view the BLFS book in one virtual terminal, while building packages in another. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/general/gpm.html"> GPM</a> package will allow you to perform copy/paste actions in your virtual terminals. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If you are in a situation where static IP configuration does not meet your networking requirements, installing a package such as <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/dhcpcd.html"> dhcpcd</a> or the client portion of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/dhcp.html"> dhcp</a> may be useful. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Installing <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/sudo.html"> sudo</a> may be useful for building packages as a non-root user and easily installing the resulting packages in your new system. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If you want to access your new system from a remote system within a comfortable GUI environment, install <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/openssh.html"> openssh</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> To make fetching files over the internet easier, install <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/basicnet/wget.html"> wget</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If one or more of your disk drives have a GUID partition table (GPT), either <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/gptfdisk.html"> gptfdisk</a> or <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/9.1/postlfs/parted.html"> parted</a> will be useful. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Finally, a review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/bashrc </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/dircolors </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/fstab </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/hosts </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/inputrc </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/profile </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/resolv.conf </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/vimrc </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /root/.bash_profile </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /root/.bashrc </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0 </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <p> Now that we have said that, let's move on to booting our shiny new LFS installation for the first time! First exit from the chroot environment: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">logout</kbd> </pre> <p> Then unmount the virtual file systems: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/dev/pts umount -v $LFS/dev umount -v $LFS/run umount -v $LFS/proc umount -v $LFS/sys</kbd> </pre> <p> Unmount the LFS file system itself: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS</kbd> </pre> <p> If multiple partitions were created, unmount the other partitions before unmounting the main one, like this: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">umount -v $LFS/usr umount -v $LFS/home umount -v $LFS</kbd> </pre> <p> Now, reboot the system with: </p> <pre class="userinput"> <kbd class="command">shutdown -r now</kbd> </pre> <p> Assuming the GRUB boot loader was set up as outlined earlier, the menu is set to boot <span class="emphasis"><em>LFS 9.1</em></span> automatically. </p> <p> When the reboot is complete, the LFS system is ready for use and more software may be added to suit your needs. </p> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ch-finish-whatnow" name= "ch-finish-whatnow"></a>9.4. What Now? </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Thank you for reading this LFS book. We hope that you have found this book helpful and have learned more about the system creation process. </p> <p> Now that the LFS system is installed, you may be wondering <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">What next?</span>”</span> To answer that question, we have compiled a list of resources for you. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> Maintenance </p> <p> Bugs and security notices are reported regularly for all software. Since an LFS system is compiled from source, it is up to you to keep abreast of such reports. There are several online resources that track such reports, some of which are shown below: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.cert.org/">CERT</a> (Computer Emergency Response Team) </p> <p> CERT has a mailing list that publishes security alerts concerning various operating systems and applications. Subscription information is available at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html">http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Bugtraq </p> <p> Bugtraq is a full-disclosure computer security mailing list. It publishes newly discovered security issues, and occasionally potential fixes for them. Subscription information is available at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive">http://www.securityfocus.com/archive</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Beyond Linux From Scratch </p> <p> The Beyond Linux From Scratch book covers installation procedures for a wide range of software beyond the scope of the LFS Book. The BLFS project is located at <a class= "ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> LFS Hints </p> <p> The LFS Hints are a collection of educational documents submitted by volunteers in the LFS community. The hints are available at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html">http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/list.html</a>. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Mailing lists </p> <p> There are several LFS mailing lists you may subscribe to if you are in need of help, want to stay current with the latest developments, want to contribute to the project, and more. See <a class="xref" href="#ch-intro-maillists" title="1.4.2. Mailing Lists">Chapter 1 - Mailing Lists</a> for more information. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> The Linux Documentation Project </p> <p> The goal of The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) is to collaborate on all of the issues of Linux documentation. The TLDP features a large collection of HOWTOs, guides, and man pages. It is located at <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.tldp.org/">http://www.tldp.org/</a>. </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="part"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="part4" name="part4"></a>Part IV. Appendices </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="appendixa" name= "appendixa"></a>Appendix A. Acronyms and Terms </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="variablelist"> <table border="0" class="variablelist"> <colgroup> <col align="left" valign="top" /> <col /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ABI</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Application Binary Interface </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ALFS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Automated Linux From Scratch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>API</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Application Programming Interface </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ASCII</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> American Standard Code for Information Interchange </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>BIOS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Basic Input/Output System </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>BLFS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Beyond Linux From Scratch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>BSD</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Berkeley Software Distribution </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>chroot</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> change root </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>CMOS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>COS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Class Of Service </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>CPU</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Central Processing Unit </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>CRC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Cyclic Redundancy Check </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>CVS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Concurrent Versions System </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>DHCP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>DNS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Domain Name Service </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>EGA</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Enhanced Graphics Adapter </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ELF</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Executable and Linkable Format </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>EOF</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> End of File </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>EQN</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> equation </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ext2</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> second extended file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ext3</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> third extended file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ext4</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> fourth extended file system </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>FAQ</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Frequently Asked Questions </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>FHS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>FIFO</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> First-In, First Out </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>FQDN</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Fully Qualified Domain Name </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>FTP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> File Transfer Protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>GB</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Gigabytes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>GCC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> GNU Compiler Collection </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>GID</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Group Identifier </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>GMT</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Greenwich Mean Time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>HTML</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Hypertext Markup Language </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IDE</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Integrated Drive Electronics </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IEEE</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IO</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Input/Output </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Internet Protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IPC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Inter-Process Communication </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>IRC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Internet Relay Chat </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ISO</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> International Organization for Standardization </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>ISP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Internet Service Provider </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>KB</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Kilobytes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>LED</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Light Emitting Diode </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>LFS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Linux From Scratch </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>LSB</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Linux Standard Base </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>MB</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Megabytes </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>MBR</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Master Boot Record </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>MD5</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Message Digest 5 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>NIC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Network Interface Card </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>NLS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Native Language Support </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>NNTP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Network News Transport Protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>NPTL</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Native POSIX Threading Library </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>OSS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Open Sound System </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>PCH</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Pre-Compiled Headers </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>PCRE</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Perl Compatible Regular Expression </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>PID</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Process Identifier </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>PTY</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> pseudo terminal </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>QOS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Quality Of Service </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>RAM</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Random Access Memory </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>RPC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Remote Procedure Call </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>RTC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Real Time Clock </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>SBU</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Standard Build Unit </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>SCO</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Santa Cruz Operation </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>SHA1</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Secure-Hash Algorithm 1 </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>TLDP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> The Linux Documentation Project </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>TFTP</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Trivial File Transfer Protocol </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>TLS</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Thread-Local Storage </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>UID</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> User Identifier </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>umask</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> user file-creation mask </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>USB</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Universal Serial Bus </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>UTC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Coordinated Universal Time </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>UUID</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Universally Unique Identifier </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>VC</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Virtual Console </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>VGA</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Video Graphics Array </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> <span class="term"><span class= "bold"><strong>VT</strong></span></span> </p> </td> <td> <p> Virtual Terminal </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="appendixb" name= "appendixb"></a>Appendix B. Acknowledgments </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project. </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:gerard@linuxfromscratch.org">Gerard Beekmans</a> <gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Creator </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:bdubbs@linuxfromscratch.org">Bruce Dubbs</a> <bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Managing Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:jim@linuxfromscratch.org">Jim Gifford</a> <jim AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – CLFS Project Co-Leader </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:pierre@linuxfromscratch.org">Pierre Labastie</a> <pierre AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Editor and ALFS Lead </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:dj@linuxfromscratch.org">DJ Lucas</a> <dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS and BLFS Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:ken@linuxfromscratch.org">Ken Moffat</a> <ken AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Countless other people on the various LFS and BLFS mailing lists who helped make this book possible by giving their suggestions, testing the book, and submitting bug reports, instructions, and their experiences with installing various packages. </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h3> <a id="idm46504921844912" name= "idm46504921844912"></a>Translators </h3> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:macana@macana-es.com">Manuel Canales Esparcia</a> <macana AT macana-es D0T com> – Spanish LFS translation project </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:johan@linuxfromscratch.org">Johan Lenglet</a> <johan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project until 2008 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jmengual@linuxfromscratch.org">Jean-Philippe Mengual</a> <jmengual AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project 2008-2016 </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jlepiller@linuxfromscratch.org">Julien Lepiller</a> <jlepiller AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project 2017-present </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:lizardo@linuxfromscratch.org">Anderson Lizardo</a> <lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Portuguese LFS translation project </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:tr@erdfunkstelle.de">Thomas Reitelbach</a> <tr AT erdfunkstelle D0T de> – German LFS translation project </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:info@linuxfromscratch.org.ru">Anton Maisak</a> <info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – Russian LFS translation project </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:helen@linuxfromscratch.org.ru">Elena Shevcova</a> <helen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – Russian LFS translation project </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h3> <a id="idm46504921831408" name="idm46504921831408"></a>Mirror Maintainers </h3> <h4> <a id="idm46504921830720" name="idm46504921830720"></a>North American Mirrors </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:scott@osuosl.org">Scott Kveton</a> <scott AT osuosl D0T org> – lfs.oregonstate.edu mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:lost@l-w.net">William Astle</a> <lost AT l-w D0T net> – ca.linuxfromscratch.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:eujon.sellers@gmail.com">Eujon Sellers</a> <jpolen@rackspace.com> – lfs.introspeed.com mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:justin@knierim.org">Justin Knierim</a> <tim@idge.net> – lfs-matrix.net mirror </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h4> <a id="idm46504921823968" name="idm46504921823968"></a>South American Mirrors </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:manuel@linuxfromscratch.org">Manuel Canales Esparcia</a> <manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – lfsmirror.lfs-es.info mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:lfalcon@thymbra.com">Luis Falcon</a> <Luis Falcon> – torredehanoi.org mirror </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h4> <a id="idm46504921819888" name="idm46504921819888"></a>European Mirrors </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:guido@primerelay.net">Guido Passet</a> <guido AT primerelay D0T net> – nl.linuxfromscratch.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:baafie@planet.nl">Bastiaan Jacques</a> <baafie AT planet D0T nl> – lfs.pagefault.net mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:sven.cranshoff@lineo.be">Sven Cranshoff</a> <sven D0T cranshoff AT lineo D0T be> – lfs.lineo.be mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Scarlet Belgium – lfs.scarlet.be mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:info@aliensoft.org">Sebastian Faulborn</a> <info AT aliensoft D0T org> – lfs.aliensoft.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:stuart@dontuse.ms">Stuart Fox</a> <stuart AT dontuse D0T ms> – lfs.dontuse.ms mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:admin@realhost.de">Ralf Uhlemann</a> <admin AT realhost D0T de> – lfs.oss-mirror.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:Antonin.Sprinzl@tuwien.ac.at">Antonin Sprinzl</a> <Antonin D0T Sprinzl AT tuwien D0T ac D0T at> – at.linuxfromscratch.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:fredan-lfs@fredan.org">Fredrik Danerklint</a> <fredan-lfs AT fredan D0T org> – se.linuxfromscratch.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:franck@linuxpourtous.com">Franck</a> <franck AT linuxpourtous D0T com> – lfs.linuxpourtous.com mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:baque@cict.fr">Philippe Baque</a> <baque AT cict D0T fr> – lfs.cict.fr mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:gyouja@pilgrims.ru">Vitaly Chekasin</a> <gyouja AT pilgrims D0T ru> – lfs.pilgrims.ru mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:kontakt@wankoo.org">Benjamin Heil</a> <kontakt AT wankoo D0T org> – lfs.wankoo.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:info@linuxfromscratch.org.ru">Anton Maisak</a> <info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – linuxfromscratch.org.ru mirror </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h4> <a id="idm46504921799104" name="idm46504921799104"></a>Asian Mirrors </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:satit@wbac.ac.th">Satit Phermsawang</a> <satit AT wbac D0T ac D0T th> – lfs.phayoune.org mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:info@shizu-net.jp">Shizunet Co.,Ltd.</a> <info AT shizu-net D0T jp> – lfs.mirror.shizu-net.jp mirror </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.initworld.com/">Init World</a> <http://www.initworld.com/> – lfs.initworld.com mirror </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h4> <a id="idm46504921793760" name="idm46504921793760"></a>Australian Mirrors </h4> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:jason@dstc.edu.au">Jason Andrade</a> <jason AT dstc D0T edu D0T au> – au.linuxfromscratch.org mirror </p> </li> </ul> </div> <h3> <a id="idm46504921791264" name="idm46504921791264"></a>Former Project Team Members </h3> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:theladyskye@linuxfromscratch.org">Christine Barczak</a> <theladyskye AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Book Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Archaic <archaic@linuxfromscratch.org> – LFS Technical Writer/Editor, HLFS Project Leader, BLFS Editor, Hints and Patches Project Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:matthew@linuxfromscratch.org">Matthew Burgess</a> <matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Project Leader, LFS Technical Writer/Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:nathan@linuxfromscratch.org">Nathan Coulson</a> <nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Timothy Bauscher </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Robert Briggs </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Ian Chilton </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jeroen@linuxfromscratch.org">Jeroen Coumans</a> <jeroen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Website Developer, FAQ Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:manuel@linuxfromscratch.org">Manuel Canales Esparcia</a> <manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS/BLFS/HLFS XML and XSL Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Alex Groenewoud – LFS Technical Writer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Marc Heerdink </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jhuntwork@linuxfromscratch.org">Jeremy Huntwork</a> <jhuntwork AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, LFS LiveCD Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:bryan@linuxfromscratch.org">Bryan Kadzban</a> <bryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Mark Hymers </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Seth W. Klein – FAQ maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:nicholas@linuxfromscratch.org">Nicholas Leippe</a> <nicholas AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Wiki Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:lizardo@linuxfromscratch.org">Anderson Lizardo</a> <lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Website Backend-Scripts Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:randy@linuxfromscratch.org">Randy McMurchy</a> <randy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Project Leader, LFS Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:dnicholson@linuxfromscratch.org">Dan Nicholson</a> <dnicholson AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS and BLFS Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:alexander@linuxfromscratch.org">Alexander E. Patrakov</a> <alexander AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, LFS Internationalization Editor, LFS Live CD Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Simon Perreault </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:scot@linuxfromscratch.org">Scot Mc Pherson</a> <scot AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS NNTP Gateway Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:renodr@linuxfromscratch.org">Douglas R. Reno</a> <renodr AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Systemd Editor </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:ryan@linuxfromscratch.org">Ryan Oliver</a> <ryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – CLFS Project Co-Leader </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:gschafer@zip.com.au">Greg Schafer</a> <gschafer AT zip D0T com D0T au> – LFS Technical Writer and Architect of the Next Generation 64-bit-enabling Build Method </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Jesse Tie-Ten-Quee – LFS Technical Writer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jwrober@linuxfromscratch.org">James Robertson</a> <jwrober AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Bugzilla Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:tushar@linuxfromscratch.org">Tushar Teredesai</a> <tushar AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Book Editor, Hints and Patches Project Leader </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href= "mailto:jeremy@linuxfromscratch.org">Jeremy Utley</a> <jeremy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, Bugzilla Maintainer, LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> <a class="ulink" href="mailto:zwinkles@gmail.com">Zack Winkles</a> <zwinkles AT gmail D0T com> – LFS Technical Writer </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="appendixc" name= "appendixc"></a>Appendix C. Dependencies </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Every package built in LFS relies on one or more other packages in order to build and install properly. Some packages even participate in circular dependencies, that is, the first package depends on the second which in turn depends on the first. Because of these dependencies, the order in which packages are built in LFS is very important. The purpose of this page is to document the dependencies of each package built in LFS. </p> <p> For each package we build, we have listed three, and sometimes four, types of dependencies. The first lists what other packages need to be available in order to compile and install the package in question. The second lists what packages, in addition to those on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test suites. The third list of dependencies are packages that require this package to be built and installed in its final location before they are built and installed. In most cases, this is because these packages will hard code paths to binaries within their scripts. If not built in a certain order, this could result in paths of /tools/bin/[binary] being placed inside scripts installed to the final system. This is obviously not desirable. </p> <p> The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their own. For these dependencies, the recommended practice is to install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back and rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, re-installation is addressed in BLFS. </p> <h3> <a id="acl-dep" name="acl-dep"></a>Acl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, and Libtool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Coreutils, Sed, Tar, and Vim</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="attr-dep" name="attr-dep"></a>Attr </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, and Libtool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Acl and Libcap</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="autoconf-dep" name="autoconf-dep"></a>Autoconf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Automake, Diffutils, Findutils, GCC, and Libtool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Automake</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Emacs</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="automake-dep" name="automake-dep"></a>Automake </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Autoconf, Bash, Coreutils, Gettext, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Bison, Bzip2, DejaGNU, Diffutils, Expect, Findutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Gzip, Libtool, and Tar</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="bash-dep" name="bash-dep"></a>Bash </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Readline, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Shadow</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Xorg</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="bc-dep" name="bc-dep"></a>Bc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, and Readline</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Gawk</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Linux Kernel</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="binutils-dep" name="binutils-dep"></a>Binutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, File, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, Sed, Texinfo and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">DejaGNU and Expect</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="bison-dep" name="bison-dep"></a>Bison </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Perl, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils, Findutils, and Flex</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Kbd and Tar</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Doxygen (test suite)</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="bzip2-dep" name="bzip2-dep"></a>Bzip2 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Patch</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">File</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="check-dep" name="check-dep"></a>Check </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">GCC, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="coreutils-dep" name="coreutils-dep"></a>Coreutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, Libcap, Make, Patch, Perl, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils, E2fsprogs, Findutils, Shadow, and Util-linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Diffutils, Eudev, Findutils, and Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl Expect and IO:Tty modules (for test suite)</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="dejagnu-dep" name="dejagnu-dep"></a>DejaGNU </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="diffutils-dep" name="diffutils-dep"></a>Diffutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="e2fsprogs-dep" name="e2fsprogs-dep"></a>E2fsprogs </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Make, Sed, Texinfo, and Util-linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Procps-ng and Psmisc</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="eudev-dep" name="eudev-dep"></a>Eudev </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gperf, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="expat-dep" name="expat-dep"></a>Expat </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">XML::Parser</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="expect-dep" name="expect-dep"></a>Expect </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Tcl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="file-dep" name="file-dep"></a>File </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bzip2, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, Xz, and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="findutils-dep" name="findutils-dep"></a>Findutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">DejaGNU, Diffutils, and Expect</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="flex-dep" name="flex-dep"></a>Flex </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bison and Gawk</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">IPRoute2, Kbd, and Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gawk-dep" name="gawk-dep"></a>Gawk </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, Make, MPFR, Patch, Readline, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gcc-dep" name="gcc-dep"></a>Gcc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, GMP, Grep, M4, Make, MPC, MPFR, Patch, Perl, Sed, Tar, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">DejaGNU, Expect, and Shadow</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody"><a class="ulink" href= "http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GNAT">GNAT</a> and <a class="ulink" href="https://repo.or.cz/isl.git">ISL</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gdbm" name="gdbm"></a>GDBM </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gettext-dep" name="gettext-dep"></a>Gettext </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils, Perl, and Tcl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Automake</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="glibc-dep" name="glibc-dep"></a>Glibc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Grep, Gzip, Linux API Headers, Make, Perl, Python, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">File</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gmp-dep" name="gmp-dep"></a>GMP </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, M4, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">MPFR and GCC</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gperf-dep" name="gperf-dep"></a>Gperf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Expect</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="grep-dep" name="grep-dep"></a>Grep </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Gawk</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Pcre</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="groff-dep" name="groff-dep"></a>Groff </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Man-DB and Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Ghostscript</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="grub-dep" name="grub-dep"></a>GRUB </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Sed, Texinfo, and Xz</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="gzip-dep" name="gzip-dep"></a>Gzip </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Less</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="iana-etc-dep" name="iana-etc-dep"></a>Iana-Etc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Coreutils, Gawk, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="inetutils-dep" name="inetutils-dep"></a>Inetutils </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, Texinfo, and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Tar</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="intltool-dep" name="intltool-dep"></a>Intltool </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Gawk, Glibc, Make, Perl, Sed, and XML::Parser</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="iproute2-dep" name="iproute2-dep"></a>IProute2 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Bison, Coreutils, Flex, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Linux API Headers</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="kbd-dep" name="kbd-dep"></a>Kbd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Check, Coreutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Patch, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="kmod-dep" name="kmod-dep"></a>Kmod </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, Flex, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Gzip, Make, Pkg-config, Sed, Xz-Utils, and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Eudev</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="less-dep" name="less-dep"></a>Less </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Gzip</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Pcre</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="libcap-dep" name="libcap-dep"></a>Libcap </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Perl, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Linux-PAM</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="libelf-dep" name="libelf-dep"></a>Libelf </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Linux Kernel</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="libffi-dep" name="libffi-dep"></a>Libffi </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">DejaGnu</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Python</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="libpipeline-dep" name="libpipeline-dep"></a>Libpipeline </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Check</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="libtool-dep" name="libtool-dep"></a>Libtool </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Autoconf, Automake, and Findutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="linux-dep" name="linux-dep"></a>Linux Kernel </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Bc, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Findutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Gzip, Kmod, Libelf, Make, Ncurses, OpenSSL, Perl, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="m4-dep" name="m4-dep"></a>M4 </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Autoconf and Bison</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">libsigsegv</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="make-dep" name="make-dep"></a>Make </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl and Procps-ng</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="man-db-dep" name="man-db-dep"></a>Man-DB </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Bzip2, Coreutils, Flex, GCC, GDBM, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Gzip, Less, Libpipeline, Make, Sed, and Xz</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Util-linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="man-pages-dep" name="man-pages-dep"></a>Man-Pages </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Coreutils, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="meson-dep" name="meson-dep"></a>Meson </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Ninja and Python</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Systemd</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="mpc-dep" name="mpc-dep"></a>MPC </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, MPFR, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">GCC</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="mpfr-dep" name="mpfr-dep"></a>MPFR </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, GMP, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Gawk and GCC</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="ncurses-dep" name="ncurses-dep"></a>Ncurses </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Patch, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, GRUB, Inetutils, Less, Procps-ng, Psmisc, Readline, Texinfo, Util-linux, and Vim</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="ninja-dep" name="ninja-dep"></a>Ninja </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, Gcc, and Python</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Meson</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Asciidoc, Doxygen, Emacs, and re2c</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="openssl-dep" name="openssl-dep"></a>Openssl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, Gcc, Make, and Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="patch-dep" name="patch-dep"></a>Patch </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Ed</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="perl-dep" name="perl-dep"></a>Perl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, GDBM, Glibc, Grep, Groff, Make, Sed, and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Iana-Etc and Procps-ng</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Autoconf</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="pkgconfig-dep" name="pkgconfig-dep"></a>Pkg-config </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Popt, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Kmod</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="popt-dep" name="popt-dep"></a>Popt </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Pkg-config</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="procps-dep" name="procps-dep"></a>Procps-ng </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Ncurses</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">DejaGNU</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="psmisc-dep" name="psmisc-dep"></a>Psmisc </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="python-dep" name="python-dep"></a>Python </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gdbm, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Libffi, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">GDB and Valgrind</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Ninja</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Berkeley DB, OpenSSL, SQLite, and Tk</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="readline-dep" name="readline-dep"></a>Readline </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash and Gawk</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="sed-dep" name="sed-dep"></a>Sed </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Diffutils and Gawk</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">E2fsprogs, File, Libtool, and Shadow</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="shadow-dep" name="shadow-dep"></a>Shadow </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Coreutils</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Cracklib, and PAM</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="sysklogd-dep" name="sysklogd-dep"></a>Sysklogd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Patch</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="systemd-dep" name="systemd-dep"></a>Systemd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Expat, Gawk, GCC, Glibc, Gperf, Grep, Intltool, Libcap, Meson, Sed, and Util-linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Many, see <a class="ulink" href= "http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/general/systemd.html"> BLFS systemd page</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="sysvinit-dep" name="sysvinit-dep"></a>Sysvinit </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">No test suite available</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="tar-dep" name="tar-dep"></a>Tar </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Inetutils, Make, Sed, and Texinfo</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Autoconf, Diffutils, Findutils, Gawk, and Gzip</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="tcl-dep" name="tcl-dep"></a>Tcl </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="texinfo-dep" name="texinfo-dep"></a>Texinfo </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Patch, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="util-linux-dep" name="util-linux-dep"></a>Util-linux </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, Eudev, Findutils, Gawk, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, Sed, and Zlib</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody"><a class="ulink" href= "https://people.redhat.com/sgrubb/libcap-ng/">Libcap-ng</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="vim-dep" name="vim-dep"></a>Vim </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Acl, Attr, Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, Grep, Make, Ncurses, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">Xorg, GTK+2, LessTif, Python, Tcl, Ruby, and GPM</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="xml-parser-dep" name="xml-parser-dep"></a>XML::Parser </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Expat, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Perl</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Intltool</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="xz-dep" name="xz-dep"></a>Xz </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, and Make</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">Eudev, File, GRUB, Kmod, and Man-DB</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="zlib-dep" name="zlib-dep"></a>Zlib </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Make, and Sed</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">File, Kmod, Perl, and Util-linux</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <h3> <a id="zstd-dep" name="zstd-dep"></a>Zstd </h3> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Installation depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">Binutils, Coreutils, GCC, Glibc, Gzip, Make, and Xz</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Test suite depends on:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Must be installed before:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="segmentedlist"> <div class="seglistitem"> <div class="seg"> <strong class="segtitle">Optional dependencies:</strong> <span class="segbody">None</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="scripts" name= "scripts"></a>Appendix D. Boot and sysconfig scripts version-20191031 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The scripts in this appendix are listed by the directory where they normally reside. The order is <code class= "filename">/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig</code>, <code class= "filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices</code>, and <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network-devices/services</code>. Within each section, the files are listed in the order they are normally called. </p> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="rc" name="rc"></a>D.1. /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The <code class="systemitem">rc</code> script is the first script called by <span class="application">init</span> and initiates the boot process. </p> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/bash ######################################################################## # Begin rc # # Description : Main Run Level Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions print_error_msg() { log_failure_msg # $i is set when called MSG="FAILURE:\n\nYou should not be reading this error message.\n\n" MSG="${MSG}It means that an unforeseen error took place in\n" MSG="${MSG}${i},\n" MSG="${MSG}which exited with a return value of ${error_value}.\n" MSG="${MSG}If you're able to track this error down to a bug in one of\n" MSG="${MSG}the files provided by the ${DISTRO_MINI} book,\n" MSG="${MSG}please be so kind to inform us at ${DISTRO_CONTACT}.\n" log_failure_msg "${MSG}" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user } check_script_status() { # $i is set when called if [ ! -f ${i} ]; then log_warning_msg "${i} is not a valid symlink." SCRIPT_STAT="1" fi if [ ! -x ${i} ]; then log_warning_msg "${i} is not executable, skipping." SCRIPT_STAT="1" fi } run() { if [ -z $interactive ]; then ${1} ${2} return $? fi while true; do read -p "Run ${1} ${2} (Yes/no/continue)? " -n 1 runit echo case ${runit} in c | C) interactive="" ${i} ${2} ret=${?} break; ;; n | N) return 0 ;; y | Y) ${i} ${2} ret=${?} break ;; esac done return $ret } # Read any local settings/overrides [ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] && source /etc/sysconfig/rc.site DISTRO=${DISTRO:-"Linux From Scratch"} DISTRO_CONTACT=${DISTRO_CONTACT:-"lfs-dev@linuxfromscratch.org (Registration required)"} DISTRO_MINI=${DISTRO_MINI:-"LFS"} IPROMPT=${IPROMPT:-"no"} # These 3 signals will not cause our script to exit trap "" INT QUIT TSTP [ "${1}" != "" ] && runlevel=${1} if [ "${runlevel}" == "" ]; then echo "Usage: ${0} <runlevel>" >&2 exit 1 fi previous=${PREVLEVEL} [ "${previous}" == "" ] && previous=N if [ ! -d /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d ]; then log_info_msg "/etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d does not exist.\n" exit 1 fi if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -o "$runlevel" == "0" ]; then IPROMPT="no"; fi # Note: In ${LOGLEVEL:-7}, it is ':' 'dash' '7', not minus 7 if [ "$runlevel" == "S" ]; then [ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] && source /etc/sysconfig/console dmesg -n "${LOGLEVEL:-7}" fi if [ "${IPROMPT}" == "yes" -a "${runlevel}" == "S" ]; then # The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes wlen=${wlen:-$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )} welcome_message=${welcome_message:-"Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"} # The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes ilen=${ilen:-$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )} i_message=${i_message:-"Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"} # dcol and icol are spaces before the message to center the message # on screen. itime is the amount of wait time for the user to press a key wcol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${wlen} ) / 2 )) icol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${ilen} ) / 2 )) itime=${itime:-"3"} echo -e "\n\n" echo -e "\\033[${wcol}G${welcome_message}" echo -e "\\033[${icol}G${i_message}${NORMAL}" echo "" read -t "${itime}" -n 1 interactive 2>&1 > /dev/null fi # Make lower case [ "${interactive}" == "I" ] && interactive="i" [ "${interactive}" != "i" ] && interactive="" # Read the state file if it exists from runlevel S [ -r /var/run/interactive ] && source /var/run/interactive # Attempt to stop all services started by the previous runlevel, # and killed in this runlevel if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then for i in $(ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/K* 2> /dev/null) do check_script_status if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then SCRIPT_STAT="0" continue fi suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]} prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix sysinit_start=/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix if [ "${runlevel}" != "0" -a "${runlevel}" != "6" ]; then if [ ! -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${sysinit_start} ]; then MSG="WARNING:\n\n${i} can't be " MSG="${MSG}executed because it was not " MSG="${MSG}not started in the previous " MSG="${MSG}runlevel (${previous})." log_warning_msg "$MSG" continue fi fi run ${i} stop error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi done fi if [ "${previous}" == "N" ]; then export IN_BOOT=1; fi if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -a -n "${FASTBOOT}" ]; then touch /fastboot fi # Start all functions in this runlevel for i in $( ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/S* 2> /dev/null) do if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/S[0-9][0-9]} stop=/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]$suffix prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix [ -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${stop} ] && continue fi check_script_status if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then SCRIPT_STAT="0" continue fi case ${runlevel} in 0|6) run ${i} stop ;; *) run ${i} start ;; esac error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi done # Store interactive variable on switch from runlevel S and remove if not if [ "${runlevel}" == "S" -a "${interactive}" == "i" ]; then echo "interactive=\"i\"" > /var/run/interactive else rm -f /var/run/interactive 2> /dev/null fi # Copy the boot log on initial boot only if [ "${previous}" == "N" -a "${runlevel}" != "S" ]; then cat $BOOTLOG >> /var/log/boot.log # Mark the end of boot echo "--------" >> /var/log/boot.log # Remove the temporary file rm -f $BOOTLOG 2> /dev/null fi # End rc </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="init-functions" name= "init-functions"></a>D.2. /lib/lsb/init-functions </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # # Begin /lib/lsb/init-funtions # # Description : Run Level Control Functions # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Notes : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb # http://winterdrache.de/linux/newboot/index.html # # The file should be located in /lib/lsb # ######################################################################## ## Environmental setup # Setup default values for environment umask 022 export PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin" ## Set color commands, used via echo # Please consult `man console_codes for more information # under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section # # Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font, # the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to # the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does # not affect framebuffer consoles NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Standard console grey SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Success is green WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Warnings are yellow FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Failures are red INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Information is light cyan BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Brackets are blue # Use a colored prefix BMPREFIX=" " SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} " FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} " WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} " SKIP_PREFIX="${INFO} S ${NORMAL}" SUCCESS_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${SUCCESS} OK ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" FAILURE_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" WARNING_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${WARNING} WARN ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" SKIP_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${INFO} SKIP ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" BOOTLOG=/run/bootlog KILLDELAY=3 SCRIPT_STAT="0" # Set any user specified environment variables e.g. HEADLESS [ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] && . /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ## Screen Dimensions # Find current screen size if [ -z "${COLUMNS}" ]; then COLUMNS=$(stty size) COLUMNS=${COLUMNS##* } fi # When using remote connections, such as a serial port, stty size returns 0 if [ "${COLUMNS}" = "0" ]; then COLUMNS=80 fi ## Measurements for positioning result messages COL=$((${COLUMNS} - 8)) WCOL=$((${COL} - 2)) ## Set Cursor Position Commands, used via echo SET_COL="\\033[${COL}G" # at the $COL char SET_WCOL="\\033[${WCOL}G" # at the $WCOL char CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G" # Up one line, at the 0'th char CURS_ZERO="\\033[0G" ################################################################################ # start_daemon() # # Usage: start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...] # # # # Purpose: This runs the specified program as a daemon # # # # Inputs: -f: (force) run the program even if it is already running. # # -n nicelevel: specify a nice level. See 'man nice(1)'. # # -p pidfile: use the specified file to determine PIDs. # # pathname: the complete path to the specified program # # args: additional arguments passed to the program (pathname) # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): # # 0 - program is running or service is OK # # 1 - generic or unspecified error # # 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) # # 5 - program is not installed # ################################################################################ start_daemon() { local force="" local nice="0" local pidfile="" local pidlist="" local retval="" # Process arguments while true do case "${1}" in -f) force="1" shift 1 ;; -n) nice="${2}" shift 2 ;; -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; -*) return 2 ;; *) program="${1}" break ;; esac done # Check for a valid program if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi # Execute if [ -z "${force}" ]; then if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Determine the pid by discovery pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"` retval="${?}" else # The PID file contains the needed PIDs # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc, # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard. pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"` retval="${?}" fi # Return a value ONLY # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty # to log messages! case "${retval}" in 0) # Program is already running correctly, this is a # successful start. return 0 ;; 1) # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists # remove the pid file and continue rm -f "${pidfile}" ;; 3) # Program is not running and no pidfile exists # do nothing here, let start_deamon continue. ;; *) # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted # and returned as an unspecified error. return 1 ;; esac fi # Do the start! nice -n "${nice}" "${@}" } ################################################################################ # killproc() # # Usage: killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal] # # # # Purpose: Send control signals to running processes # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile # # pathname, pathname to the specified program # # signal, send this signal to pathname # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): # # 0 - program (pathname) has stopped/is already stopped or a # # running program has been sent specified signal and stopped # # successfully # # 1 - generic or unspecified error # # 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) # # 5 - program is not installed # # 7 - program is not running and a signal was supplied # ################################################################################ killproc() { local pidfile local program local prefix local progname local signal="-TERM" local fallback="-KILL" local nosig local pidlist local retval local pid local delay="30" local piddead local dtime # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) program="${1}" if [ -n "${2}" ]; then signal="${2}" fallback="" else nosig=1 fi # Error on additional arguments if [ -n "${3}" ]; then return 2 else break fi ;; esac done # Check for a valid program if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi # Check for a valid signal check_signal "${signal}" if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 2; fi # Get a list of pids if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # determine the pid by discovery pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"` retval="${?}" else # The PID file contains the needed PIDs # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc, # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard. pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"` retval="${?}" fi # Return a value ONLY # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty # to log messages! case "${retval}" in 0) # Program is running correctly # Do nothing here, let killproc continue. ;; 1) # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists # Remove the pid file. rm -f "${pidfile}" # This is only a success if no signal was passed. if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then return 0 else return 7 fi ;; 3) # Program is not running and no pidfile exists # This is only a success if no signal was passed. if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then return 0 else return 7 fi ;; *) # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted # and returned as an unspecified error. return 1 ;; esac # Perform different actions for exit signals and control signals check_sig_type "${signal}" if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then # Signal is used to terminate the program # Account for empty pidlist (pid file still exists and no # signal was given) if [ "${pidlist}" != "" ]; then # Kill the list of pids for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then # Process is dead, continue to next and assume all is well continue else kill "${signal}" "${pid}" 2> /dev/null # Wait up to ${delay}/10 seconds to for "${pid}" to # terminate in 10ths of a second while [ "${delay}" -ne "0" ]; do kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null || piddead="1" if [ "${piddead}" = "1" ]; then break; fi sleep 0.1 delay="$(( ${delay} - 1 ))" done # If a fallback is set, and program is still running, then # use the fallback if [ -n "${fallback}" -a "${piddead}" != "1" ]; then kill "${fallback}" "${pid}" 2> /dev/null sleep 1 # Check again, and fail if still running kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null && return 1 fi fi done fi # Check for and remove stale PID files. if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Find the basename of $program prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'` progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"` if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then rm -f "/var/run/${progname}.pid" 2> /dev/null fi else if [ -e "${pidfile}" ]; then rm -f "${pidfile}" 2> /dev/null; fi fi # For signals that do not expect a program to exit, simply # let kill do its job, and evaluate kill's return for value else # check_sig_type - signal is not used to terminate program for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill "${signal}" "${pid}" if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 1; fi done fi } ################################################################################ # pidofproc() # # Usage: pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname # # # # Purpose: This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof # # pathname, path to the specified program # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB status codes): # # 0 - Success (PIDs to stdout) # # 1 - Program is dead, PID file still exists (remaining PIDs output) # # 3 - Program is not running (no output) # ################################################################################ pidofproc() { local pidfile local program local prefix local progname local pidlist local lpids local exitstatus="0" # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) program="${1}" if [ -n "${2}" ]; then # Too many arguments # Since this is status, return unknown return 4 else break fi ;; esac done # If a PID file is not specified, try and find one. if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Get the program's basename prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'` if [ -z "${prefix}" ]; then progname="${program}" else progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"` fi # If a PID file exists with that name, assume that is it. if [ -e "/var/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then pidfile="/var/run/${progname}.pid" fi fi # If a PID file is set and exists, use it. if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then # Use the value in the first line of the pidfile pidlist=`/bin/head -n1 "${pidfile}"` # This can optionally be written as 'sed 1q' to repalce 'head -n1' # should LFS move /bin/head to /usr/bin/head else # Use pidof pidlist=`pidof "${program}"` fi # Figure out if all listed PIDs are running. for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill -0 ${pid} 2> /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then lpids="${lpids}${pid} " else exitstatus="1" fi done if [ -z "${lpids}" -a ! -f "${pidfile}" ]; then return 3 else echo "${lpids}" return "${exitstatus}" fi } ################################################################################ # statusproc() # # Usage: statusproc [-p pidfile] pathname # # # # Purpose: This function prints the status of a particular daemon to stdout # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof # # pathname, path to the specified program # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Status printed # # 1 - Input error. The daemon to check was not specified. # ################################################################################ statusproc() { local pidfile local pidlist if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then echo "Usage: statusproc [-p pidfle] {program}" exit 1 fi # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) if [ -n "${2}" ]; then echo "Too many arguments" return 1 else break fi ;; esac done if [ -n "${pidfile}" ]; then pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" $@` else pidlist=`pidofproc $@` fi # Trim trailing blanks pidlist=`echo "${pidlist}" | sed -r 's/ +$//'` base="${1##*/}" if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${base} is running with Process" \ "ID(s) ${pidlist}.${NORMAL}" else if [ -n "${base}" -a -e "/var/run/${base}.pid" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running but" \ "/var/run/${base}.pid exists.${NORMAL}" else if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running" \ "but ${pidfile} exists.${NORMAL}" else /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${1} is not running.${NORMAL}" fi fi fi } ################################################################################ # timespec() # # # # Purpose: An internal utility function to format a timestamp # # a boot log file. Sets the STAMP variable. # # # # Return value: Not used # ################################################################################ timespec() { STAMP="$(echo `date +"%b %d %T %:z"` `hostname`) " return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_success_msg() # # Usage: log_success_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a successful status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Inputs: $@ - Message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_success_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} OK" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_success_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}" echo " OK" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_failure_msg() # # Usage: log_failure_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a failure status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Inputs: $@ - Message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_failure_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file timespec logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} FAIL" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_failure_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}" echo "FAIL" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_warning_msg() # # Usage: log_warning_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a warning status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_warning_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${WARNING_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${WARNING_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} WARN" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_skip_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SKIP_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SKIP_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo "SKIP" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_info_msg() # # Usage: log_info_msg message # # # # Purpose: Print an information message to the screen and # # a boot log file. Does not print a trailing newline character. # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_info_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -n -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage}" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_info_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${@}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo -n -e "${logmessage}" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # evaluate_retval() # # Usage: Evaluate a return value and print success or failyure as appropriate # # # # Purpose: Convenience function to terminate an info message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ evaluate_retval() { local error_value="${?}" if [ ${error_value} = 0 ]; then log_success_msg2 else log_failure_msg2 fi } ################################################################################ # check_signal() # # Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ] # # # # Purpose: Check for a valid signal. This is not defined by any LSB draft, # # however, it is required to check the signals to determine if the # # signals chosen are invalid arguments to the other functions. # # # # Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal} # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Success (signal is valid # # 1 - Signal is not valid # ################################################################################ check_signal() { local valsig # Add error handling for invalid signals valsig="-ALRM -HUP -INT -KILL -PIPE -POLL -PROF -TERM -USR1 -USR2" valsig="${valsig} -VTALRM -STKFLT -PWR -WINCH -CHLD -URG -TSTP -TTIN" valsig="${valsig} -TTOU -STOP -CONT -ABRT -FPE -ILL -QUIT -SEGV -TRAP" valsig="${valsig} -SYS -EMT -BUS -XCPU -XFSZ -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9" valsig="${valsig} -11 -13 -14 -15" echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " > /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then return 0 else return 1 fi } ################################################################################ # check_sig_type() # # Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ] # # # # Purpose: Check if signal is a program termination signal or a control signal # # This is not defined by any LSB draft, however, it is required to # # check the signals to determine if they are intended to end a # # program or simply to control it. # # # # Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal} # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Signal is used for program termination # # 1 - Signal is used for program control # ################################################################################ check_sig_type() { local valsig # The list of termination signals (limited to generally used items) valsig="-ALRM -INT -KILL -TERM -PWR -STOP -ABRT -QUIT -2 -3 -6 -9 -14 -15" echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " > /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then return 0 else return 1 fi } ################################################################################ # wait_for_user() # # # # Purpose: Wait for the user to respond if not a headless system # # # ################################################################################ wait_for_user() { # Wait for the user by default [ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] && read ENTER return 0 } ################################################################################ # is_true() # # # # Purpose: Utility to test if a variable is true | yes | 1 # # # ################################################################################ is_true() { [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] || [ "$1" = "y" ] || [ "$1" = "t" ] } # End /lib/lsb/init-functions </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="mountvirtfs" name= "mountvirtfs"></a>D.3. /etc/rc.d/init.d/mountvirtfs </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin mountvirtfs # # Description : Mount proc, sysfs, and run # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: mountvirtfs # Required-Start: $first # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems. # Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs). # Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems. # Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs). # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) # Make sure /run is available before logging any messages if ! mountpoint /run >/dev/null; then mount /run || failed=1 fi mkdir -p /run/lock /run/shm chmod 1777 /run/shm /run/lock log_info_msg "Mounting virtual file systems: ${INFO}/run" if ! mountpoint /proc >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/proc" mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /proc || failed=1 fi if ! mountpoint /sys >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/sys" mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /sys || failed=1 fi if ! mountpoint /dev >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/dev" mount -o mode=0755,nosuid /dev || failed=1 fi ln -sfn /run/shm /dev/shm (exit ${failed}) evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End mountvirtfs </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="modules" name= "modules"></a>D.4. /etc/rc.d/init.d/modules </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin modules # # Description : Module auto-loading script # # Authors : Zack Winkles # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: modules # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Loads required modules. # Description: Loads modules listed in /etc/sysconfig/modules. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO # Assure that the kernel has module support. [ -e /proc/modules ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) # Exit if there's no modules file or there are no # valid entries [ -r /etc/sysconfig/modules ] || exit 0 egrep -qv '^($|#)' /etc/sysconfig/modules || exit 0 log_info_msg "Loading modules:" # Only try to load modules if the user has actually given us # some modules to load. while read module args; do # Ignore comments and blank lines. case "$module" in ""|"#"*) continue ;; esac # Attempt to load the module, passing any arguments provided. modprobe ${module} ${args} >/dev/null # Print the module name if successful, otherwise take note. if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then log_info_msg2 " ${module}" else failedmod="${failedmod} ${module}" fi done < /etc/sysconfig/modules # Print a message about successfully loaded modules on the correct line. log_success_msg2 # Print a failure message with a list of any modules that # may have failed to load. if [ -n "${failedmod}" ]; then log_failure_msg "Failed to load modules:${failedmod}" exit 1 fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End modules </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="udev" name= "udev"></a>D.5. /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin udev # # Description : Udev cold-plugging script # # Authors : Zack Winkles, Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: udev $time # Required-Start: localnet # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Populates /dev with device nodes. # Description: Mounts a tempfs on /dev and starts the udevd daemon. # Device nodes are created as defined by udev. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Populating /dev with device nodes... " if ! grep -q '[[:space:]]sysfs' /proc/mounts; then log_failure_msg2 msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnable to create " msg="${msg}devices without a SysFS filesystem\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system " msg="${msg}will be halted and powered off.\n\n" log_info_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop fi # Start the udev daemon to continually watch for, and act on, # uevents /sbin/udevd --daemon # Now traverse /sys in order to "coldplug" devices that have # already been discovered /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=subsystems /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=devices /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=change --type=devices # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE"; then /sbin/udevadm settle fi # If any LVM based partitions are on the system, ensure they # are activated so they can be used. if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -a y >/dev/null; fi log_success_msg2 ;; *) echo "Usage ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End udev </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="swap" name= "swap"></a>D.6. /etc/rc.d/init.d/swap </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin swap # # Description : Swap Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: swap # Required-Start: udev # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: localnet $local_fs # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions. # Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions defined in # /etc/fstab. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Activating all swap files/partitions..." swapon -a evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Deactivating all swap files/partitions..." swapoff -a evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) log_success_msg "Retrieving swap status." swapon -s ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End swap </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="setclock" name= "setclock"></a>D.7. /etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin setclock # # Description : Setting Linux Clock # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: # Required-Start: # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: $syslog # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Stores and restores time from the hardware clock # Description: On boot, system time is obtained from hwclock. The # hardware clock can also be set on shutdown. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions [ -r /etc/sysconfig/clock ] && . /etc/sysconfig/clock case "${UTC}" in yes|true|1) CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --utc" ;; no|false|0) CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --localtime" ;; esac case ${1} in start) hwclock --hctosys ${CLOCKPARAMS} >/dev/null ;; stop) log_info_msg "Setting hardware clock..." hwclock --systohc ${CLOCKPARAMS} >/dev/null evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="checkfs" name= "checkfs"></a>D.8. /etc/rc.d/init.d/checkfs </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin checkfs # # Description : File System Check # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # A. Luebke - luebke@users.sourceforge.net # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Based on checkfs script from LFS-3.1 and earlier. # # From man fsck # 0 - No errors # 1 - File system errors corrected # 2 - System should be rebooted # 4 - File system errors left uncorrected # 8 - Operational error # 16 - Usage or syntax error # 32 - Fsck canceled by user request # 128 - Shared library error # ######################################################################### ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: checkfs # Required-Start: udev # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Checks local filesystems before mounting. # Description: Checks local filesystmes before mounting. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) if [ -f /fastboot ]; then msg="/fastboot found, will omit " msg="${msg} file system checks as requested.\n" log_info_msg "${msg}" exit 0 fi log_info_msg "Mounting root file system in read-only mode... " mount -n -o remount,ro / >/dev/null if [ ${?} != 0 ]; then log_failure_msg2 msg="\n\nCannot check root " msg="${msg}filesystem because it could not be mounted " msg="${msg}in read-only mode.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be " msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n" log_failure_msg "${msg}" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop else log_success_msg2 fi if [ -f /forcefsck ]; then msg="/forcefsck found, forcing file" msg="${msg} system checks as requested." log_success_msg "$msg" options="-f" else options="" fi log_info_msg "Checking file systems..." # Note: -a option used to be -p; but this fails e.g. on fsck.minix if is_true "$VERBOSE_FSCK"; then fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T else fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T >/dev/null fi error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 ]; then log_success_msg2 fi if [ "${error_value}" = 1 ]; then msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were found and have been corrected.\n" msg="${msg} You may want to double-check that " msg="${msg}everything was fixed properly." log_warning_msg "$msg" fi if [ "${error_value}" = 2 -o "${error_value}" = 3 ]; then msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were found and have been been " msg="${msg}corrected, but the nature of the " msg="${msg}errors require this system to be rebooted.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press enter, " msg="${msg}this system will be rebooted\n\n" log_failure_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user reboot -f fi if [ "${error_value}" -gt 3 -a "${error_value}" -lt 16 ]; then msg="\nFAILURE:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were encountered that could not be " msg="${msg}fixed automatically.\nThis system " msg="${msg}cannot continue to boot and will " msg="${msg}therefore be halted until those " msg="${msg}errors are fixed manually by a " msg="${msg}System Administrator.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be " msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n" log_failure_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop fi if [ "${error_value}" -ge 16 ]; then msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnexpected failure " msg="${msg}running fsck. Exited with error " msg="${msg} code: ${error_value}.\n" log_info_msg $msg exit ${error_value} fi exit 0 ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End checkfs </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="mountfs" name= "mountfs"></a>D.9. /etc/rc.d/init.d/mountfs </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin mountfs # # Description : File System Mount Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $local_fs # Required-Start: udev checkfs # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: localnet # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Mounts/unmounts local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab. # Description: Remounts root filesystem read/write and mounts all # remaining local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab on # start. Remounts root filesystem read-only and unmounts # remaining filesystems on stop. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Remounting root file system in read-write mode..." mount --options remount,rw / >/dev/null evaluate_retval # Remove fsck-related file system watermarks. rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck # Make sure /dev/pts exists mkdir -p /dev/pts # This will mount all filesystems that do not have _netdev in # their option list. _netdev denotes a network filesystem. log_info_msg "Mounting remaining file systems..." mount --all --test-opts no_netdev >/dev/null evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; stop) # Don't unmount virtual file systems like /run log_info_msg "Unmounting all other currently mounted file systems..." # Ensure any loop devies are removed losetup -D umount --all --detach-loop --read-only \ --types notmpfs,nosysfs,nodevtmpfs,noproc,nodevpts >/dev/null evaluate_retval # Make sure / is mounted read only (umount bug) mount --options remount,ro / # Make all LVM volume groups unavailable, if appropriate # This fails if swap or / are on an LVM partition #if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -an > /dev/null; fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End mountfs </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="udev_retry" name= "udev_retry"></a>D.10. /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin udev_retry # # Description : Udev cold-plugging script (retry) # # Authors : Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Bryan Kadzban - # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: udev_retry # Required-Start: udev # Should-Start: $local_fs cleanfs # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Replays failed uevents and creates additional devices. # Description: Replays any failed uevents that were skipped due to # slow hardware initialization, and creates those needed # device nodes # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Retrying failed uevents, if any..." # As of udev-186, the --run option is no longer valid #rundir=$(/sbin/udevadm info --run) rundir=/run/udev # From Debian: "copy the rules generated before / was mounted # read-write": for file in ${rundir}/tmp-rules--*; do dest=${file##*tmp-rules--} [ "$dest" = '*' ] && break cat $file >> /etc/udev/rules.d/$dest rm -f $file done # Re-trigger the uevents that may have failed, # in hope they will succeed now /bin/sed -e 's/#.*$//' /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry | /bin/grep -v '^$' | \ while read line ; do for subsystem in $line ; do /sbin/udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=$subsystem --action=add done done # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE"; then /sbin/udevadm settle fi evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End udev_retry </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="cleanfs" name= "cleanfs"></a>D.11. /etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin cleanfs # # Description : Clean file system # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: cleanfs # Required-Start: $local_fs # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Cleans temporary directories early in the boot process. # Description: Cleans temporary directories /var/run, /var/lock, and # optionally, /tmp. cleanfs also creates /var/run/utmp # and any files defined in /etc/sysconfig/createfiles. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Function to create files/directory on boot. create_files() { # Input to file descriptor 9 and output to stdin (redirection) exec 9>&0 < /etc/sysconfig/createfiles while read name type perm usr grp dtype maj min junk do # Ignore comments and blank lines. case "${name}" in ""|\#*) continue ;; esac # Ignore existing files. if [ ! -e "${name}" ]; then # Create stuff based on its type. case "${type}" in dir) mkdir "${name}" ;; file) :> "${name}" ;; dev) case "${dtype}" in char) mknod "${name}" c ${maj} ${min} ;; block) mknod "${name}" b ${maj} ${min} ;; pipe) mknod "${name}" p ;; *) log_warning_msg "\nUnknown device type: ${dtype}" ;; esac ;; *) log_warning_msg "\nUnknown type: ${type}" continue ;; esac # Set up the permissions, too. chown ${usr}:${grp} "${name}" chmod ${perm} "${name}" fi done # Close file descriptor 9 (end redirection) exec 0>&9 9>&- return 0 } case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Cleaning file systems:" if [ "${SKIPTMPCLEAN}" = "" ]; then log_info_msg2 " /tmp" cd /tmp && find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete || failed=1 fi > /var/run/utmp if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group ; then chmod 664 /var/run/utmp chgrp utmp /var/run/utmp fi (exit ${failed}) evaluate_retval if egrep -qv '^(#|$)' /etc/sysconfig/createfiles 2>/dev/null; then log_info_msg "Creating files and directories... " create_files # Always returns 0 evaluate_retval fi exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End cleanfs </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="console" name= "console"></a>D.12. /etc/rc.d/init.d/console </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin console # # Description : Sets keymap and screen font # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: console # Required-Start: $local_fs # Should-Start: udev_retry # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Sets up a localised console. # Description: Sets up fonts and language settings for the user's # local as defined by /etc/sysconfig/console. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Native English speakers probably don't have /etc/sysconfig/console at all [ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] && . /etc/sysconfig/console is_true() { [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] } failed=0 case "${1}" in start) # See if we need to do anything if [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] && [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] && [ -z "${FONT}" ] && [ -z "${LEGACY_CHARSET}" ] && ! is_true "${UNICODE}"; then exit 0 fi # There should be no bogus failures below this line! log_info_msg "Setting up Linux console..." # Figure out if a framebuffer console is used [ -d /sys/class/graphics/fb0 ] && use_fb=1 || use_fb=0 # Figure out the command to set the console into the # desired mode is_true "${UNICODE}" && MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%G' && kbd_mode -u" || MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%@\033(K' && kbd_mode -a" # On framebuffer consoles, font has to be set for each vt in # UTF-8 mode. This doesn't hurt in non-UTF-8 mode also. ! is_true "${use_fb}" || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || MODE_COMMAND="${MODE_COMMAND} && setfont ${FONT}" # Apply that command to all consoles mentioned in # /etc/inittab. Important: in the UTF-8 mode this should # happen before setfont, otherwise a kernel bug will # show up and the unicode map of the font will not be # used. for TTY in `grep '^[^#].*respawn:/sbin/agetty' /etc/inittab | grep -o '\btty[[:digit:]]*\b'` do openvt -f -w -c ${TTY#tty} -- \ /bin/sh -c "${MODE_COMMAND}" || failed=1 done # Set the font (if not already set above) and the keymap [ "${use_fb}" == "1" ] || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || setfont $FONT || failed=1 [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] || loadkeys ${KEYMAP} >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] || loadkeys ${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS} >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 # Convert the keymap from $LEGACY_CHARSET to UTF-8 [ -z "$LEGACY_CHARSET" ] || dumpkeys -c "$LEGACY_CHARSET" | loadkeys -u >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 # If any of the commands above failed, the trap at the # top would set $failed to 1 ( exit $failed ) evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End console </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="localnet" name= "localnet"></a>D.13. /etc/rc.d/init.d/localnet </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin localnet # # Description : Loopback device # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: localnet # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Starts the local network. # Description: Sets the hostname of the machine and starts the # loopback interface. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions [ -r /etc/sysconfig/network ] && . /etc/sysconfig/network [ -r /etc/hostname ] && HOSTNAME=`cat /etc/hostname` case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Bringing up the loopback interface..." ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo ip link set lo up evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Setting hostname to ${HOSTNAME}..." hostname ${HOSTNAME} evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Bringing down the loopback interface..." ip link set lo down evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) echo "Hostname is: $(hostname)" ip link show lo ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End localnet </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="sysctlscript" name= "sysctlscript"></a>D.14. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysctl </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sysctl # # Description : File uses /etc/sysctl.conf to set kernel runtime # parameters # # Authors : Nathan Coulson (nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org) # Matthew Burgress (matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org) # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: sysctl # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: console # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem # Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem as defined in # /etc/sysctl.conf. See 'man sysctl(8)'. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) if [ -f "/etc/sysctl.conf" ]; then log_info_msg "Setting kernel runtime parameters..." sysctl -q -p evaluate_retval fi ;; status) sysctl -a ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sysctl </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="sysklogd" name= "sysklogd"></a>D.15. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sysklogd </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sysklogd # # Description : Sysklogd loader # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $syslog # Required-Start: $first localnet # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: $local_fs # Should-Stop: sendsignals # Default-Start: 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6 # Short-Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons. # Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons. # /etc/fstab. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO # Note: sysklogd is not started in runlevel 2 due to possible # remote logging configurations . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Starting system log daemon..." parms=${SYSKLOGD_PARMS-'-m 0'} start_daemon /sbin/syslogd $parms evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Starting kernel log daemon..." start_daemon /sbin/klogd evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Stopping kernel log daemon..." killproc /sbin/klogd evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Stopping system log daemon..." killproc /sbin/syslogd evaluate_retval ;; reload) log_info_msg "Reloading system log daemon config file..." pid=`pidofproc syslogd` kill -HUP "${pid}" evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) statusproc /sbin/syslogd statusproc klogd ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|reload|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sysklogd </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="network" name= "network"></a>D.16. /etc/rc.d/init.d/network </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin network # # Description : Network Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $network # Required-Start: $local_fs $syslog localnet swap # Should-Start: firewalld iptables nftables # Required-Stop: $local_fs $syslog localnet swap # Should-Stop: firewalld iptables nftables # Default-Start: 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6 # Short-Description: Starts and configures network interfaces. # Description: Starts and configures network interfaces. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO case "${1}" in start) # Start all network interfaces for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.* do interface=${file##*/ifconfig.} # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found) if [ "${interface}" = "*" ] then continue fi /sbin/ifup ${interface} done ;; stop) # Unmount any network mounted file systems umount --all --force --types nfs,cifs,nfs4 # Reverse list net_files="" for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.* do net_files="${file} ${net_files}" done # Stop all network interfaces for file in ${net_files} do interface=${file##*/ifconfig.} # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found) if [ "${interface}" = "*" ] then continue fi /sbin/ifdown ${interface} done ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End network </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="sendsignals" name= "sendsignals"></a>D.17. /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendsignals </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sendsignals # # Description : Sendsignals Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: sendsignals # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: $local_fs swap localnet # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes. # Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in stop) log_info_msg "Sending all processes the TERM signal..." killall5 -15 error_value=${?} sleep ${KILLDELAY} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then log_success_msg else log_failure_msg fi log_info_msg "Sending all processes the KILL signal..." killall5 -9 error_value=${?} sleep ${KILLDELAY} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then log_success_msg else log_failure_msg fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sendsignals </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="rebootscript" name= "rebootscript"></a>D.18. /etc/rc.d/init.d/reboot </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin reboot # # Description : Reboot Scripts # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: reboot # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: 6 # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Reboots the system. # Description: Reboots the System. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in stop) log_info_msg "Restarting system..." reboot -d -f -i ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End reboot </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="haltscript" name= "haltscript"></a>D.19. /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin halt # # Description : Halt Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: halt # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: 0 # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Halts the system. # Description: Halts the System. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO case "${1}" in stop) halt -d -f -i -p ;; *) echo "Usage: {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End halt </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="template" name= "template"></a>D.20. /etc/rc.d/init.d/template </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin scriptname # # Description : # # Authors : # # Version : LFS x.x # # Notes : # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: template # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: # Description: # X-LFS-Provided-By: ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Starting..." start_daemon fully_qualified_path ;; stop) log_info_msg "Stopping..." killproc fully_qualified_path ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End scriptname </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="modulessys" name= "modulessys"></a>D.21. /etc/sysconfig/modules </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> ######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/modules # # Description : Module auto-loading configuration # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows: # <module> [<arg1> <arg2> ...] # # Each module should be on its own line, and any options that you want # passed to the module should follow it. The line deliminator is either # a space or a tab. ######################################################################## # End /etc/sysconfig/modules </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="createfiles" name= "createfiles"></a>D.22. /etc/sysconfig/createfiles </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> ######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/createfiles # # Description : Createfiles script config file # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows: # if type is equal to "file" or "dir" # <filename> <type> <permissions> <user> <group> # if type is equal to "dev" # <filename> <type> <permissions> <user> <group> <devtype> # <major> <minor> # # <filename> is the name of the file which is to be created # <type> is either file, dir, or dev. # file creates a new file # dir creates a new directory # dev creates a new device # <devtype> is either block, char or pipe # block creates a block device # char creates a character deivce # pipe creates a pipe, this will ignore the <major> and # <minor> fields # <major> and <minor> are the major and minor numbers used for # the device. ######################################################################## # End /etc/sysconfig/createfiles </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="config-udev-retry" name= "config-udev-retry"></a>D.23. /etc/sysconfig/udev-retry </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> ######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry # # Description : udev_retry script configuration # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : Each subsystem that may need to be re-triggered after mountfs # runs should be listed in this file. Probable subsystems to be # listed here are rtc (due to /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime) and sound # (due to both /var/lib/alsa/asound.state and /usr/sbin/alsactl). # Entries are whitespace-separated. ######################################################################## rtc # End /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ifup" name="ifup"></a>D.24. /sbin/ifup </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /sbin/ifup # # Description : Interface Up # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.7 # # Notes : The IFCONFIG variable is passed to the SERVICE script # in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the # service should source to get interface specifications. # ######################################################################## up() { log_info_msg "Bringing up the ${1} interface..." if ip link show $1 > /dev/null 2>&1; then link_status=`ip link show $1` if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then if ! echo "${link_status}" | grep -q UP; then ip link set $1 up fi fi else log_failure_msg "Interface ${IFACE} doesn't exist." exit 1 fi evaluate_retval } RELEASE="7.7" USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface" VERSTR="LFS ifup, version ${RELEASE}" while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case "$1" in --help | -h) help="y"; break ;; --version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;; -*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" >&2 echo "${USAGE}" >& 2 exit 2 ;; *) break ;; esac done if [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo "${USAGE}" echo cat << HERE_EOF ifup is used to bring up a network interface. The interface parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2. HERE_EOF exit 0 fi file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1} # Skip backup files [ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} is missing or cannot be accessed." exit 1 fi . $file if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]." exit 1 fi # Do not process this service if started by boot, and ONBOOT # is not set to yes if [ "${IN_BOOT}" = "1" -a "${ONBOOT}" != "yes" ]; then exit 0 fi # Bring up the interface if [ "$VIRTINT" != "yes" ]; then up ${IFACE} fi for S in ${SERVICE}; do if [ ! -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then MSG="\nUnable to process ${file}. Either " MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE '${S} was not present " MSG="${MSG}or cannot be executed." log_failure_msg "$MSG" exit 1 fi done if [ "${SERVICE}" = "wpa" ]; then log_success_msg; fi # Create/configure the interface for S in ${SERVICE}; do IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} up done # Set link up virtual interfaces if [ "${VIRTINT}" == "yes" ]; then up ${IFACE} fi # Bring up any additional interface components for I in $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do up $I; done # Set MTU if requested. Check if MTU has a "good" value. if test -n "${MTU}"; then if [[ ${MTU} =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] && [[ $MTU -ge 68 ]] ; then for I in $IFACE $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do ip link set dev $I mtu $MTU; done else log_info_msg2 "Invalid MTU $MTU" fi fi # Set the route default gateway if requested if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then if ip route | grep -q default; then log_warning_msg "Gateway already setup; skipping." else log_info_msg "Adding default gateway ${GATEWAY} to the ${IFACE} interface..." ip route add default via ${GATEWAY} dev ${IFACE} evaluate_retval fi fi # End /sbin/ifup </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ifdown" name="ifdown"></a>D.25. /sbin/ifdown </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/bash ######################################################################## # Begin /sbin/ifdown # # Description : Interface Down # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Notes : the IFCONFIG variable is passed to the scripts found # in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the # service should source to get interface specifications. # ######################################################################## RELEASE="7.0" USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface" VERSTR="LFS ifdown, version ${RELEASE}" while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case "$1" in --help | -h) help="y"; break ;; --version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;; -*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" >&2 echo "${USAGE}" >& 2 exit 2 ;; *) break ;; esac done if [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo "${USAGE}" echo cat << HERE_EOF ifdown is used to bring down a network interface. The interface parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2. HERE_EOF exit 0 fi file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1} # Skip backup files [ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then log_warning_msg "${file} is missing or cannot be accessed." exit 1 fi . ${file} if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then log_failure_msg "${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]." exit 1 fi # We only need to first service to bring down the interface S=`echo ${SERVICE} | cut -f1 -d" "` if ip link show ${IFACE} > /dev/null 2>&1; then if [ -n "${S}" -a -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} down else MSG="Unable to process ${file}. Either " MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE variable was not set " MSG="${MSG}or the specified service cannot be executed." log_failure_msg "$MSG" exit 1 fi else log_warning_msg "Interface ${1} doesn't exist." fi # Leave the interface up if there are additional interfaces in the device link_status=`ip link show ${IFACE} 2>/dev/null` if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then if [ "$(echo "${link_status}" | grep UP)" != "" ]; then if [ "$(ip addr show ${IFACE} | grep 'inet ')" == "" ]; then log_info_msg "Bringing down the ${IFACE} interface..." ip link set ${IFACE} down evaluate_retval fi fi fi # End /sbin/ifdown </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ipv4static" name= "ipv4static"></a>D.26. /lib/services/ipv4-static </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static # # Description : IPV4 Static Boot Script # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions . ${IFCONFIG} if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then log_failure_msg "\nIP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi if [ -z "${PREFIX}" -a -z "${PEER}" ]; then log_warning_msg "\nPREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, assuming 24." PREFIX=24 args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" -a -n "${PEER}" ]; then log_failure_msg "\nPREFIX and PEER both specified in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" ]; then args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" elif [ -n "${PEER}" ]; then args="${args} ${IP} peer ${PEER}" fi if [ -n "${LABEL}" ]; then args="${args} label ${LABEL}" fi if [ -n "${BROADCAST}" ]; then args="${args} broadcast ${BROADCAST}" fi case "${2}" in up) if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" = "" ]; then log_info_msg "Adding IPv4 address ${IP} to the ${1} interface..." ip addr add ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval else log_warning_msg "Cannot add IPv4 address ${IP} to ${1}. Already present." fi ;; down) if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" != "" ]; then log_info_msg "Removing IPv4 address ${IP} from the ${1} interface..." ip addr del ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval fi if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then # Only remove the gateway if there are no remaining ipv4 addresses if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep 'inet ')" != "" ]; then log_info_msg "Removing default gateway..." ip route del default evaluate_retval fi fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}" exit 1 ;; esac # End /lib/services/ipv4-static </pre> </div> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="ipv4route" name= "ipv4route"></a>D.27. /lib/services/ipv4-static-route </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> #!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static-route # # Description : IPV4 Static Route Script # # Authors : Kevin P. Fleming - kpfleming@linuxfromscratch.org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions . ${IFCONFIG} case "${TYPE}" in ("" | "network") need_ip=1 need_gateway=1 ;; ("default") need_gateway=1 args="${args} default" desc="default" ;; ("host") need_ip=1 ;; ("unreachable") need_ip=1 args="${args} unreachable" desc="unreachable " ;; (*) log_failure_msg "Unknown route type (${TYPE}) in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 ;; esac if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then MSG="The GATEWAY variable cannot be set in ${IFCONFIG} for static routes.\n" log_failure_msg "$MSG Use STATIC_GATEWAY only, cannot continue" exit 1 fi if [ -n "${need_ip}" ]; then if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then log_failure_msg "IP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi if [ -z "${PREFIX}" ]; then log_failure_msg "PREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" desc="${desc}${IP}/${PREFIX}" fi if [ -n "${need_gateway}" ]; then if [ -z "${STATIC_GATEWAY}" ]; then log_failure_msg "STATIC_GATEWAY variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi args="${args} via ${STATIC_GATEWAY}" fi if [ -n "${SOURCE}" ]; then args="${args} src ${SOURCE}" fi case "${2}" in up) log_info_msg "Adding '${desc}' route to the ${1} interface..." ip route add ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval ;; down) log_info_msg "Removing '${desc}' route from the ${1} interface..." ip route del ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}" exit 1 ;; esac # End /lib/services/ipv4-static-route </pre> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="rules" name="rules"></a>Appendix E. Udev configuration rules </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> The rules in this appendix are listed for convenience. Installation is normally done via instructions in <a class="xref" href="#ch-system-eudev" title= "6.78. Eudev-3.2.9">Section 6.78, “Eudev-3.2.9”</a>. </p> <div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="lfsrules" name= "lfsrules"></a>E.1. 55-lfs.rules </h2> </div> </div> </div> <pre class="screen"> # /etc/udev/rules.d/55-lfs.rules: Rule definitions for LFS. # Core kernel devices # This causes the system clock to be set as soon as /dev/rtc becomes available. SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start" KERNEL=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start" # Comms devices KERNEL=="ippp[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="isdn[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="isdnctrl[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="dcbri[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" </pre> </div> </div> <div class="appendix"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="Licenses" name= "Licenses"></a>Appendix F. LFS Licenses </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> This book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 License. </p> <p> Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. </p> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="CC" name="CC"></a>F.1. Creative Commons License </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title"> Creative Commons Legal Code </p> <p class="title"> Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 </p> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE. </p> </div> <p class="title"> License </p> <p> THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE ("CCPL" OR "LICENSE"). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED. </p> <p> BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS. </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> Definitions </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> "Collective Work" means a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology or encyclopedia, in which the Work in its entirety in unmodified form, along with a number of other contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work (as defined below) for the purposes of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "Derivative Work" means a work based upon the Work or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted, except that a work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical composition or sound recording, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image ("synching") will be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "Licensor" means the individual or entity that offers the Work under the terms of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "Original Author" means the individual or entity who created the Work. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "Work" means the copyrightable work of authorship offered under the terms of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "You" means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> "License Elements" means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, Noncommercial, ShareAlike. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Fair Use Rights. Nothing in this license is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any rights arising from fair use, first sale or other limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright owner under copyright law or other applicable laws. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> License Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below: </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> to reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collective Works, and to reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collective Works; </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> to create and reproduce Derivative Works; </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly by means of a digital audio transmission the Work including as incorporated in Collective Works; </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly by means of a digital audio transmission Derivative Works; </p> </li> </ol> </div> <p> The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats. All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved, including but not limited to the rights set forth in Sections 4(e) and 4(f). </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Restrictions.The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions: </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work only under the terms of this License, and You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License with every copy or phonorecord of the Work You distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that alter or restrict the terms of this License or the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work with any technological measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this License Agreement. The above applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collective Work, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collective Work any reference to such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested. If You create a Derivative Work, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Derivative Work any reference to such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform a Derivative Work only under the terms of this License, a later version of this License with the same License Elements as this License, or a Creative Commons iCommons license that contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Japan). You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License or other license specified in the previous sentence with every copy or phonorecord of each Derivative Work You distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Derivative Works that alter or restrict the terms of this License or the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder, and You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Derivative Work with any technological measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this License Agreement. The above applies to the Derivative Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Derivative Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. The exchange of the Work for other copyrighted works by means of digital file-sharing or otherwise shall not be considered to be intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation, provided there is no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If you distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work or any Derivative Works or Collective Works, You must keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and give the Original Author credit reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing by conveying the name (or pseudonym if applicable) of the Original Author if supplied; the title of the Work if supplied; to the extent reasonably practicable, the Uniform Resource Identifier, if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and in the case of a Derivative Work, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Derivative Work (e.g., "French translation of the Work by Original Author," or "Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author"). Such credit may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case of a Derivative Work or Collective Work, at a minimum such credit will appear where any other comparable authorship credit appears and in a manner at least as prominent as such other comparable authorship credit. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical composition: </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> Performance Royalties Under Blanket Licenses. Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance rights society (e.g. ASCAP, BMI, SESAC), royalties for the public performance or public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work if that performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Mechanical Rights and Statutory Royalties. Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a music rights agency or designated agent (e.g. Harry Fox Agency), royalties for any phonorecord You create from the Work ("cover version") and distribute, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 115 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your distribution of such cover version is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. 6. Webcasting Rights and Statutory Royalties. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a sound recording, Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society (e.g. SoundExchange), royalties for the public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Webcasting Rights and Statutory Royalties. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a sound recording, Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society (e.g. SoundExchange), royalties for the public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer </p> <p> UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Limitation on Liability. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Termination </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Derivative Works or Collective Works from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Miscellaneous </p> <div class="orderedlist"> <ol> <li class="listitem"> <p> Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform the Work or a Collective Work, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform a Derivative Work, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p> This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You. </p> </li> </ol> </div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="admon important"> <h3> Important </h3> <p> Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor. </p> <p> Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, neither party will use the trademark "Creative Commons" or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time. </p> <p> Creative Commons may be contacted at <a class="ulink" href= "http://creativecommons.org/">http://creativecommons.org/</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h2 class="title"> <a id="MIT" name="MIT"></a>F.2. The MIT License </h2> </div> </div> </div> <p> Copyright © 1999-2020 Gerard Beekmans </p> <p> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: </p> <p> The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </p> <p> THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="index"> <div class="titlepage"> <div> <div> <h1 class="title"> <a id="idm46504920870448" name="idm46504920870448"></a>Index </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="index"> <h2> <a id="package-index" name="package-index"></a>Packages </h2> <ul> <li> <strong class="item">Acl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Attr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Autoconf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Automake:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Bash:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bash">Bash-5.0</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Bc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Binutils:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-binutils-pass1">Binutils-2.34 - Pass 1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-binutils-pass2">Binutils-2.34 - Pass 2</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Bison:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Bootscripts:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-usage">System V Bootscript Usage and Configuration</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Bzip2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Check:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Coreutils:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">DejaGNU:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Diffutils:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">E2fsprogs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Eudev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-eudev">Configuring Eudev</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Expat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Expect:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">File:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-file">File-5.38</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Findutils:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Flex:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Gawk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">GCC:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, libstdc++:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-libstdcpp">Libstdc++ from GCC-9.2.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 1:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-gcc-pass1">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, pass 2:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-gcc-pass2">GCC-9.2.0 - Pass 2</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">GDBM:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Gettext:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Glibc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">GMP:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Gperf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Grep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-grep">Grep-3.4</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Groff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">GRUB:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Gzip:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Iana-Etc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Inetutils:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Intltool:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">IPRoute2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Kbd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Kmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Less:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Libcap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Libelf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libelf">Libelf from Elfutils-0.178</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libffi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Libpipeline:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Libtool:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Linux:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">API headers:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools, API headers:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">M4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-m4">M4-1.4.18</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Make:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-make">Make-4.3</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Man-DB:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Man-pages:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Meson:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">MPC:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.1.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">MPFR:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-4.0.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Ncurses:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Ninja:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">OpenSSL:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Patch:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Perl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Pkgconfig:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.29.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Procps-ng:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Psmisc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Python:</strong> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">python:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rc.site:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-site">The rc.site File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Readline:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Sed:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.8</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-sed">Sed-4.8</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Shadow:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-shadow">Configuring Shadow</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Sysklogd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring Sysklogd</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Sysvinit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring Sysvinit</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Tar:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tar">Tar-1.32</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Tcl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Texinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-tools-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Udev:</strong> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">usage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-udev">Overview of Device and Module Handling</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Util-linux:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Vim:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">XML::Parser:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Xz:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">tools:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">Zlib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zstd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a></span> </li> </ul> <h2> <a id="program-index" name="program-index"></a>Programs </h2> <ul> <li> <strong class="item">2to3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">accessdb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#accessdb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">aclocal:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> -- <a href="#aclocal">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">aclocal-1.16:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> -- <a href="#aclocalversion">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">addftinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#addftinfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">addpart:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#addpart">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">addr2line:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#addr2line">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">afmtodit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#afmtodit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">agetty:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#agetty">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">apropos:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#apropos">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ar:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#ar">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">as:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#as">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">attr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> -- <a href="#attr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autoconf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autoconf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autoheader:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autoheader">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autom4te:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autom4te">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">automake:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> -- <a href="#automake">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">automake-1.16:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-automake">Automake-1.16.1</a> -- <a href="#automake-version">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autopoint:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#autopoint">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autoreconf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autoreconf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autoscan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autoscan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">autoupdate:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#autoupdate">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">awk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href= "#awk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">b2sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#b2sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">badblocks:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#badblocks">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">base64:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#base64">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">basename:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#basename">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">basenc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#basenc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bash:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href= "#bash">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bashbug:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href= "#bashbug">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a> -- <a href= "#bc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bison:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> -- <a href="#bison">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">blkdiscard:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#blkdiscard">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">blkid:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#blkid">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">blkzone:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#blkzone">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">blockdev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#blockdev">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bootlogd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#bootlogd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bridge:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#bridge">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bunzip2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bunzip2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzcat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzcat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzcmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzcmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzegrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzegrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzfgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzfgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzip2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzip2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzip2recover:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzip2recover">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzless">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">bzmore:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#bzmore">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">c++:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#c">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">c++filt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#c-filt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cal:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#cal">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">capsh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#capsh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">captoinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#captoinfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#cat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">catchsegv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#catchsegv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">catman:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#catman">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#cc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cfdisk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#cfdisk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chacl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href= "#chacl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#chage">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chattr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#chattr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chcon:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#chcon">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chcpu:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#chcpu">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">checkmk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a> -- <a href="#checkmk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chem:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#chem">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chfn:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#chfn">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chgpasswd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#chgpasswd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chgrp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#chgrp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chmem:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#chmem">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#chmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">choom:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#choom">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chown:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#chown">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chpasswd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#chpasswd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chroot:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#chroot">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chrt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#chrt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chsh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#chsh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">chvt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#chvt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cksum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#cksum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">clear:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#clear">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> -- <a href="#cmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">col:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#col">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">colcrt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#colcrt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">colrm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#colrm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">column:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#column">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">comm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#comm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">compile_et:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#compile_et">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">corelist:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#corelist">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#cp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cpan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#cpan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cpp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#cpp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">csplit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#csplit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ctrlaltdel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ctrlaltdel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ctstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ctstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cut:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#cut">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">c_rehash:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> -- <a href="#c_rehash">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">date:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#date">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bc">Bc-2.5.3</a> -- <a href= "#dc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#dd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">deallocvt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#deallocvt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">debugfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#debugfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">delpart:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#delpart">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">depmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#depmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">df:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#df">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">diff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> -- <a href="#diff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">diff3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> -- <a href="#diff3">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dir:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#dir">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dircolors:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#dircolors">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dirname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#dirname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dmesg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#dmesg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dnsdomainname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#dnsdomainname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">du:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#du">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dumpe2fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#dumpe2fs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dumpkeys:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#dumpkeys">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2freefrag:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2freefrag">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2fsck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2fsck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2image:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2image">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2label:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2label">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2mmpstatus:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2mmpstatus">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2scrub:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2scrub">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2scrub_all:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2scrub_all">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e2undo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e2undo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e4crypt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e4crypt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">e4defrag:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#e4defrag">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">echo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#echo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">egrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href= "#egrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">eject:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#eject">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">elfedit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#elfedit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">enc2xs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#enc2xs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">encguess:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#encguess">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">env:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#env">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">envsubst:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#envsubst">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">eqn:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#eqn">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">eqn2graph:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#eqn2graph">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ex:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#ex">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">expand:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#expand">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">expect:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a> -- <a href="#expect">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">expiry:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#expiry">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">expr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#expr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">factor:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#factor">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">faillog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#faillog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fallocate:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fallocate">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">false:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#false">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fdformat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fdformat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fdisk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fdisk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fgconsole:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#fgconsole">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href= "#fgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">file:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a> -- <a href= "#file">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">filefrag:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#filefrag">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fincore:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fincore">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">find:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> -- <a href="#find">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">findfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#findfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">findmnt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#findmnt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">flex:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href= "#flex">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">flex++:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href= "#flexpp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">flock:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#flock">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fmt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#fmt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fold:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#fold">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">free:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#free">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fsck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck.cramfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fsck.cramfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck.ext2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#fsck.ext2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck.ext3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#fsck.ext3">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck.ext4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#fsck.ext4">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsck.minix:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fsck.minix">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fsfreeze:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fsfreeze">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fstab-decode:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#fstab-decode">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fstrim:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#fstrim">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ftp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#ftp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">fuser:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#fuser">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">g++:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#g">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gawk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href= "#gawk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gawk-5.0.1:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gawk">Gawk-5.0.1</a> -- <a href= "#gawk-version">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gcc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gc-ar:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcc-ar">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gc-nm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcc-nm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gc-ranlib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcc-ranlib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gcov:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcov">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gcov-dump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcov-dump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gcov-tool:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#gcov-tool">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gdbmtool:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> -- <a href="#gdbmtool">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gdbm_dump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> -- <a href="#gdbm_dump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gdbm_load:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> -- <a href="#gdbm_load">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gdiffmk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#gdiffmk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gencat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#gencat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">genl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#genl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getcap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#getcap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getconf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#getconf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getent:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#getent">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getfacl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href= "#getfacl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getfattr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> -- <a href="#getfattr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getkeycodes:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#getkeycodes">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getopt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#getopt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">getpcaps:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#getpcaps">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gettext:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#gettext">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gettext.sh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#gettext.sh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gettextize:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#gettextize">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">glilypond:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#glilypond">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gpasswd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#gpasswd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gperf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gperf">Gperf-3.1</a> -- <a href= "#gperf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gperl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#gperl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gpinyin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#gpinyin">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gprof:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#gprof">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grap2graph:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grap2graph">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grep">Grep-3.4</a> -- <a href= "#grep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grn:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grn">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grodvi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grodvi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#groff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groffer:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#groffer">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grolbp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grolbp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grolj4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grolj4">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gropdf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#gropdf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grops:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grops">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grotty:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#grotty">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groupadd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#groupadd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groupdel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#groupdel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groupmems:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#groupmems">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groupmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#groupmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">groups:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#groups">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grpck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#grpck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grpconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#grpconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grpunconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#grpunconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-bios-setup:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-bios-setup">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-editenv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-editenv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-file:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-file">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-fstest:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-fstest">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-glue-efi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-glue-efi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-install:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-install">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-kbdcomp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-kbdcomp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-macbless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-macbless">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-menulst2cfg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-menulst2cfg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkconfig:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mkconfig">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkimage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mkimage">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mklayout:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mklayout">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mknetdir:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mknetdir">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href="#grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkrelpath:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mkrelpath">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkrescue:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mkrescue">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-mkstandalone:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-mkstandalone">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-ofpathname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-ofpathname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-probe:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-probe">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-reboot:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-reboot">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-render-label:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-render-label">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-script-check:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-script-check">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-set-default:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-set-default">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-setup:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-sparc64-setup">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">grub-syslinux2cfg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-grub">GRUB-2.04</a> -- <a href= "#grub-syslinux2cfg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gunzip:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#gunzip">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gzexe:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#gzexe">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">gzip:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#gzip">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">h2ph:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#h2ph">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">h2xs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#h2xs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#halt-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">head:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#head">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hexdump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#hexdump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hostid:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#hostid">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hostname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#hostname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hpftodit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#hpftodit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hwclock:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#hwclock">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">i386:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#i386">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">iconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#iconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">iconvconfig:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#iconvconfig">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">id:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#id">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">idle3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifcfg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ifcfg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifconfig:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#ifconfig">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifnames:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-autoconf">Autoconf-2.69</a> -- <a href="#ifnames">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ifstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">indxbib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#indxbib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">info:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#info">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">infocmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#infocmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">infotocap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#infotocap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">init:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#init-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">insmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#insmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">install:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#install">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">install-info:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#install-info">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">instmodsh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#instmodsh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">intltool-extract:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> -- <a href="#intltool-extract">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">intltool-merge:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> -- <a href="#intltool-merge">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">intltool-prepare:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> -- <a href="#intltool-prepare">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">intltool-update:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> -- <a href="#intltool-update">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">intltoolize:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-intltool">Intltool-0.51.0</a> -- <a href="#intltoolize">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ionice:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ionice">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ip:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ip">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ipcmk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ipcmk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ipcrm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ipcrm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ipcs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ipcs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">isosize:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#isosize">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">join:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#join">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">json_pp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#json_pp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">kbdinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#kbdinfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">kbdrate:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#kbdrate">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">kbd_mode:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#kbd_mode">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">kill:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#kill">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">killall:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#killall">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">killall5:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#killall5">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">klogd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a> -- <a href="#klogd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">kmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#kmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">last:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#last">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lastb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lastb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lastlog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#lastlog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ld:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#ld">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ld.bfd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#ld.bfd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ld.gold:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#ld.gold">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ldattach:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ldattach">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ldconfig:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#ldconfig">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ldd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#ldd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lddlibc4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#lddlibc4">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">less:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href= "#less">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lessecho:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href= "#lessecho">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lesskey:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-less">Less-551</a> -- <a href= "#lesskey">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lex:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href= "#lex">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lexgrog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#lexgrog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lfskernel-5.5.3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> -- <a href="#lfskernel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libasan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libasan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libatomic:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libatomic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcc1:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libcc1">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libnetcfg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#libnetcfg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtool:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> -- <a href="#libtool">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtoolize:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> -- <a href="#libtoolize">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">link:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#link">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">linux32:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#linux32">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">linux64:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#linux64">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lkbib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#lkbib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ln:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#ln">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lnstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#lnstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">loadkeys:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#loadkeys">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">loadunimap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#loadunimap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">locale:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#locale">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">localedef:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#localedef">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">locate:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> -- <a href="#locate">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">logger:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#logger">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">login:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#login">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">logname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#logname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">logoutd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#logoutd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">logsave:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#logsave">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">look:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#look">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lookbib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#lookbib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">losetup:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#losetup">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ls:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#ls">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsattr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#lsattr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsblk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lsblk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lscpu:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lscpu">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsipc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lsipc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lslocks:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lslocks">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lslogins:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lslogins">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsmem:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lsmem">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#lsmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lsns:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#lsns">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzcat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzcat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzcmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzcmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzegrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzegrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzfgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzfgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzless">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzma:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzma">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzmadec:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzmadec">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzmainfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzmainfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">lzmore:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#lzmore">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">m4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-m4">M4-1.4.18</a> -- <a href= "#m4">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">make:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-make">Make-4.3</a> -- <a href= "#make">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">makedb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#makedb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">makeinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#makeinfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">man:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#man">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mandb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#mandb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">manpath:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#manpath">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mapscrn:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#mapscrn">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mcookie:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mcookie">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">md5sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#md5sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mesg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mesg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">meson:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-meson">Meson-0.53.1</a> -- <a href="#meson">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkdir:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#mkdir">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mke2fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mke2fs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfifo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#mkfifo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mkfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.bfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mkfs.bfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.cramfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mkfs.cramfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.ext2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mkfs.ext2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.ext3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mkfs.ext3">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.ext4:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mkfs.ext4">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkfs.minix:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mkfs.minix">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mklost+found:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mklost-found">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mknod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#mknod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mkswap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mkswap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mktemp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#mktemp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mk_cmds:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#mk_cmds">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mmroff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#mmroff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">modinfo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#modinfo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">modprobe:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#modprobe">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">more:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#more">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mount:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mount">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mountpoint:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#mountpoint">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgattrib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgattrib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgcat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgcat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgcmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgcmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgcomm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgcomm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgen:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgen">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgexec:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgexec">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgfilter:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgfilter">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgfmt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgfmt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msggrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msggrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msginit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msginit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgmerge:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgmerge">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msgunfmt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msgunfmt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">msguniq:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#msguniq">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mtrace:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#mtrace">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#mv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">namei:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#namei">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ncursesw6-config:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#ncursesw6-config">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">neqn:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#neqn">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">newgidmap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#newgidmap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">newgrp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#newgrp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">newuidmap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#newuidmap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">newusers:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#newusers">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ngettext:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#ngettext">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nice:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#nice">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ninja:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ninja">Ninja-1.10.0</a> -- <a href="#ninja">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#nl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#nm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nohup:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#nohup">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nologin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#nologin">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nproc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#nproc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nroff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#nroff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nscd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#nscd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nsenter:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#nsenter">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">nstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#nstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">numfmt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#numfmt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">objcopy:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#objcopy">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">objdump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#objdump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">od:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#od">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">openssl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> -- <a href="#openssl-prog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">openvt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#openvt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">partx:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#partx">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">passwd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#passwd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">paste:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#paste">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">patch:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-patch">Patch-2.7.6</a> -- <a href="#patch">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pathchk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#pathchk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pcprofiledump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#pcprofiledump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pdfmom:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pdfmom">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pdfroff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pdfroff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pdftexi2dvi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#pdftexi2dvi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">peekfd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#peekfd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perl5.30.1:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perl-version">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perlbug:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perlbug">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perldoc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perldoc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perlivp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perlivp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">perlthanks:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#perlthanks">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pfbtops:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pfbtops">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#pgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pic:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pic2graph:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pic2graph">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">piconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#piconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pidof:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#pidof">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ping:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#ping">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ping6:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#ping6">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pinky:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#pinky">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pip3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pivot_root:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#pivot_root">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pkg-config:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-pkgconfig">Pkg-config-0.29.2</a> -- <a href="#pkgconfig">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pkill:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#pkill">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pl2pm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#pl2pm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pldd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#pldd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pmap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#pmap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pod2html:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#pod2html">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pod2man:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#pod2man">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pod2texi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#pod2texi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pod2text:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#pod2text">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pod2usage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#pod2usage">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">podchecker:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#podchecker">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">podselect:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#podselect">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">post-grohtml:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#post-grohtml">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">poweroff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#poweroff-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#pr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pre-grohtml:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#pre-grohtml">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">preconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#preconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">printenv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#printenv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">printf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#printf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">prlimit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#prlimit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">prove:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#prove">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">prtstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#prtstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ps:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#ps">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">psfaddtable:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#psfaddtable">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">psfgettable:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#psfgettable">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">psfstriptable:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#psfstriptable">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">psfxtable:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#psfxtable">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pslog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#pslog">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pstree:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#pstree">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pstree.x11:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-psmisc">Psmisc-23.2</a> -- <a href="#pstree.x11">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ptar:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#ptar">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ptardiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#ptardiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ptargrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#ptargrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ptx:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#ptx">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pwck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#pwck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pwconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#pwconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pwd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#pwd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pwdx:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#pwdx">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pwunconv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#pwunconv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">pydoc3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">python3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-Python">Python-3.8.1</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ranlib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#ranlib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">raw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#raw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">readelf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#readelf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">readlink:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#readlink">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">readprofile:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#readprofile">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">realpath:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#realpath">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#reboot-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">recode-sr-latin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#recode-sr-latin">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">refer:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#refer">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rename:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#rename">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">renice:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#renice">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">reset:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#reset">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">resize2fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#resize2fs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">resizepart:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#resizepart">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#rev">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rkfill:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#rkfill">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#rm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rmdir:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#rmdir">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rmmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a> -- <a href= "#rmmod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2dvi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2dvi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2html:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2html">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2pdf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2pdf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2ps:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2ps">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2text:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2text">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">roff2x:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#roff2x">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">routef:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#routef">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">routel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#routel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rtacct:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#rtacct">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rtcwake:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#rtcwake">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rtmon:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#rtmon">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rtpr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#rtpr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rtstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#rtstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">runcon:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#runcon">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">runlevel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#runlevel-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">runtest:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-dejagnu">DejaGNU-1.6.2</a> -- <a href="#runtest">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rview:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#rview">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rvim:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#rvim">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">script:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#script">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">scriptreplay:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#scriptreplay">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-diffutils">Diffutils-3.7</a> -- <a href="#sdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sed:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sed">Sed-4.8</a> -- <a href= "#sed">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">seq:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#seq">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setarch:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#setarch">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setcap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#setcap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setfacl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href= "#setfacl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setfattr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> -- <a href="#setfattr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setfont:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#setfont">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setkeycodes:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#setkeycodes">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setleds:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#setleds">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setmetamode:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#setmetamode">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setsid:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#setsid">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setterm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#setterm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setvtrgb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#setvtrgb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sfdisk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#sfdisk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#sg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bash">Bash-5.0</a> -- <a href= "#sh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sha1sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sha1sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sha224sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sha224sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sha256sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sha256sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sha384sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sha384sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sha512sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sha512sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">shasum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#shasum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">showconsolefont:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#showconsolefont">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">showkey:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#showkey">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">shred:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#shred">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">shuf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#shuf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">shutdown:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#shutdown-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">size:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#size">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">slabtop:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#slabtop">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sleep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sleep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sln:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#sln">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">soelim:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#soelim">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sort:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sort">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sotruss:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#sotruss">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">splain:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#splain">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">split:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#split">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sprof:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#sprof">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ss:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">stat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#stat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">stdbuf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#stdbuf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">strings:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#strings">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">strip:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#strip">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">stty:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#stty">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">su:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#su">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sulogin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#sulogin">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sum:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sum">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">swaplabel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#swaplabel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">swapoff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#swapoff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">swapon:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#swapon">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">switch_root:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#switch_root">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sync:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#sync">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#sysctl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">syslogd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysklogd">Sysklogd-1.5.1</a> -- <a href="#syslogd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tabs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#tabs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tac:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tac">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tail:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tail">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tailf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#tailf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">talk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#talk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tar:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-tar">Tar-1.32</a> -- <a href= "#tar">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">taskset:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#taskset">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tbl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#tbl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-iproute2">IPRoute2-5.5.0</a> -- <a href="#ss">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tclsh:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href= "#tclsh">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tclsh8.6:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href= "#tclsh8.6">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tee:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tee">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">telinit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-sysvinit">Sysvinit-2.96</a> -- <a href="#telinit-sysv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">telnet:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#telnet">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">test:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#test">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">texi2dvi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#texi2dvi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">texi2pdf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#texi2pdf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">texi2any:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#texi2any">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">texindex:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-texinfo">Texinfo-6.7</a> -- <a href="#texindex">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tfmtodit:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#tfmtodit">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tftp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#tftp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tic:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#tic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">timeout:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#timeout">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tload:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#tload">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">toe:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#toe">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">top:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#top">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">touch:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#touch">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tput:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#tput">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">traceroute:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-inetutils">Inetutils-1.9.4</a> -- <a href="#traceroute">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">troff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-groff">Groff-1.22.4</a> -- <a href="#troff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">true:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#true">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">truncate:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#truncate">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tset:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#tset">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tsort:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tsort">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tty:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#tty">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tune2fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#tune2fs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">tzselect:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#tzselect">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">udevadm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> -- <a href="#udevadm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">udevd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> -- <a href="#udevd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ul:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#ul">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">umount:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#umount">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uname:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#uname">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uname26:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#uname26">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uncompress:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#uncompress">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unexpand:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#unexpand">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unicode_start:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#unicode_start">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unicode_stop:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kbd">Kbd-2.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#unicode_stop">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uniq:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#uniq">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unlink:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#unlink">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unlzma:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#unlzma">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unshare:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#unshare">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">unxz:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#unxz">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">updatedb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> -- <a href="#updatedb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uptime:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#uptime">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">useradd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#useradd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">userdel:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#userdel">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">usermod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#usermod">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">users:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#users">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">utmpdump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#utmpdump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uuidd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#uuidd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uuidgen:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#uuidgen">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">uuidparse:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#uuidparse">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vdir:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#vdir">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#vi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">view:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#view">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vigr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#vigr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vim:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#vim">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vimdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#vimdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vimtutor:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#vimtutor">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vipw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-shadow">Shadow-4.8.1</a> -- <a href="#vipw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">vmstat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#vmstat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">w:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#w">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">wall:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#wall">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">watch:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#watch">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">wc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#wc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">wdctl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#wdctl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">whatis:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#whatis">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">whereis:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#whereis">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">who:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#who">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">whoami:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#whoami">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">wipefs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#wipefs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">x86_64:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#x86_64">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xargs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-findutils">Findutils-4.7.0</a> -- <a href="#xargs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xgettext:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#xgettext">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xmlwf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a> -- <a href="#xmlwf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xsubpp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#xsubpp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xtrace:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#xtrace">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xxd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-vim">Vim-8.2.0190</a> -- <a href="#xxd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xz:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xz">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzcat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzcat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzcmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzcmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzdec:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzdec">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzegrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzegrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzfgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzfgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzless">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">xzmore:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#xzmore">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">yacc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> -- <a href="#yacc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">yes:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#yes">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zcat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zcat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zcmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zcmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zdiff:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zdiff">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zdump:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#zdump">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zegrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zegrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zfgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zfgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zforce:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zforce">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zic:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#zic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zipdetails:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-perl">Perl-5.30.1</a> -- <a href="#zipdetails">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zless">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zmore:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#zmore">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">znew:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gzip">Gzip-1.10</a> -- <a href= "#znew">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zramctl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#zramctl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zstd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href= "#zstd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zstdgrep:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href= "#zstdgrep">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">zstdless:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href= "#zstdless">description</a><br /></span> </li> </ul> <h2> <a id="library-index" name="library-index"></a>Libraries </h2> <ul> <li> <strong class="item">Expat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xml-parser">XML::Parser-2.46</a> -- <a href="#Expat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ld-2.31.so:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#ld.so">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libacl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-acl">Acl-2.2.53</a> -- <a href= "#libacl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libanl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libanl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libasprintf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#libasprintf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libattr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-attr">Attr-2.4.48</a> -- <a href="#libattr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libbfd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#libbfd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libblkid:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#libblkid">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libBrokenLocale:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libBrokenLocale">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libbz2:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bzip2">Bzip2-1.0.8</a> -- <a href="#libbz2">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libcap">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcheck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-check">Check-0.14.0</a> -- <a href="#libcheck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcom_err:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#libcom_err">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcrypt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libcrypt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcrypto.so:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> -- <a href="#libcrypto">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libctf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#libctf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libctf-nobfd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#libctf-nobfd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libcursesw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#libcursesw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libdl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libdl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libe2p:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#libe2p">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libexpat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-expat">Expat-2.2.9</a> -- <a href="#libexpat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libexpect-5.45:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-expect">Expect-5.45.4</a> -- <a href="#libexpect">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libext2fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#libext2fs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libfdisk:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#libfdisk">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libffi:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libffi">Libffi-3.3</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libfl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-flex">Flex-2.6.4</a> -- <a href= "#libfl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libformw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#libformw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libg:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libg">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgcc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libgcc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgcov:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libgcov">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgdbm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> -- <a href="#libgdbm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgdbm_compat:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gdbm">GDBM-1.18.1</a> -- <a href="#libgdbm_compat">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgettextlib:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#libgettextlib">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgettextpo:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#libgettextpo">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgettextsrc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#libgettextsrc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libgmp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgmpxx:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gmp">GMP-6.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libgmpxx">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libgomp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libgomp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libhistory:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a> -- <a href="#libhistory">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libkmod:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kmod">Kmod-26</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">liblsan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#liblsan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libltdl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libtool">Libtool-2.4.6</a> -- <a href="#libltdl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">liblto_plugin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#liblto_plugin">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">liblzma:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-xz">Xz-5.2.4</a> -- <a href= "#liblzma">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libm:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmagic:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-file">File-5.38</a> -- <a href= "#libmagic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libman:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#libman">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmandb:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-db">Man-DB-2.9.0</a> -- <a href="#libmandb">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmcheck:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libmcheck">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmemusage:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libmemusage">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmenuw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#libmenuw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmount:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#libmount">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmpc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpc">MPC-1.1.0</a> -- <a href= "#libmpc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libmpfr:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-mpfr">MPFR-4.0.2</a> -- <a href= "#libmpfr">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libncursesw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#libncursesw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libnsl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libnsl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libnss:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libnss">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libopcodes:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#libopcodes">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libpanelw:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-ncurses">Ncurses-6.2</a> -- <a href="#libpanelw">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libpcprofile:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libpcprofile">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libpipeline:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-libpipeline">Libpipeline-1.5.2</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libprocps:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-procps">Procps-ng-3.3.15</a> -- <a href="#libprocps">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libpsx:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-libcap">Libcap-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libpsx">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libpthread:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libpthread">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libquadmath:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libquadmath">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libreadline:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-readline">Readline-8.0</a> -- <a href="#libreadline">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libresolv:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libresolv">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">librt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#librt">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libSegFault:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libSegFault">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libsmartcols:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#libsmartcols">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libss:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-e2fsprogs">E2fsprogs-1.45.5</a> -- <a href="#libss">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libssl.so:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-openssl">OpenSSL-1.1.1d</a> -- <a href="#libssl">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libssp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libssp">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libstdbuf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-coreutils">Coreutils-8.31</a> -- <a href="#libstdbuf">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libstdc++:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libstdc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libstdc++fs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libstdcfs">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libsupc++:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libsupc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtcl8.6.so:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href= "#libtcl8.6.so">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtclstub8.6.a:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-tools-tcl">Tcl-8.6.10</a> -- <a href= "#libtclstub8.6.a">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtextstyle:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#libtextstyle">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libthread_db:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libthread_db">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libtsan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libtsan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libubsan:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gcc">GCC-9.2.0</a> -- <a href= "#libubsan">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libudev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> -- <a href="#libudev">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libutil:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-glibc">Glibc-2.31</a> -- <a href="#libutil">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libuuid:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-util-linux">Util-linux-2.35.1</a> -- <a href= "#libuuid">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">liby:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-bison">Bison-3.5.2</a> -- <a href="#liby">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libz:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zlib">Zlib-1.2.11</a> -- <a href="#libz">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">libzstd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-zstd">Zstd-1.4.4</a> -- <a href= "#libzstd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">preloadable_libintl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-gettext">Gettext-0.20.1</a> -- <a href="#preloadable_libintl">description</a><br /></span> </li> </ul> <h2> <a id="scripts-index" name="scripts-index"></a>Scripts </h2> <ul> <li> <strong class="item">checkfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#checkfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">cleanfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#cleanfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">console:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#console-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-console">Configuring the Linux Console</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">File creation at boot:</strong> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-createfiles">Creating Files at Boot</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">functions:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#functions-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">halt:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#halt-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">hostname:</strong> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hostname">Configuring the system hostname</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifdown:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#ifdown-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ifup:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#ifup-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">ipv4-static:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#ipv4-static-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">localnet:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#localnet-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the /etc/hosts File</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">modules:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#modules-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mountfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#mountfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">mountvirtfs:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#mountvirtfs-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">network:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#network-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the /etc/hosts File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-network">General Network Configuration</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">rc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#rc-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">reboot:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#reboot-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sendsignals:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#sendsignals-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">setclock:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#setclock-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-clock">Configuring the System Clock</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">swap:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#swap-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sysctl:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#sysctl-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">sysklogd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#sysklogd-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> <ul> <li> <strong class="secitem">configuring:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-sysklogd">Configuring the sysklogd Script</a></span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <strong class="item">template:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#template-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">udev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#udev-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">udev_retry:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-config-bootscripts">LFS-Bootscripts-20191031</a> -- <a href="#udev-retry-bootscripts">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">dwp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-binutils">Binutils-2.34</a> -- <a href="#dwp">description</a><br /></span> </li> </ul> <h2> <a id="other-index" name="other-index"></a>Others </h2> <ul> <li> <strong class="item">/boot/config-5.5.3:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> -- <a href="#config">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/boot/System.map-5.5.3:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-bootable-kernel">Linux-5.5.3</a> -- <a href= "#System.map">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/dev/*:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-kernfs">Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/fstab:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-bootable-fstab">Creating the /etc/fstab File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/group:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/hosts:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-hosts">Customizing the /etc/hosts File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/inittab:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysvinit">Configuring Sysvinit</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/inputrc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-inputrc">Creating the /etc/inputrc File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/ld.so.conf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-ld">Configuring the Dynamic Loader</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/lfs-release:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/localtime:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/lsb-release:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href="#conf-modprobe">Configuring Linux Module Load Order</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/nsswitch.conf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-glibc">Configuring Glibc</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/os-release:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-finish-theend">The End</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/passwd:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/profile:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-profile">The Bash Shell Startup Files</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/protocols:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/resolv.conf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#resolv.conf">Creating the /etc/resolv.conf File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/services:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-iana-etc">Iana-Etc-2.30</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/syslog.conf:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-sysklogd">Configuring Sysklogd</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/udev:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-eudev">Eudev-3.2.9</a> -- <a href="#etc-udev">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/udev/hwdb.bin:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-eudev">Configuring Eudev</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/vimrc:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#conf-vim">Configuring Vim</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/asm-generic/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#asm-generic">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/asm/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#asm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/drm/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#drm">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/linux/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#linux">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/misc/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#misc">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/mtd/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#mtd">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/rdma/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#rdma">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/scsi/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#scsi">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/sound/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#sound">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/video/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#video">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/usr/include/xen/*.h:</strong> <span class="indexref"><a href= "#ch-system-linux-headers">Linux-5.5.3 API Headers</a> -- <a href="#xen">description</a><br /></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/var/log/btmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/var/log/lastlog:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/var/log/wtmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/var/run/utmp:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-createfiles">Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">/etc/shells:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-config-shells">Creating the /etc/shells File</a></span> </li> <li> <strong class="item">man pages:</strong> <span class= "indexref"><a href="#ch-system-man-pages">Man-pages-5.05</a> -- <a href="#man-pages">description</a><br /></span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>